Human Biology (Zambak)

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology Body Organization of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . .6 1. Atoms - Molecules - Compounds . . . . .6 2. Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3. Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 4. Organs And Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Human Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 1. Body Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 2. Fluids Of The Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3. Membranes of the Body . . . . . . . . . . .9 4. Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Chapter 2: Nervous System The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 1. Organization of the Nervous System . .17 2. The Human Nervous System . . . . . . .22 Chapter 3: Senses Sensory Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Receptors And Sensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 The Human Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 1. The structure of the eye sphere . . . . .39 2. External Structures of the Eye . . . . . .41 3. Visual Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 4. Eye Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 The Ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 1. The Structure of the Ears . . . . . . . . . .45 2. Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 1. Epidermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 2. Dermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 3. Accesory Structures of the Skin . . . . .54 4. Touch Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Smell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 1. Mechanism of Smelling . . . . . . . . . . .58 Taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 1. The function of the tongue . . . . . . . .61 Chapter 4: Endocrine System Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 1. Hormones According to Their Chemical Structure . . . . . . . . .64 2. Target Organs of Hormones . . . . . . . .65 3. The Regulation of Hormone Secretion 66 The Human Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . .67 1. Endocrine Glands in the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Chapter 5: Locomotion Systems Locomotion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Human Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 1. Bone Formation and Its Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 2. Types of Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 3. Bone Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 4. Parts of the Human Skeleton . . . . . . .90 5. Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 1. Muscle Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 2. The Muscular System of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Chapter 6: Circulatory System Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 The Human Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . .112 1. Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 2. Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 3. Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 1. Organs Of The Immune System . . . .135 2. Acquisition of Immunity . . . . . . . . . .137 3. Types of Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 4. Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 5. Immunologic Tolerance . . . . . . . . . .144 6. Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 7. Serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Chapter 7: Respiratory System Respiratory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 1. The Human Respiratory System . . . .150 Chapter 8: Digestive System Nutrients and The Digestive System . . . . . .164 1. Digestive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 The Human Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . .166 1. Organs of the Digestive System . . . .167 2. Digestive Secretions . . . . . . . . . . . .173 3. The Digestion of Food . . . . . . . . . . .179 4. Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 1. Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 2. Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 3. Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 4. Vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 5. Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 6. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Chapter 9: Excretory System Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 1. Excretory Substances . . . . . . . . . . .196 2. The Human Excretory System . . . . .197 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209