Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Development

Series Page
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Modeling Mammalian Gastrulation With Embryonic Stem Cells
Introduction
Mathematical Preliminaries
Colony Architecture
Growth in Two-Dimensional Micropatterns
Three-Dimensional Culture Systems
Spatial Patterning of Cell Fates
Micropatterned Two-Dimensional Culture Systems
Three-Dimensional Culture Systems
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
What Can Stem Cell Models Tell Us About Human Germ Cell Biology?
Introduction
Signaling for Germ Cell Specification in Mammalian Embryos
Permissive Cell State for Germ Cell Specification in the Embryo
Inducing Germline Competency in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Transcription Factors for Human Germ Cell Specification and Epigenetic Resetting
In Vitro Germ Cell Induction Beyond PGC Specification
Misregulation of Germ Cell Development
Germ Cell Tumors
Inheritance of Epigenetic Mutations Through the Germline
Inheritance of Mitochondria Through the Female Germline
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cortical Circuits
Introduction
Conserved Features of Mammalian Corticogenesis
Early Cortical/Telencephalic Induction: It Is All in the Beginning
Cortical Neurogenesis: In Vitro Generation of a Complex Repertoire of Cortical Neurons
Pyramidal Neurons
Cortical Interneurons
Cortical Organoids: Adding a New Dimension in Cortical Modeling
Divergent Features of Corticogenesis
Temporal Dynamics of Corticogenesis
Progenitor Diversity
Modeling Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders Striking the Human Cortex
Primary Microcephaly
Lissencephaly
Macrocephaly
Modeling Late Neurodevelopment of the Human Cortex
Diseases Affecting Neuronal Maturation and Synapse Formation
Evolution and Neoteny in the Human Cortex
Conclusion and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Studying the Brain in a Dish: 3D Cell Culture Models of Human Brain Development and Disease
Introduction
Directed Differentiation of Human CNS Cell Types From iPSCs
Making Brain Cells in 2D
3D Human Brain Models: Patterned and Unpatterned Models
Future Prospects for Improved 3D Brain Models
Modeling Neuropsychiatric Disease In Vitro
2D and 3D Models of Neuropsychiatric Disease
Conclusions
References
The Long Road to Making Muscle In Vitro
Overview of Muscle Development
Sox2+/T+ Neuromesodermal Progenitors (NMPs) Represent the First Step in Myogenic Differentiation In Vitro
PSM Formation From NMPs
Crossing the Determination Front
Induced PM Cells Drift to a Lateral Plate Fate in Absence of BMP Inhibition
Recapitulation of Myogenesis In Vitro
Generation of the Pax7+ Myogenic Lineage In Vitro
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Recapitulating and Deciphering Human Pancreas Development From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Dish
Introduction
Endoderm Induction and Patterning
Pancreatic Endoderm Induction and Maintenance
Pancreas Expansion
Emergence of an Exocrine Gland: Formation of Branches and Segregation of the Acinar Lineage
Endocrine Specification Through a Transient NEUROG3+ State
Launching the Endocrine Program Downstream of NEUROG3
Differentiating the Five Endocrine Subtypes
From the Production of Endocrine Cell Types From PSCs to Therapies
Outlook
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References