Human Security and Non-Citizens: Law, Policy and International Affairs

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
About the editors......Page 10
About the contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgements......Page 28
Part I: Human security, human rights and human dignity......Page 29
I. Introduction......Page 31
II. Citizenship and sovereignty......Page 33
Realism and neo-realism......Page 36
Constructivism......Page 38
Feminism......Page 39
IV. Transition in security discourse......Page 40
V.
Security discourse and non-citizens......Page 43
VI. The
human security framework......Page 49
A. Development of human security discourse......Page 50
B. The meaning of human security: its breadth and scope......Page 56
1. What is secured (definitions of insecurity)......Page 58
3. Security providers......Page 60
VII. Rights protection and non-citizens......Page 61
A. People-centred – humanising non-citizens......Page 67
B. The language of security......Page 68
C.
Multilateralism, international cooperation and interdependence......Page 70
D. Prevention and responsibility......Page 71
F. Convergence of human rights, human development and human security......Page 72
IX. Conclusion......Page 74
Part II: Physical and legal security, armed conflict and refuge......Page 75
I. Introduction......Page 77
II. The human dimension of statelessness......Page 78
III. Addressing statelessness through the specialised rules set out in the 1954 and 1961 Conventions......Page 81
IV. Addressing statelessness through human rights law......Page 87
V. Addressing statelessness through the human security framework......Page 98
VI. Concluding observations......Page 105
I. Introduction......Page 110
II. The international framework for the protection of refugees......Page 111
III. Post-Cold War changes and forced displacement......Page 113
IV. Gaps in the international refugee protection framework......Page 116
V. The emergence of the human security concept and its relevance for refugees......Page 118
A. The strategy of protection......Page 123
B. The strategy of empowerment......Page 126
C. The rationale for focusing on specific groups......Page 129
VII. Using these strategies to strengthen peace and security, development and human rights in refugee situations......Page 131
A. Peace and security and human security......Page 132
B. Development and human security......Page 140
C. Human rights and human security......Page 144
VIII. Human security and the responsibility to protect......Page 147
IX. Conclusion......Page 150
I. Introduction......Page 153
II. Defining 'protracted refugee situations'......Page 155
A. Encampment policies......Page 160
B. Security concerns......Page 163
1. Personal or human (in)security......Page 165
2. Threats to national and international peace and security......Page 170
C. Lost opportunities......Page 172
1. Education and vocational training......Page 173
2. Income generation......Page 177
A. Voluntary repatriation......Page 182
B. Local integration......Page 186
C. Resettlement......Page 188
V. Conclusion: working together to get somewhere......Page 190
I. Introduction......Page 194
II. An emerging research agenda on refugee and IDP militarisation......Page 197
III. What is refugee and IDP militarisation?......Page 204
A. Manipulating refugees and IDPs......Page 208
B. Refugees as agents and victims of militarisation......Page 211
C. Refugee militarisation and the humanitarian community......Page 215
V. Conclusions......Page 221
I. Introduction......Page 223
A. An introduction to the principle of non-refoulement......Page 227
1. Ratione personae......Page 230
2. Ratione materiae......Page 231
3. Ratione loci......Page 232
4. Standard of proof......Page 236
III. Rescue at sea: challenges to international protection......Page 237
B. The disembarkation problem......Page 238
C. Recent amendments to the rescue instruments......Page 241
A. Introduction to maritime interception......Page 243
B. Protection risks in interception at sea......Page 244
1. Identifying the state responsible for protection......Page 245
2. Interception cloaked as rescue......Page 247
V. Conclusion......Page 251
Part III: Migration, development and environment......Page 253
I. Introduction......Page 255
II. Portrait of a twenty-first century migrant......Page 257
III. The multifaceted nature of contemporary migration......Page 261
IV. Policy responses to migration......Page 264
A. Major international initiatives......Page 266
B. Regional processes......Page 275
C. The Commission on Human Security......Page 276
A. Global governance of international migration......Page 277
V. Looking beyond the state: other actors......Page 279
VI. Hearing the migrant voice: the human rights and human security frameworks explained in the migration context......Page 283
A. Human rights norms and migration......Page 286
B. Human security framework......Page 293
VII. Protecting migrants: human security versus human rights?......Page 296
VIII. Conclusion: migration and empowerment......Page 298
I. Introduction......Page 301
A. Universal human rights standards......Page 303
B. ILO standards......Page 304
C. International Migrant Workers' Convention......Page 305
D. Protection gaps......Page 307
1. Other human rights mechanisms for protecting migrant workers......Page 308
E. General Agreement on Trade in Services......Page 309
F. Regional standards......Page 310
A. Consultation and cooperation in international agreements......Page 317
B. Non-binding consultative and cooperation processes......Page 320
1.1 Berne Initiative: International Agenda for Migration Management......Page 321
1.2 IOM's International Dialogue on Migration......Page 323
1.3 ILO's Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration......Page 324
1.4 Global Forum on Migration and Development......Page 325
1.5 UN Commission on Human Security and the Human Security Network......Page 326
2. Regional level: regional consultative processes......Page 328
IV. Force of law versus non-binding consultative and cooperation processes......Page 337
V. Conclusion......Page 340
1. Introduction......Page 342
A. Taxonomies of the survival migrant......Page 345
B. What is human security?......Page 348
C. Human security and the migration trajectory......Page 350
D. Survival migrants as agents of human security......Page 354
E. Survival migrants as agents of human insecurity?......Page 355
A. Human rights and human security of survival migrants: opposing magnetic fields?......Page 358
1. States and migrants......Page 362
2. Sovereignty, human rights and survival migration......Page 364
3. The anti-discrimination norm and the survival migrant......Page 365
4. Non-derogable human rights and human security......Page 367
5. The economic rights of survival migrants......Page 369
6. Survival migrants and the scope of human rights law......Page 370
IV. From a right to die with dignity to a right to live with it......Page 371
V. Re-imagining migration as a symbiotic relationship between communities......Page 382
I. Introduction......Page 385
II. The risk of climate-induced displacement......Page 389
A. Inuit......Page 396
B. Carteret Islands......Page 397
A. International refugee law......Page 398
B. Human rights law......Page 401
1. Human rights law: standards of treatment......Page 402
2. Human rights law as a basis for seeking protection in a third country......Page 406
C. International environmental law......Page 408
D. International humanitarian law......Page 412
E. Institutional framework......Page 414
IV. A human security approach?......Page 415
A. Human security – environmental security......Page 416
B. Advantages of a human security approach......Page 419
C. Critiques of human security......Page 422
D. Human security may undermine human rights......Page 424
E. Gaps in human rights protection......Page 427
V. A responsibility to protect?......Page 428
VI. Conclusion......Page 430
I. Introduction......Page 432
II. Human security and the legal regime on trafficking......Page 435
A. Human security is concerned primarily with the individual rather than the state......Page 443
C. Human security is concerned with the actions of non-state actors as well as those of the state......Page 444
III. Conclusion......Page 445
Part IV: National security and the '
war on terror'......Page 447
I. Introduction......Page 449
1. Acquiring nationality......Page 450
2. Losing nationality......Page 452
B. Standards of treatment of non-nationals......Page 453
2.1 Non-discrimination......Page 454
2.2 Other standards of minimum treatment......Page 455
C. Extraterritorial standards of treatment for non-nationals......Page 457
D. Conclusion......Page 460
III. Militarised anti-terrorism and non-nationals......Page 461
A. International humanitarian law as the lex specialis......Page 462
B. Nationality-limited due process rights......Page 463
C. Differential protections against coercive interrogation......Page 466
1. The United States and coercive interrogation of non-nationals......Page 467
2. Canada, torture and detainee transfers in Afghanistan......Page 470
IV. Non-nationals, the campaign against terrorism and the immigration paradigm......Page 473
A. Extraordinary renditions......Page 474
1. Detention pending removal......Page 476
2. Truncated due process in national security-related immigration proceedings......Page 480
V. Conclusion......Page 484
I. Introduction......Page 487
A. Before 9/11......Page 489
B. After 9/11......Page 491
A. Before 9/11......Page 499
B. After 9/11......Page 502
IV. Conformity with the right to non-discrimination......Page 506
A. Standard of review......Page 510
B. Comparability......Page 513
C. Objective and reasonable justification......Page 514
1. Suitability and effectiveness......Page 515
2. Negative effects......Page 518
3. Result......Page 520
V. Conclusion......Page 521
I. Introduction......Page 523
A. Protections against removal under other branches of international law and the need for comprehensive protection
......Page 525
B. Protection against removal under human rights law: general principles......Page 527
C. Potential violations of rights posing an obstacle to removal......Page 531
1. Maintaining the absolute nature of the prohibition......Page 536
2. Limiting reliance on diplomatic assurances......Page 539
3.1 Criteria for assessing the existence of a risk of ill-treatment upon return
......Page 543
3.2 Standard and burden of proof of the risk of ill-treatment......Page 546
B. Affirming the applicability of due process guarantees to removal proceedings......Page 549
C. Expanding the scope of protection against removal......Page 555
IV. Conclusion......Page 558
I. Introduction......Page 560
II. Human security and counter-terrorism......Page 561
A. The 'legality' of extraordinary renditions......Page 565
1. The characterisation of 'extraordinary rendition' as permissible conduct - a series of legal leaps......Page 569
2. Obtaining crucial foreign support – exploiting gaps in legal and institutional frameworks......Page 575
1. Who has done what? Multiple actors......Page 580
2. Legal actions for redress......Page 581
2.1 Legal actions in the US......Page 582
2.2 Legal actions outside the United States......Page 584
IV. Conclusions......Page 586
I. Introduction......Page 588
II. Attempts to restore individual rights through the US courts......Page 592
III. The responses of foreign states in the wake of a denial of individual rights to Guantanamo detainees......Page 597
A. The appropriateness of diplomatic protection as a means of restoring the rights of certain individuals held at Guantanamo Bay......Page 598
B. The case of the British national: Feroz Abbasi......Page 600
1. Appropriateness of seeking a judicial review of the decision not to exercise diplomatic protection......Page 601
2. The English Court of Appeal's decision in Mr Abbasi's case......Page 602
C. The cases of the detainees with refugee and long-term residency status in the United Kingdom......Page 604
1. The position of the Foreign Office Minister......Page 605
2. The attempt to have the decision not to intervene judicially reviewed......Page 609
IV. Conclusion......Page 613
Index......Page 617