The human microbiome refers to the complete microorganisms inhabiting the human body sites including skin, ear, nose, oral cavity, the genital, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and body fluids such as breast milk, saliva, and urine. It is a significant and essential organ recognized for the body and has an established involvement in the host wellbeing, in terms of nutritional requirements and immunomodulation. This book talks about how alteration and imbalance in the same can have clinical implications associated with a multitude of gastrointestinal, lifestyle-associated, and neurodegenerative disorders. How the proliferation of specific groups of bacteria and their metabolic activities, as a result of intestinal dysbiosis leads to the 'leaky gut' condition thereby influences brain activity via the bidirectional gut-brain axis. It also coves the importance of microbial seeding and how it can be influenced by the mode of delivery, nutrition, and medication. This book also provides various therapeutic interventions such as the establishment of stool banks and Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) that have recently proved promising in the treatment of ASD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis. This book provides a deeper understanding of the development of the human gut microbiome and the factors driving its dysbiosis. This book is a valuable read for health professionals, medical students, nutritionists, and scientific research communities who are eager to update themselves with recent trends in microbiome research. It will also aid gastroenterologists and nutritionists to make well-informed choices regarding therapeutic regimes.
Author(s): Sabu Thomas
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 277
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editor
Chapter 1: Human Microbiome: Implication of Age and External Factors
1 Introduction
2 Acquisition of Microbiota in Early Life
3 Site-Specific Succession of Microbiota with Age
4 Host and Environmental Factors Influencing Microbiota with Age
4.1 Host Physiology
4.2 Diet
4.3 Nutrition
4.4 Medication
5 Age-Associated Diseases and Their Influence on Gut Microbiota
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Oral Microbiome: An Opening to Healthy Possibilities
1 Introduction
2 Oral Microbiome: The Site Specialist in Natural Niches
3 Oral Microbiome: Our Coevolved Holobiont
3.1 Genetic Factors
3.2 Childhood
3.3 Immune Response
3.4 Physical Factors
3.5 Lifestyle
4 Oral Microbiome: The Link to Health and Diseases
5 Oral Microbiome: CRISPR Cas: Versatility vs Fatality
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Gut Microbiota Associations in FGID
2.1 Gut Microbiota in Functional Dyspepsia
2.2 Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
3 Gut Microbiota and Functional Metabolites in FGID
4 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in FGID
5 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 4: The Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer: Current Status and Therapeutic Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Gut Microbiota and GIT Cancer
3 Gut Microbiota and Esophageal Cancer
4 Gut Microbiota and Gastric Cancer
5 Gut Microbiota and Pancreatic Cancer
6 Gut Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer
7 Role of Bacteria in the Treatment of Cancer (Bacteriotherapy)
7.1 Bacteriocins
7.2 Bacterial Peptides
7.3 Bacterial Toxins
7.4 Bacterial Enzymes
8 Bacteria as a Target Delivery Vector for Cancer Therapeutic Agents
9 The Gut Microbiome and Cancer Immunotherapy
10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation by Gut Microbe-Modulated Metabolites in Chronic Metabolic Diseases
1 Introduction
2 Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in Metabolic Diseases
3 Gut Microbiota and Epigenetic Regulation of Metabolic Diseases
3.1 DNA Methylation Programming by Gut Microbiota
3.2 Histone Modifications
3.3 Noncoding RNAs
4 Probiotics and Host Epigenetic Regulation
5 Gut Microbiota Markers for Metabolic Diseases
6 Microbiological Memory in Epigenetic Regulation
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Gut Microbiota-Related Clinical Events and Therapeutic Interventions in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
1 Introduction
2 Gut Microbiota in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
2.1 Lessons from the Animal Models
2.2 Lessons from AALD in Humans
3 Gut Microbial Metabolites in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
4 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
5 Other Therapies of Microbiota Modulation in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 7: Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurological Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis
2.1 Gut Microbiota
2.2 Bi-directional Pathways between Gut and Brain
2.3 Role of Neurotransmitters in MGB Axis Homeostasis
2.4 Role of Gut Neuroactive Metabolites in MGB Axis
2.5 Role of Gut Microbiota in Modulation of Microglia and Astrocyte Biology
2.6 Role of Immune System in MGB Axis
2.7 Composition and Correlation of Dysbiosis with Brain Behaviour
3 Impact of MGB Axis in Neurological Disorders
3.1 Multiple Sclerosis
3.2 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
3.3 Parkinson’s Disease
3.4 Alzheimer’s Disease
3.5 Autism Spectrum Disorder
3.6 Glioma
4 Therapeutic Interventions
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Modern Perspectives in Controlling Human Diseases through Probiotic Intervention
1 Introduction
2 Streamlining the Paradigms of Probiotic Therapy
3 Interaction of Enteric Microbiota with Brain, Liver, and Lung Functions
4 Probiotic Interventions in Infectious Diseases
4.1 Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea
4.2 Infectious Diarrhea
4.3 Peptic Ulcer due to Helicobacter pylori Infection
4.4 Necrotizing Enterocolitis
4.5 Respiratory Infections
5 Probiotic Interventions in Non-communicable Diseases
6 Role of Probiotics in Anticancer Therapy
7 Major Concerns Associated with Probiotic Intervention
8 Delineation of Microbial Profiling Using Multi-omic Technology
9 Bioengineered Probiotics
10 Next-generation Probiotics: Metamorphosis from Commensal Bacteria to Novel Biodrugs
11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Microbiome Association of Polypharmacy in Geriatric Population
1 Introduction
2 Chronic Conditions in Elderly Population and Their Treatment
3 Age-related Metabolic and Functional Changes in Geriatrics
4 Normal Life Expectancy of People in Different Countries
5 Infectious Disease and Treatment Options in Geriatrics
6 Impact of Polypharmacy in Geriatric Patients
7 Stress and Its Impact on Gut Microbiota in Geriatric Population
8 Diet and Associated Gut Microbial Changes in Geriatrics
9 Biosensors for the Detection of Gut Microbes
10 Microbiome-Based Therapeutic Interventions in Geriatrics
11 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 10: Virome: Sentinels or Marauders in the Microbiome
1 Introduction
2 Factors Influencing the Distribution and Diversity of Virome
3 System-Wise Distribution of the Human Virome
3.1 Ocular Virome
3.2 Oral Virome
3.3 Gut Virome
3.4 Skin Virome
3.5 Respiratory Tract Virome
4 Other Sites
4.1 The Central and Peripheral Nervous System Virome
4.2 Blood Virome
4.3 Urogenital Tract Virome
5 Dynamics of Virome–Host Interactions
6 Translational Prospects of Virome Research
7 The Human Virome: The Extremes
8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Human Microbiome to Combat COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 COVID-19-Associated Dysbiosis of the Host Microbiome
2.1 Gut Dysbiosis and COVID-19
2.2 Lung Dysbiosis and Susceptibility to Viral Infections
2.3 Pregnancy, Human Microbiota, and COVID-19
3 Antimicrobial Resistance in the Era of COVID-19
3.1 Host Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis Exacerbated by Use of Antibiotics
3.2 Antibiotic Prescription, Over-sanitation, and Antimicrobial Resistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic
4 Dietary Changes and Human Microbiota
5 Microbiome-Based Interventions
6 Conclusion
References
