The purpose of Human Spaceflight Operations: Lessons Learned from 60 Years in Space is to share collective experience on human spaceflight operations. For the many authors, this is nothing less than a work of passion. They are sharing their life s work with the goal of passing on their experience to the next generation of space engineers, designers, operators, and crew. The lessons learned are applicable to anyone working in the space industry as part of a current or future national or international space program, private space enterprise, human, or robotic mission. The book s chapters cover the primary technical disciplines related to spaceflight operations. In each case, the essential concepts and evolution of the systems and technology are discussed in some detail, but the focus is on how spaceflight operations are performed. Lessons learned are derived from incidents that occurred during actual space missions. Some of these lessons are explained directly by the astronauts who experienced them firsthand.
This is not a book on space mission design, of which there are many. The aim is to shine light on the subject of space operations, as distinct from engineering design. However, the most important lesson is perhaps that operational requirements must be considered very carefully in the design process. The subjects covered are wide ranging, but all within the scope of human space mission operations. There are many other space-related lessons learned beyond operations political, financial, managerial, and these can be found in some of the references provided. It is the hope of the authors that through the process of explaining how things really work in Space and Mission Control, future missions can benefit from the experience (and mistakes) of so many pioneers that have come before.
Author(s): Gregory E. Chamitoff, Srinivas Rao Vadali
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 696
City: Reston
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Importance of Lessons Learned
Evolution of Human Spaceflight Operations
Engineering & Operations in Human Spaceflight
60 Years of Spaceflight Experience
Chapter 2: Mission Integration and Execution
Mission Operations
Culture of Mission Operations
Inside the Flight Control Room
Flight Control Methods
Cultural Integration
Fundamentals of Flight Operations
Human Factors
Spaceflight Resource Management (SFRM)
Team Interactions
Failure Modes and Redundancy
Final Considerations for the Next Mission Control
References
Chapter 3: Mission Engineering
The Evolution of Mission Engineering
Characteristics of Mission Engineering
Functional Questions
Time Frames of Mission Engineering
Levels of Awareness for Mission Engineering
The Future Evolution of Mission Engineering
Lessons Learned from Mission Engineering
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4: Space-Based Power Systems
Power in Space
International Space Station
Power Operations
System Interactions
Practical Examples and Case Studies
References
Chapter 5: Environmental Control and Life Support Systems
The Evolution of Life Support Systems
The Crew
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS)
Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS)
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)
Water Recovery and Management (WRM)
Regenerative Life Support
Emergencies
References
Chapter 6: Command, Control and Communication
Space Communications
Command and Data Handling “The Brains” Between Communications Links
Crew Control, Monitoring and Interface to the CDH System
Space Communications Lessons Learned During ISS Assembly and Operations
The Future of C.3
References
Chapter 7: Thermal Control Systems
The Thermal Environment of Space
Thermal Control: Background Theory
Elements of a Spacecraft Thermal Control System
Operations—Mission Control Center (MCC) and On-orbit
System Repressurization
System Interactions
Failure Modes/Redundancy
Practical Examples and Case Studies
References
Chapter 8: Trajectory Design and Operations
Trajectory Design and Operations
Basic Orbital Mechanics
Building Blocks of Trajectory Operations
Fly the Mission: The Plan . Train . Fly Model
Lessons to Take Forward
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Guidance, Navigation, Control and Propulsion
GNC Overview
Navigation
Guidance
Entry
Entry Guidance
Soyuz Entry
Control
Propulsion Systems
Conclusion: GNC/P Lessons for Future Spacecraft
References
Chapter 10: Extravehicular Activity
Extravehicular Activity: The Big Picture
Spacesuits
Critical Support Systems
EVA Tools and Equipment
Training Facilities and Development
New Challenges for the Spacewalks of the Future
References
Chapter 11: Space Robotics
Types of Space Robotics
Robotics Design
Principles of Space Manipulators
Failure Management and Response
Operational Considerations and Tools
ISS Robotic Operations
Team Coordination
Training
Short Duration Missions
Future Operations
References
Chapter 12: Science and Payload Operations
Payload Operations
Skylab and Spacelab—Precursors to ISS
ISS Timeline—From the Perspective of Payload Operations
ISS, A One-of-a-Kind Research Facility
What Types of Facilities Support Science Onboard ISS?
ISS Utilization
Payload Operations Integration
Payload Operations Lessons Learned
Science and Research Operations in the Future
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Spaceflight Medical Operations
Space Medicine
The Astronaut
Space Physiology
Medical Aspects of Spacewalking (EVA)
The Suit vs Astronaut
Physiology of Return to Gravity
Historical Medical Events
Medical Event Preparedness
Where Do We Go from Here?
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: Mission Planning
Overview of Mission Planning
Team Dynamics
History of Mission Planning
Mission Planning
A Day in the Life of ISS
Mission Planning Lessons Learned
The Future of Mission Planning
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Mission Safety
Spaceflight is not Safe
Definition of Safety and Risk
Studying Abnormal Events and Lessons Learned
Responses to Perceived Risk
Response #1—Engineering Changes
Response #2—Revised Regulation
Response #3—Improving Human Behavior
Response #4—Improving Organizational Structure
Where is Human Spaceflight Now?
Recommendations for Future Human Spaceflight Operations
References
Chapter 16: Spacecraft Processing and Launch Operations
Evolution of the Kennedy Space Center
Space Shuttle Operations
The Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF)
Launch Pad Workflow
Landing Operations
A Spaceport for the Future
Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 17: Astronaut Operations
Astronaut History
Spaceflight Training
Dynamic Flight
Living and Working in Space
Lessons Learned for Future Missions
References
Epilogue
Appendix A: Homework Problems
Appendix B: About the Authors
Index
