Human Sexuality: Diversity in a Contemporary Society

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Letter From the Authors
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Perspectives on Human Sexuality
STUDYING HUMAN SEXUALITY
SEXUALITY, POPULAR CULTURE, AND THE MEDIA
Media Portrayals of Sexuality
Television and Digital Media
Feature-Length Films
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer People in Film and Television
Online Social Networks
Think About It ONLINE DATING: ASSET OR LIABILITY?
SEXUALITY ACROSS CULTURES AND TIMES
Sexual Interests
Sexual Orientation
Gender
SOCIETAL NORMS AND SEXUALITY
Natural Sexual Behavior
Think About It AM I NORMAL?
Normal Sexual Behavior
Sexual Behavior and Variations
Think About It DECLARATION OF SEXUAL RIGHTS
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 2: Studying Human Sexuality
SEX, ADVICE COLUMNISTS, AND POP PSYCHOLOGY
Information and Advice as Entertainment
The Use and Abuse of Research Findings
Think About It DOES SEX HAVE AN INHERENT MEANING?
THINKING OBJECTIVELY ABOUT SEXUALITY
Value Judgments Versus Objectivity
Opinions, Biases, and Stereotypes
Common Fallacies: Egocentric and Ethnocentric Thinking
SEX RESEARCH METHODS
Research Concerns
Clinical Research
Survey Research
Practically Speaking ANSWERING A SEX RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE: MOTIVES FOR FEIGNING ORGASMS SCALE
Observational Research
Experimental Research
Think About It A CONTINUED CHALLENGE FACING SEX RESEARCHERS: SELECTING THE BEST WAY TO ACCURATELY MEASURE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
THE SEX RESEARCHERS
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
Sigmund Freud
Havelock Ellis
Alfred Kinsey
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH STUDIES
The National Health and Social Life Survey
The National Survey of Family Growth
The Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Think About It SEX RESEARCH: A BENEFIT TO INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY OR A THREAT TO MORALITY?
The National College Health Assessment
The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior
EMERGING RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES
Feminist Scholarship
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Research
Directions for Future Research
ETHNICITY AND SEXUALITY
African Americans
Latinos
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
Middle Eastern Americans
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 3: Female Sexual Anatomy, Physiology, and Response
FEMALE SEX ORGANS: WHAT ARE THEY FOR?
External Structures (the Vulva)
Think About It THE GROOMING OF PUBIC HAIR: NUISANCE OR NOVELTY?
Internal Structures
Practically Speaking PERFORMING A GYNECOLOGICAL SELF-EXAMINATION
Other Structures
The Breasts
FEMALE SEXUAL PHYSIOLOGY
Sex Hormones
The Ovarian Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
Practically Speaking VAGINAL AND MENSTRUAL WELL-BEING
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
Sexual Response Models
Desire and Arousal:.Two Sides of the Same Coin
Think About It FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION OR CULTURAL AND SOCIAL NORM?
FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Sexual Excitement
Orgasm
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 4: Male Sexual Anatomy, Physiology, and Response
MALE SEX ORGANS: WHAT ARE THEY FOR?
External Structures
Internal Structures
Think About It THE QUESTION OF MALE CIRCUMCISION
Other Structures
MALE SEXUAL PHYSIOLOGY
Sex Hormones
Think About It DOES PENIS SIZE MATTER?
Practically Speaking SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE: WHAT DO MEN NEED?
Spermatogenesis
Semen Production
Homologous Organs
MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Erection
Ejaculation and Orgasm
Think About It MEN AND SEXUAL DESIRE: IT•fS MORE COMPLEX THAN WE MIGHT THINK
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 5: Gender and Gender Roles
STUDYING GENDER AND GENDER ROLES
Sex, Gender, and Gender Roles: What's the Difference?
Sex and Gender Identity
Masculinity and Femininity: Opposites, Similar, or Blended?
Think About It SEXUAL FLUIDITY: WOMEN'S AND MEN'S VARIABLE SEXUAL ATTRACTIONS
Gender and Sexual Orientation
GENDER-ROLE LEARNING
Theories of Socialization
Gender-Role Learning in Childhood and Adolescence
Gender Schemas: Exaggerating Differences
CONTEMPORARY GENDER ROLES AND SCRIPTS
Traditional Gender Roles and Scripts
Changing Gender Roles and Scripts
GENDER VARIATIONS
The Transgender Phenomenon
Practically Speaking A QUICK GLOSSARY ON SEX, GENDER, AND GENDER VARIATIONS
Think About It GENDER-CONFIRMING SURGERY: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND.PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
Gender Dysphoria
Disorders of Sex Development (DSD)
Unclassified Congenital Condition
Coming to Terms With Differences
Think About It..TRANSGENDER PEOPLE AND BATHROOM ACCESS: WHAT'S THE DEAL?
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 6: Sexuality in Childhood and.Adolescence
SEXUALITY IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD (AGES.0.TO 11)
Infancy and Sexual Response (Ages 0 to 2)
Childhood Sexuality (Ages 3 to 11)
The Family Context
SEXUALITY IN ADOLESCENCE (AGES 12 TO 19)
Psychosexual Development
Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Think About It VIRGINITY-WHATEVER THAT MEANS
Teenage Pregnancy
Think About It "GOOD ENOUGH SEX": THE WAY TO LIFETIME COUPLE SATISFACTION
Sexuality Education
Think About It HEALTHY TEEN SEXUALITY
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 7: Sexuality in Adulthood
SEXUALITY IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
Developmental Concerns
Establishing Sexual Orientation and Identity
Think About It LIFE BEHAVIORS OF A SEXUALLY HEALTHY ADULT
Being Single
Think About It SINGLES IN AMERICA: DATING TRENDS, RITUALS, AND SOCIAL MEDIA
Cohabitation
Same-Sex Marriage
SEXUALITY IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
Developmental Concerns
Sexuality in Marriage and Established Relationships
Think About It ARE SAME-SEX COUPLES AND FAMILIES ANY DIFFERENT FROM HETEROSEXUAL.ONES?
Divorce and After
SEXUALITY IN LATE ADULTHOOD
Developmental Concerns
Stereotypes of Aging
Sexuality and Aging
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 8: Love and Communication in Intimate Relationships
FRIENDSHIP AND LOVE
LOVE AND SEXUALITY
Men, Women, Sex, and Love
Love Without Sex: Celibacy and Asexuality
HOW DO I LOVE THEE? APPROACHES AND ATTITUDES RELATED TO LOVE
Styles of Love
The Triangular Theory of Love
Love as Attachment
Unrequited Love
JEALOUSY
The Psychological Dimension of Jealousy
Think About It THE SCIENCE OF LOVE
Managing Jealousy
Extrarelational Sex
Rebound Sex
MAKING LOVE LAST: FROM PASSION TO INTIMACY
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
The Cultural Context
The Social Context
The Psychological Context
Nonverbal Communication
SEXUAL COMMUNICATION
Sexual Communication in Beginning Relationships
Sexual Communication in Established Relationships
Think About It LET'S (NOT) TALK ABOUT SEX: AVOIDING THE DISCUSSION ABOUT PAST LOVERS
DEVELOPING COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Talking About Sex
Practically Speaking COMMUNICATION PATTERNS AND PARTNER SATISFACTION
CONFLICT AND INTIMACY
Sexual Conflicts
Practically Speaking LESSONS FROM THE LOVE LAB
Conflict Resolution
Final Thoughts
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Sex and the Internet
Suggested Websites
Suggested Reading
Chapter 9: Sexual Expression
SEXUAL ATTRACTIVENESS
A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Evolutionary Mating Perspectives
Think About It WHY COLLEGE STUDENTS HAVE SEX
Hooking Up and College Students
Think About It "HOOKING UP" AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS: AS SIMPLE AS ONE MIGHT THINK?
Sexual Desire
SEXUAL SCRIPTS
Cultural Scripting
Intrapersonal Scripting
Interpersonal Scripting
AUTOEROTICISM
Sexual Fantasies and Dreams
Masturbation
Practically Speaking ASSESSING YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARD MASTURBATION
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR WITH OTHERS
Most Recent Partnered Sex
Think About It YOU WOULD SAY YOU "HAD SEX" IF YOU
Frequency and Duration of Sex
Couple Sexual Styles
Touching
Think About It THE FREQUENCY OF SEX: THE MORE, THE BETTER?
Kissing
Oral-Genital Sex
Think About It THE FIRST KISS: A DEAL-BREAKER
Sexual Intercourse
Anal Eroticism
Health Benefits of Sexual Activity
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 10: Variations in Sexual Behavior
SEXUAL VARIATIONS AND PARAPHILIC BEHAVIOR
What Are Sexual Variations?
What Is Paraphilia?
Think About It CLASSIFYING VARIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIORS AS PARAPHILIA: THE CHANGING VIEWS OF PSYCHOLOGY
The Frequency of Paraphilia Behaviors and Desire
Think About It "SEXUAL ADDICTION": REPRESSIVE MORALITY IN A NEW GUISE?
TYPES OF PARAPHILIAS
Fetishism
Transvestism
Zoophilia
Voyeurism
Think About It WOULD YOU WATCH? COLLEGE STUDENTS AND VOYEURISM
Exhibitionism
Telephone Scatologia
Frotteurism
Necrophilia
Pedophilia
BDSM, Sexual Masochism, and Sexual Sadism
ORIGINS AND TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 11: Contraception and Abortion
RISK AND RESPONSIBILITY
Women, Men, and Contraception: Who Is Responsible?
Access to Contraception
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
Choosing a Method
Sexual Abstinence
Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus)
Hormonal Methods
Barrier Methods
Practically Speaking TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE CONDOM USE
Practically Speaking CORRECT CONDOM USE SELF-EFFICACY SCALE
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC)
Fertility Awareness.Based Methods
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
Sterilization
Emergency Contraception (EC)
ABORTION
Methods of Abortion
Safety of Abortion
Women and Abortion
Men and Abortion
The Abortion Debate
RESEARCH ISSUES
Think About It RISKY BUSINESS: WHY COUPLES FAIL TO USE CONTRACEPTION
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 12: Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
FERTILIZATION AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
The Fertilization Process
Development of the Conceptus
PREGNANCY
Preconception Health
Pregnancy Detection
Adjustments and Psychological Changes in Women During Pregnancy
Complications of Pregnancy and Dangers to the Fetus
Think About It SEXUAL BEHAVIOR DURING PREGNANCY
Diagnosing Fetal Abnormalities
Pregnancy Loss
INFERTILITY
Female Infertility
Male Infertility
Emotional Responses to Infertility
Infertility Treatment
GIVING BIRTH
Labor and Delivery
Choices in Childbirth
Practically Speaking MAKING A BIRTH PLAN
Breastfeeding
POSTPARTUM AND BEYOND
Practically Speaking BREAST VERSUS BOTTLE: WHICH IS BETTER FOR YOU AND YOUR CHILD?
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 13: The Sexual Body in Health and Illness
LIVING IN OUR BODIES: THE QUEST FOR PHYSICAL PERFECTION
Eating Disorders
Think About It BODY MODIFICATION: YOU’RE DOING WHAT, WHERE?
ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND SEXUALITY
Alcohol Use and Sexuality
Other Drug Use and Sexuality
SEXUALITY AND DISABILITY
Physical Limitations and Changing Expectations
Vision and Hearing Impairment
Chronic Illness
Developmental Disabilities
The Sexual Rights of People With Disabilities
SEXUALITY AND CANCER
Women and Cancer
Men and Cancer
Anal Cancer in Men and Women
ADDITIONAL SEXUAL HEALTH ISSUES
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Vulvodynia
Endometriosis
Prostatitis
SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND HEALTH
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 14: Sexual Function Difficulties, Dissatisfaction, Enhancement, and Therapy
SEXUAL FUNCTION DIFFICULTIES: DEFINITIONS, TYPES, AND PREVALENCE
Defining Sexual Function Difficulties: Different Perspectives
Prevalence and Cofactors
Disorders of Sexual Desire
Practically Speaking SEXUAL DESIRE: WHEN APPETITES DIFFER
Orgasmic Disorders
Think About It ORGASM, THAT SIMPLE? YOUNG ADULTS’ EXPERIENCES OF ORGASM AND SEXUAL PLEASURE
Sexual Pain Disorders
Substance/Medication-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
Other Disorders
PHYSICAL CAUSES OF SEXUAL FUNCTION DIFFICULTIES AND DISSATISFACTION
Physical Causes in Men
Physical Causes in Women
PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF SEXUAL FUNCTION DIFFICULTIES AND DISSATISFACTION
Immediate Causes
Conflict Within the Self
Relationship Causes
SEXUAL FUNCTION ENHANCEMENT
Developing Self-Awareness
Practically Speaking KEGEL EXERCISES FOR WOMEN AND MEN
Intensifying Erotic Pleasure
Think About It MY PARTNER COULD BE A BETTER LOVER IF . . . : WHAT MEN AND WOMEN WANT FROM THEIR SEXUAL PARTNERS
Think About It SEXUAL TURN-ONS AND TURN-OFFS: WHAT COLLEGE STUDENTS REPORT
TREATING SEXUAL FUNCTION DIFFICULTIES
Masters and Johnson: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Kaplan: Psychosexual Therapy
Other Nonmedical Approaches
Medical Approaches
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Sex Therapy
Practically Speaking SEEKING PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE
When Treatment Fails
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 15: Sexually Transmitted Infections
THE STI EPIDEMIC
STIs: The Most Common Reportable Infectious Diseases
Who Is Affected: Disparities Among Groups
Factors Contributing to the Spread of STIs
Practically Speaking PREVENTING STIs: THE ROLE OF MALE CONDOMS, FEMALE CONDOMS, AND DENTAL DAMS
Think About It ACCURATELY JUDGING IF A POTENTIAL SEXUAL PARTNER IS INFECTED WITH AN STI: EASILY DONE?
Practically Speaking STI ATTITUDE SCALE
Consequences of STIs
PRINCIPAL BACTERIAL STIs
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Urinary Tract Infections
Syphilis
PRINCIPAL VIRAL STIs
HIV and AIDS
Genital Herpes
Think About It THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY: A TRAGEDY OF RACE AND MEDICINE
Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection
Viral Hepatitis
Zika
VAGINAL INFECTIONS
Bacterial Vaginosis
Genital Candidiasis
Trichomoniasis
OTHER STIs
ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS
Scabies
Pubic Lice
STIs AND WOMEN
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Cervicitis
Cystitis
PREVENTING STIs
Avoiding STIs
Treating STIs
Practically Speaking SAFER AND UNSAFE SEX BEHAVIORS
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 16: HIV and AIDS
WHAT IS AIDS?
Conditions Associated With AIDS
Think About It THE STIGMATIZATION OF HIV AND OTHER STIs
Symptoms of HIV Infection and AIDS
Understanding AIDS: The Immune System and HIV
The Virus
AIDS Pathogenesis: How the Disease Progresses
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION OF HIV
The Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States
Modes and Myths of Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Substance and Injection Drug Use
Mother-to-Child Transmission
AIDS DEMOGRAPHICS
Minority Races/Ethnicities and HIV
The Gay Community
Women and HIV/AIDS
Transgender People and HIV
Children and HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS Among Youth
Older Adults and HIV/AIDS
Geographic Region and HIV
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Protecting Ourselves
Think About It WHICH STRATEGIES WOULD YOU USE TO REDUCE YOUR RISK OF STI/HIV? WHAT ONE GROUP OF WOMEN DID
Think About It "DO YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING?" COMMON CONDOM-USE MISTAKES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
Saving Lives Through Prevention
HIV Testing
Treatments
LIVING WITH HIV OR AIDS
If You Are HIV-Positive
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 17: Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
What Is Sexual Harassment?
Flirtation Versus Harassment
Harassment in School and College
Harassment in the Workplace
Gender-Based Harassment in Public Spaces
HARASSMENT AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER, AND QUEER PEOPLE
Heterosexual Bias
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Violence
Ending Anti-Gay Prejudice and Enactment of Antidiscrimination Laws
SEXUAL ASSAULT
Campus Sexual Assault
Think About It DATE RAPE DRUGS: AN INCREASING THREAT
Myths About Rape
Practically Speaking WHAT CAN YOU DO TO PREVENT SEXUAL ASSAULT? BE A “BYSTANDER"
Practically Speaking BEING SAFE: STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING BEING SEXUALLY ASSAULTED
Confusion Over Sexual Consent
Think About It VERBALLY CONSENTING TO SEX: AS SIMPLE AS ONE MIGHT THINK?
The Aftermath of Rape
Think About It HOW COLLEGE STUDENTS INDICATE AND INTERPRET CONSENT TO HAVE SEX
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE
Practically Speaking SUPPORTING SOMEONE WHO HAS BEEN RAPED
Practically Speaking HAVING SEX AGAIN AFTER BEING SEXUALLY ASSAULTED: RECLAIMING ONE’S SEXUALITY
Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Treatment Programs
Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Chapter 18: Sexually Explicit Materials, Sex Workers, and Sex Laws
SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MATERIAL IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICA
Pornography or Erotica: Which Is It?
Sexually Explicit Material and Popular Culture
The Consumption of Sexually Explicit Materials
Think About It WHO WATCHES THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEXUALLY EXPLICIT VIDEOS?
Themes, Content, and Actors of SEV
The Effects of SEV
Think About It SEXUALLY EXPLICIT VIDEO USE IN ROMANTIC COUPLES: BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL?
Censorship, Sexually Explicit Material, and the Law
Think About It WHAT POPULAR MEDIA SAYS ABOUT SEXUALLY EXPLICIT VIDEOS AND RELATIONSHIPS: SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH?
SEX WORK AND SEX TRAFFICKING
The Prevalence of Sex Work
Think About It SEX TRAFFICKING: A MODERN-DAY SLAVERY
Male Sex Workers
Sex Work and the Law
The Impact of HIV/AIDS and Other STIs on Sex Work
SEXUALITY AND THE LAW
Legalizing Private, Consensual Sexual Behavior
Think About It SHOULD SEX WORK BE DECRIMINALIZED AND LEGALIZED?
Same-Sex Marriage
Advocating Sexual Rights
FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SEX AND THE INTERNET
SUGGESTED WEBSITES
SUGGESTED READING
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index