This book presents the Human Factors methodologies and applications thereof that can be utilised across the design, modelling and evaluation stages of the design lifecycle of new technologies entering future commercial aircraft.
As advances are made to the architecture of commercial aircraft cockpits, Human Factors on the Flight Deck argues that it is vitally important that these new interfaces are safely incorporated and designed in a way that is usable to the pilot. Incorporation of Human Factors is essential to ensuring that engineering developments to avionic systems are integrated such that pilots can maintain safe interactions while gaining information of value. Case study examples of various technological advancements during their early conceptual stages are given throughout to highlight how the methods and processes can be applied across each stage.
The text will be useful for professionals, graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of aviation, Human Factors and ergonomics.
Author(s): Katie J. Parnell, Victoria A. Banks, Rachael A. Wynne, Neville A. Stanton, Katherine L. Plant
Series: Transportation Human Factors: Aerospace, Aviation, Maritime, Rail, and Road
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 186
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction to Human Factors in Aviation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Human Factors in Aviation
1.3 Micro, Meso and Macro Levels of Analysis
1.3.1 Micro Level
1.3.2 Meso Level
1.3.3 Macro Level
1.4 Human Factors and Aircraft Design
1.5 Structure of the Book
1.5.1 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.5.2 Chapter 2: Human Factors Approach to Research and User-Centred Design
1.5.3 Chapter 3: Human Factors Measures and Methods
1.5.4 Chapter 4: Defining Usability Criteria
1.5.5 Chapter 5: The Design Process
1.5.6 Chapter 6: Design Requirements
1.5.7 Chapter 7: Design Generation
1.5.8 Chapter 8: Design Modelling
1.5.9 Chapter 9: Design Evaluation
1.5.10 Chapter 10: Conclusion
2 Human Factors Approach to Research and User-Centred Design
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Design Considerations
2.2.1 Generating a Research Question (Or Hypothesis)
2.2.2 Variables
2.2.3 Type of Study Design
2.2.4 Participants
2.2.5 Measures and Equipment
2.2.6 Procedure
2.2.7 Quantitative and Qualitative Research
2.3 User-Centred Design
2.3.1 The Process of User-Centred Design
2.3.2 Design Standards
2.4 Research Ethics
2.5 Conclusions
3 Human Factors Measures and Methods
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Subjective Measures
3.3 SUBJECTIVE Human Performance Measures
3.3.1 Usability
3.3.2 User Acceptance
3.3.3 User Confidence
3.3.4 Trust
3.3.5 Motivation
3.3.6 Situation Awareness (SA)
3.3.7 Task Performance
3.3.8 Human Error Identification
3.3.9 Workload
3.3.10 Fatigue
3.3.11 Attention
3.3.12 Teamwork
3.3.13 Communication
3.3.14 Stress
3.3.15 Vigilance
3.4 Methods to Elicit Design Requirements
3.4.1 Interviews
3.4.1.1 Schema World Action Research Method (SWARM)
3.4.2 Operator Event Sequence Diagrams (OESDs)
3.4.3 Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)
3.4.4 Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA)
3.5 Design Methods
3.5.1 Design With Intent (DwI)
3.6 Evaluation Methods
3.7 Summary and Conclusion
Note
4 Defining Usability Criteria
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 What Is Usability?
4.1.2 Features of Usability
4.1.2.1 Usability Factors
4.1.2.2 Usability Goals
4.1.2.3 Usability Design Principles
4.2 Development of Context-Specific Usability Criteria
4.2.1 Understanding Context
4.2.2 Cockpit-Specific Usability Criteria
4.3 Example: Assessing the Usability of Touchscreen Technology During Turbulent Conditions
4.4 Conclusions
5 The Design Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Design Process
5.2.1 Stage 0 – Generate Design Requirements
5.2.2 Stage 1 – Design
5.2.3 Stage 2 – Model
5.2.4 Stage 3 – Evaluate
5.3 Conclusion
6 Design Requirements
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Advancing Current Systems
6.1.2 Case Study Example: On-Board Flight Management System
6.1.2.1 Hierarchical Task Analysis
6.1.2.2 Using SHERPA to Understand and Mitigate Human Error When Interacting With the FMS
6.2 Defining New Concepts
6.2.1 Case Study: Oil Starvation Alert
6.2.1.1 User Requirements
6.2.1.2 The Perceptual Cycle Model
6.2.1.3 Method for Eliciting User Requirements Using the PCM
6.2.1.4 Design Recommendations
6.3 Conclusions
7 Design Generation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generating User Designs
7.2.1 Design Elicitation Techniques – Design With Intent
7.2.1.1 DwI Requirements
7.2.1.2 Domains of Application
7.2.2 Generation of a Novel Engine Health Warning System
7.2.2.1 Case Study: Oil Starvation Alert
7.2.2.2 Participants
7.2.2.3 Procedure
7.2.2.4 Outputs
7.3 Appropriateness of User-Led Design Approaches
7.4 Reviewing User Designs Against Design Requirements
7.4.1 SHERPA Method
7.4.1.1 Participants
7.4.1.2 Procedure
7.4.1.3 SHERPA Results
7.4.1.4 Mapping DwI Workshop Responses to SHERPA Errors and Remedial Measures
7.4.2 Design Insights From Human Factors Practitioners vs. Domain Experts
7.5 Summary
8 Design Modelling
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Engineering Integration Modelling
8.2.1 Case Study: Application of OESD to Next-Generation Flight Management Systems
8.2.1.1 Comparing ‘Present’ With ‘Future’ Methods of Interacting With Flight Management Systems
8.2.1.2 Engineering Integration Summary
8.3 User Behaviour Modelling: Human Decision-Making
8.3.1 Case Study: Engine Bird Strike
8.3.1.1 Methodology: Pilot Decision-Making Data Collection
8.3.1.2 Recognition Primed Decision Model
8.3.1.3 Decision Ladder
8.3.1.4 Perceptual Cycle Model
8.3.2 Comparing Decision Models
8.4 Conclusions
9 Design Evaluation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wire-Frame Evaluations
9.2.1 Case Study: Warm-Up/Cool-Down Indicator
9.2.1.1 Participants
9.2.1.2 Designs
9.2.1.3 Heuristic Evaluation
9.2.1.4 Results
9.3 Simulation Evaluations
9.3.1 Case Study: Oil Starvation Avoidance (OSA)
9.3.1.1 Experimental Scenario
9.3.1.2 Participants
9.3.1.3 Results
9.4 Simulation Across Context of Use
9.4.1 Case Study: Flight-Deck Touchscreens in Turbulent Conditions
9.4.1.1 Task-Specific Testing
9.4.1.2 Results
9.5 Conclusions
10 Conclusion
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Book Summary
10.3 Reflections On User-Centred Design On the Flight Deck
10.3.1 Methodological Lessons
10.3.1.1 Qualitative Research
10.3.1.2 Experimental Setting
10.3.1.3 Human Participants
10.4 Recommendations
10.4.1 Design
10.4.2 Model
10.4.3 Evaluate
10.5 Applications to Other Domains
10.6 Closing Remarks
References
Index
