Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture

Copyright
Preface
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Geography
Field Note: Awakening to World Hunger
Key Question: WHAT IS HUMAN GEOGRAPHY?
Key Question: WHAT ARE GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS?
Maps in the Time of Cholera Pandemics
The Spatial Perspective
Field Note: Glacier National Park, United States
Key Question: WHY DO GEOGRAPHERS USE MAPS AND WHAT DO MAPS TELL US?
Mental Maps
Generalization in Maps
Remote Sensing and GIS
Guest Field Note: Maui, Hawaii by Korine N. Kolivras
Key Question: WHY ARE GEOGRAPHERS CONCERNED WITH SCALE AND CONNECTEDNESS?
Regions
Guest Field Note: Montgomery, Alabama by Jonathan Leib
Culture
Connectedness through Diffusion
Key Question: WHAT ARE GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS, AND HOW ARE THEY USED IN ANSWERING GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS?
Rejection of Environmental Determinism
Possibilism
Today’s Human Geography
Chapter 2: Population
Field Note: Basic Infrastructure
Key Question: WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY?
Field Note: Yangon, Mayanmar
Physiologic Population Density
Field Note: Luxor, Egypt
Population Distribution
World Population Distribution and Density
Reliability of Population Data
Key Question: WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN PARTICULAR PLACES?
Population Growth at World, Regional, National, and Local Scales
Field Note: Bordeaux, France
The Demographic Transition
Future Population Growth
Key Question: WHY DOES POPULATION COMPOSITION MATTER?
Key Question: HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS?
Infant Mortality
Child Mortality
Life Expectancy
Influence on Health and Well-Being
Infectious Diseases
Chronic and Genetic Diseases
AIDS
Field Note: Johannesburg, South Africa
Key Question: HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?
Guest Field Note: Marich Village, Kenya by Elsbeth Robson
Limitations
Contradictions
Chapter 3: Migration
Field Note: Risking Lives for Remittances
Key Question: WHAT IS MIGRATION
Cyclic Movement
Periodic Movement
Migration
Key Question: WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
Forced Migration
Push and Pull Factors in Voluntary Migration
Types of Push and Pull Factors
Political Circumstances
Armed Conflict and Civil War
Environmental Conditions
Culture and Traditions
Guest Field Note: Plymouth, Montserrat by Jason Dittmer
Technological Advances
Key Question: WHERE DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
Global Migration Flows
Regional Migration Flows
National Migration Flows
Field Note: Jerusalem, Israel
Guest Workers
Refugees
Key Question: HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT MIGRATION?
Legal Restrictions
Waves of Immigration in the United States
Post-September 11
Chapter 4: Local Culture, Popular Culture, and Cultural Landscapes
Field Note: Preserving Culture
Key Question: WHAT ARE LOCAL AND POPULAR CULTURES?
Key Question: HOW ARE LOCAL CULTURES SUSTAINED?
Rural Local Cultures
Urban Local Cultures
Guest Field Note: Lindsborg, Kansas by Steven M. Schnell
Local Cultures and Cultural Appropriation
Field Note: Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York
Authenticity of Places
Field Note: Dingle, Ireland
Key Question: HOW IS POPULAR CULTURE DIFFUSED?
Hearths of Popular Culture
Replacing Old Hearths with New: Beating Out the Big Three in Popular Sports
Stemming the Tide of Popular Culture—Losing the Local?
Field Note: Seoul, South Korea
How Can Local and Popular Cultures Be Seen in the Cultural Landscape?
Cultural Landscapes of Local Culture
Guest Field Note: Paragonah, Utah by Richard Francaviglia
Chapter 5: Identity: Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality
Field Note: Building Walls
Key Question: WHAT IS IDENTITY, AND HOW ARE IDENTITIES CONSTRUCTED?
Race
Field Note: Darwin, Australia
Racism in the United States
Residential Segregation
Identities Across Scales
The Scale of New York City
Guest Field Note: Washington Heights, New York by Ines Miyares
Key Question: HOW DO PLACES AFFECT IDENTITY, AND HOW CAN WE SEE IDENTITIES IN PLACES?
Ethnicity and Place
Identity and Space
Field Note: New York, NY
Key Question: HOW DOES GEOGRAPHY REFLECT AND SHAPE POWER RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GROUPS OF PEOPLE?
Just Who Counts
Guest Field Note: Karakoram Range of northern Pakistan by Sarah J. Halvorson
Vulnerable Populations
Women in Subsaharan Africa
Field Note: Kanye, Botswana
Dowry Deaths in India
Shifting Power Relationships among Ethnic Groups
Chapter 6: Language
Field Note: What Should I Say?
Key Question: WHAT ARE LANGUAGES, AND WHAT ROLE DO LANGUAGES PLAY IN CULTURES?
Language and Culture
What Is a Language?
Standardized Language
Dialects
Key Question: WHY ARE LANGUAGES DISTRIBUTED THE WAY THEY ARE?
Definition and Debate
Language Formation
The Languages of Europe
Languages of Subsaharan Africa
Key Question: HOW DO LANGUAGES DIFFUSE?
Lingua Franca
Multilingualism
Official Languages
Global Language
Field Note: Paro, Bhutan
Key Question: WHAT ROLE DOES LANGUAGE PLAY IN MAKING PLACES?
The Ten Toponyms
Toponyms and Globalization
Changing Toponyms
Guest Field Note: Greenville, North Carolina by Derek Alderman
Chapter 7: Religion
Field Note: Dying and Resurrecting
Key Question: WHAT IS RELIGION, AND WHAT ROLE DOES IT PLAY IN CULTURE?
Field Note: Mombasa, Kenya
Key Question: WHERE DID THE MAJOR RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD ORIGINATE, AND HOW DO RELIGIONS DIFFUSE?
The World Map of Religions Today
From the Hearth of South Asia
Field Note: Borobudur, Indonesia
From the Hearth of the Huang He River Valley
From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean
Field Note: Prague, Czech Republic
Field Note: Uluru, Australia
Key Question: HOW IS RELIGION SEEN IN THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?
Guest Field Note: Ardmore, Ireland by Mary Lee Nolan
Sacred Sites of Jerusalem
Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism
Field Note: Hyderabad, India
Landscapes of Christianity
Field Note: Yangon, Myanmar
Landscapes of Islam
Key Question: WHAT ROLE DOES RELIGION PLAY IN POLITICAL CONFLICTS?
Conflicts along Religious Borders
Israel and Palestine
Nigeria
The Former Yugoslavia
Northern Ireland
Religions Fundamentalism and Extremism
Chapter 8: Political Geography
Field Note: Independence Is Better Than Servitude
Key Question: HOW IS SPACE POLITICALLY ORGANIZED INTO STATES AND NATIONS?
The Modern State Idea
Nations
Nation-State
Guest Field Note: Cluj-Napoca, Romania by George White
Multistate Nations, Multinational States, and Stateless Nations
European Colonialism and the Diffusion of the Nation-State Model
Construction of the Capitalist World Economy
World-Systems and Political Power
The Enduring Impact of the Nation-State Idea
Key Question: HOW DO STATES SPATIALLY ORGANIZE THEIR GOVERNMENTS?
Form of Government
Devolution
Guest Field Note: Blackwell, Arkansas by Paul Gray
Electoral Geography
Field Note: Honolulu, Hawai’i
Key Question: HOW ARE BOUNDARIES ESTABLISHED, AND WHY DO BOUNDARY DISPUTES OCCUR?
Establishing Boundaries
Types of Boundaries
Field Note: Italy/Slovenia Border
Boundary Disputes
Key Question: HOW DOES THE STUDY OF GEOPOLITICS HELP US UNDERSTAND THE WORLD?
Classical Geopolitics
The German School
The British/American School
Influence of Geopoliticians on Politics
Critical Geopolitics
Geopolitical World Order
Key Question: WHAT ARE SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, AND WHAT ARE THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STATE?
From League of Nations to United Nations
Regional Supranational Organizations
The European Union
How Does Supranationalism Affect the State?
Chapter 9: Urban Geography
Field Note: Ghosts of Detroit?
Key Question: WHEN AND WHY DID PEOPLE START LIVING IN CITIES?
The Hearths of Urbanization
The Role of the Ancient City in Society
Diffusion of Urbanization
Greek Cities
Roman Cities
Field Note: Rome, Italy
Urban Growth after Greece and Rome
Site and Situation during European Exploration
Field Note: Genoa, Italy
The Second Urban Revolution
A Second Agricultural Revolution
The Chaotic Industrial City
Field Note: Duisburg, Germany
Key Question: WHERE ARE CITIES LOCATED AND WHY?
Rank and Size in the Urban Matrix
Guest Field Note: Broken Arrow, Oklahoma by Brad Bays
Central Place Theory
Hexagonal Hinterlands
Central Places Today
Key Question: HOW ARE CITIES ORGANIZED, AND HOW DO THEY FUNCTION?
Models of the City
Functional Zones
Modeling the North American City
Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
The South American City
The African City
Field Note: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The Southeast Asian City
Key Question: HOW DO PEOPLE SHAPE CITIES?
Guest Field Note: Manila, the Philippines by Johnathan Walker
Shaping Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
Shaping Cities in the Global Core
Field Note: Cairo, Egypt
Field Note: Fort Worth, Texas
Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism
Gated Communities
Field Note: Celebration, Florida
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the European City
Government Policy and Immigrant Accommodation
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery City
Power and Ethnicity
The Informal Economy
From Colonial to Global CBD
Key Question: WHAT ROLE DO CITIES PLAY IN GLOBALIZATION?
Cities as Spaces of Consumption
Chapter 10: Development
Field Note: Geography, Trade, and Development
Key Question: HOW IS DEVELOPMENT DEFINED AND MEASURED?
Gross National Income
Guest Field Note: Sukabumi, West Java by Rachel Silvey
Development Models
Key Question: HOW DOES GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION AFFECT DEVELOPMENT?
Dependency Theory
Geography and Context
Key Question: WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO AND THE COSTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
Barriers to Economic Development
Field Note: Buenos Aires, Argentina
Costs of Economic Development
Key Question: HOW DO POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS INFLUENCE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT WITHIN STATES?
The Role of Governments
Field Note: Ninth Ward, New Orleans
Islands of Development
Creating Growth in the Periphery of the Periphery
Field Note: Port Gentile, Gabon
Chapter 11: Agriculture
Field Note: Changing Greens
Key Question: WHAT IS AGRICULTURE, AND WHERE DID AGRICULTURE BEGIN?
Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing
Terrain and Tools
The First Agricultural Revolution
Domestication of Animals
Subsistence Agriculture
Field Note: Nairobi, Kenya
Key Question: HOW DID AGRICULTURE CHANGE WITH INDUSTRIALIZATION?
Understanding the Spatial Layout of Agriculture
The Third Agricultural Revolution
New Genetically Modified Foods
Regional and Local Change
Guest Field Note: Gambia by Judith Carney
The Impacts of Agricultural Modernization on Earlier Practices
Key Question: WHAT IMPRINT DOES AGRICULTURE MAKE ON THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?
Villages
Functional Differentiation within Villages
Key Question: HOW IS AGRICULTURE CURRENTLY ORGANIZED GEOGRAPHICALLY, AND HOW HAS AGRIBUSINESS INFLUENCED THE CONTEMPORARY GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE?
The World Map of Climates
The World Map of Agriculture
Political Influences on Agriculture
Socio-cultural Influences on Agriculture
Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of Agriculture
Environmental Impacts of Commercial Agriculture
The Challenge of Feeding Everyone
Chapter 12: Industry and Services
Field Note: Branding the Backboard
Key Question: WHERE DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGIN, AND HOW DID IT DIFFUSE?
The Industrial Revolution
Diffusion to Mainland Europe
Field Note: Rouen, France
Diffusion Beyond Europe
Key Question: HOW HAVE THE CHARACTER AND GEOGRAPHY OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION CHANGED?
Fordist Production
Flexible Production and Product Life Cycle
The Global Division of Labor
Made in America or Designed in America?
Major Influences on the Contemporary Geography of Manufacturing
New Centers of Industrial Activity
Field Note: Beijing, China
Field Note: Humen, China
Key Question: HOW HAVE DEINDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE RISE OF SERVICE INDUSTRIES ALTERED GLOBAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY?
Geographical Dimensions of the Service Economy
Guest Field Note: Fayetteville, Arkansas by Fiona M. Davidson
High-Techology Clusters
Tourism Services
Place Vulnerabilities in a Service Economy
Chapter 13: The Humanized Environment
Field Note: Disaster along Indian Ocean Shores
Key Question: HOW HAS THE EARTH ENVIRONMENT CHANGED OVER TIME?
Tectonic Plates
Ocean and Atmosphere
Fire and Ice
Field Note: Hawai’i
The Little Ice Age in the Modern Era
Key Question: HOW HAVE HUMANS ALTERED EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT?
Water
Field Note: Tucson, Arizona
Atmosphere
Field Note: Para, Brazil
The Land
Biodiversity
Key Question: WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE TODAY?
Political Ecology
Guest Field Note: Try, Mali by William Moseley
Population
Patterns of Consumption
Industrial Technology
Transportation
Energy
Key Question: WHAT POLICIES ARE BEING ADOPTED IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE?
Biological Diversity
Protection of the Ozone Layer
Global Climate Change
Chapter 14: Globalization and the Geography of Networks
Field Note: Happiness Is in the Eye of the Beholder
Key Question: HOW HAVE IDENTITIES CHANGED IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD?
Personal Connectedness
Guest Field Note: Columbine, Colorado by Kenneth E. Foote
Key Question: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION, AND WHAT ROLE DO NETWORKS PLAY IN GLOBALIZATION?
Field Note: Porto Alegre, Brazil
Networks
Time-Space Compression
Key Question: HOW DO NETWORKS OPERATE IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD?
Networks with a Social Focus
Networks and Information
Networks and Economic Exchange
Appendix A: Maps
Appendix B: Area and Demographic Data for the World's States
Appendix C: Glossary
Appendix D: References
Index