Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials constructed from metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, combining the merits of both organic and inorganic components. Due to high porosity, rich functionalities, well-defined open channels and diverse structures, MOFs show great potentials in field such as gas storage and separation, catalysis, and sensing. Combining them with polymers tunes their chemical, mechanical, electrical and optical properties, and endows MOFs with processability. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials built from organic molecular units with diverse structures and applications. Hybrid materials with intriguing properties can be achieved by appropriate preparation methods and careful selection of MOFs/COFs and polymers, broadening their potential applications. This book documents the latest research progress in MOF/COF-polymer hybrid materials and reviews and summarises hybridization strategies to achieve MOF/COF polymeric composites. It also introduces various applications and potential applicable scenarios of hybrid MOF/COF polymers. Hybrid Metal–Organic Framework and Covalent Organic Framework Polymers offers an overview to readers who are new to this field, and will appeal to graduate students and researchers working on porous materials, polymers, hybrid materials, and supramolecular chemistry.
Author(s): Bo Wang
Edition: 1
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 406
Cover
1 Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
2 PolyMOFs-Molecular Level Integration of MOFs and Polymers
Chapter 2: PolyMOFs: Molecular Level Integration of MOFs and Polymers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Structure-compatibility Between MOFs and Polymers in PolyMOFs
2.3 Block co-polyMOFs (BCPMOFs)
2.4 In-situ Characterization of PolyMOFs
2.5 Materials Related to PolyMOFs
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Polymers in Metal–Organic Frameworks- Synthesis, Recognition, and Hybrid Materials
Chapter 3: Polymers in Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Recognition, and Hybrid Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 In Situ Polymerization Inside MOF Nanochannels
3.2.1 Primary Structure Control
3.2.1.1 Molecular Weight Control
3.2.1.2 Stereoregularity Control
3.2.1.3 Inhibition of Crosslinking
3.2.1.4 Sequence Control
3.2.2 Dimensional Control of Polymers
3.2.2.1 One-dimensional (1D) Alignment/Structure
3.2.2.2 Two-dimensional (2D) Structure
3.2.2.3 Three-dimensional (3D) Structure
3.3 Polymer Intercalation into MOFs
3.3.1 Direct Insertion of Polymers into MOFs
3.3.1.1 Synthetic Polymers
3.3.1.2 Biopolymers
3.3.2 Mechanism of Polymer Insertion in MOFs
3.3.3 Polymer Recognition and Separation Using MOFs
3.3.4 Inclusion of Polymers During the Synthesis of MOFs
3.4 Properties of Polymer Chains in MOF Nanochannels
3.4 Properties of Polymer Chains in MOF Nanochannels
3.4.1 Polymer Dynamics
3.4.2 Opto-electronic Properties
3.5 Functions of MOF/Polymer Hybrids
3.5.1 Gas Adsorption Properties
3.5.2 Metal Adsorption in Solution
3.5.3 Catalysts
3.5.4 Sensing
3.5.5 Stabilization of New MOF Structures with Polymer Guests
3.5.5 Stabilization of New MOF Structures with Polymer Guests
3.6 Summary and Outlook
References
4 Metal–Organic Framework Polymer Hybrid Materials
Chapter 4: Metal-Organic Framework/Polymer Hybrid Materials
4.1 MOF/Polymer Composites Formed with Hydrogen Bonding, ?-? Stacking, or Electrostatic Interactions
4.1 MOF/Polymer Composites Formed with Hydrogen Bonding, ?-? Stacking, or Electrostatic Interactions
4.2 MOF/Polymer Composites Formed with the Coordination of Polymers to Metal Ions of MOFs
4.3 MOF/Polymer Composites Formed with the Covalent Attachment of Polymers to MOF Ligands
4.3 MOF/Polymer Composites Formed with the Covalent Attachment of Polymers to MOF Ligands
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Metal–Organic Frameworks Polymer Composite Membranespdf
Chapter 5: Metal-Organic Frameworks/Polymer Composite Membranes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 MOF-based Mixed Matrix Membranes
5.2.1 Fabrication of MOF-based MMMs
5.2.2 Challenges and Solutions Related to MOF-based MMMs
5.3 Polymer-supported MOF Membranes
5.3.1 MOF Membranes on Flat Polymer Sheets
5.3.2 MOF Membranes on Hollow Fiber (HF) Polymer
5.4 Applications
5.4.1 Water Treatment
5.4.2 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
_s_h_o_w_115_
Outline placeholder
5.4.3 Pervaporation
_s_h_o_w_120_
Outline placeholder
5.4.4 Gas Separation
5.4.4.1 H2/CO2 Separation
5.4.4.2 CO2/CH4 (or N2) Separation
5.4.4.3 C3H6/C3H8 Separation
5.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
6 Applications of Metal–Organic Framework Polymer Hybrid Materials
Chapter 6: Applications of Metal-Organic Framework/Polymer Hybrid Materials
6.1 Electrochemistry Applications of Metal-Organic Framework/Polymer Hybrid Materials
6.1.1 MOF/Polymer Hybrid Materials
6.1.1.1 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
6.1.1.2 Rechargeable Batteries
6.1.1.2.1 Lithium-ion Batteries
6.1.1.2.2 Lithium/Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
6.1.1.3 Electrocatalysis
6.1.1.4 Proton Exchange Membrane for Fuel Cells
6.1.2 MOF/Carbon Hybrid Materials
6.1.2.1 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
6.1.2.2 Rechargeable Batteries
6.1.2.2.1 Lithium-ion Batteries
6.1.2.2.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
6.1.2.3 Electrocatalysis
6.1.3 Summary and Outlook
6.2 Applications in the Environment: Sensing, Capture and Degradation of Hazards
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Sensing of Harmful Chemicals
6.2.3 Capture of Harmful Chemicals
6.2.4 Catalytic Degradation
6.3 Biomedical Applications of Metal-Organic Framework/Polymer Hybrid Materials
6.3.1 Drug Delivery
6.3.2 Biosensing
6.3.3 Bioimaging
6.3.4 Tissue Engineering
6.3.5 Antibacterial Materials
6.3.6 Summary and Outlook
References
7 Covalent Organic Frameworks
Chapter 7: Covalent Organic Frameworks
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Topology Design
7.1.1.1 2D COFs
7.1.1.2 3D COFs
7.1.2 Linkage
7.1.2.1 Boroxine/Boronate-ester Linkage
7.1.2.2 Imine Linkage
7.1.2.3 Hydrazone Linkage
7.1.2.4 Azine Linkage
7.1.2.5 Imide Linkage
7.1.2.6 Triazine Linkage
7.1.2.7 C&z.dbd;C Linkage
7.1.2.8 1,4-Dioxin Linkage
7.1.2.9 Other Linkages
7.1.3 Synthesis Methods of COFs
7.1.3.1 Solvothermal Synthesis
7.1.3.2 Ionothermal Synthesis
7.1.3.3 Microwave Synthesis
7.1.3.4 Mechanochemical Synthesis
7.1.3.5 Solution Synthesis
7.1.3.6 Other Synthesis
7.1.4 Synthesis of COF Nanosheets
7.1.4.1 Solvent-assisted Exfoliation Method
7.1.4.2 Mechanical Delamination
7.1.4.3 Chemical Exfoliation
7.1.4.4 Self-exfoliation Method
7.1.5 Synthesis of COF Films
7.1.5.1 Solvothermal Synthesis on Substrates
7.1.5.2 Interfacial Polymerization
7.1.5.3 Synthesis under Continuous Flow Conditions
7.1.5.4 Room Temperature Vapor-assisted Conversion
7.1.5.5 Baking Method
7.2 Characterization
7.2.1 Crystal Structure
7.2.1.1 Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction
7.2.1.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction
7.2.1.3 Grazing Incidence Wide-angle X-ray Scattering
7.2.1.4 In-situ XRD Techniques
7.2.2 Atomic Connectivity
7.2.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
7.2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
7.2.2.3 Elemental Analysis
7.2.3 Morphology and Lattice
7.2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope
7.2.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscope
7.2.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
7.2.3.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscope
7.2.4 Porosity
7.2.4.1 Gas Sorption Measurement
7.3 Catalysis by COFs
7.3.1 Chemical Catalysis
7.3.1.1 Metal-containing COFs as Catalysts
7.3.1.2 COFs in Metal-free Catalysis
7.3.1.2.1 Chemical Transformation
7.3.2 Photocatalysis
7.3.2.1 Water Splitting
7.3.2.2 Singlet Oxygen Generation
7.3.2.3 Photocatalytic Organic Reactions
7.3.3 Electrocatalysts
7.3.3.1 Synthesis Strategies of COF-based Electrocatalysts
7.3.3.2 COF-based Electrocatalysts
7.3.3.2.1 COF-based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
7.3.3.2.2 COF-based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
7.3.3.2.3 COF-based Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
7.3.3.2.3 COF-based Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
7.3.3.2.4 COF-based Electrocatalysts for the Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction
7.3.3.2.4 COF-based Electrocatalysts for the Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction
7.4 COFs for Electrochemical Energy Storage
7.4.1 Lithium-ion Batteries
7.4.1.1 Cathode Materials
7.4.1.2 Anode Materials
7.4.1.3 Solid Electrolyte
7.4.2 Other Metal-ion Batteries
7.4.3 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
7.4.3.1 COFs as a Host
7.4.3.2 Separator and Interlayer
7.4.4 Supercapacitors
7.4.4.1 Pristine COFs
7.4.4.2 Carbonization of COFs
7.5 Storage and Separation
7.5.1 Gas Storage
7.5.1.1 Hydrogen Storage
7.5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Storage
7.5.1.3 Methane Storage
7.5.1.4 Ammonia Storage
7.5.2 Gas Separation
7.5.2.1 Absorption-based Separation
7.5.2.1.1 Hydrogen (H2) Purification
7.5.2.1.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture
7.5.2.1.3 Light Hydrocarbon (LHs) Separation
7.5.2.2 Membrane-based Separation
7.5.2.2.1 COF-based Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
7.5.2.2.2 COF-based Composite Membranes
7.5.3 Water Treatment
7.5.3.1 Ion Adsorption and Sieving
7.5.3.2 Organic Dye/Compound Separation
7.5.3.3 Pervaporation
7.5.4 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
7.5.5 Chiral Compound Separation
7.6 Sensing
7.6.1 Fluorescence Sensing
7.6.1.1 Explosive Sensing
7.6.1.2 Metal Ion Sensing
7.6.1.3 Other Sensing
7.6.2 Colorimetric Assay
7.6.3 Electrochemical Sensing
7.7 Biomedical Application
7.8 Conclusions
References
8 Emerging Covalent Organic Framework and Linear Polymer (COF–LP) Composites-Synthetic Approaches and Applications
Chapter 8: Emerging Covalent Organic Framework and Linear Polymer (COF-LP) Composites: Synthetic Approaches and Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthetic Approaches for COF-LP Composites
8.2.1 Physical Diffusion or Mixing
8.2.2 In-situ Polymerization Inside the Pore Channels of COFs
8.2.3 Post-synthetic Modification
8.2.4 Bottom-up Synthesis with Predesigned Polymer Building Blocks
8.3 Applications of COF-LP Composites
8.3.1 Energy Storage
8.3.2 COF-Polymer Composites as Column Packing Materials for HPLC
8.3.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis
8.3.4 COF-PEO Composites for Ionic Conduction
8.3.5 Biomedical Application
8.3.6 COF-LP Composites for Photothermal Applications
8.3.7 PolyCOFs with Improved Mechanical Properties
8.3.8 COF-LP Composites for Environmental Remediation Applications
8.3.8 COF-LP Composites for Environmental Remediation Applications
8.4 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
9 Subject Index
