Human Anatomy, Global Edition

Cover
Brief Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Detailed Contents
1 The Human Body: An Orientation
1.1 An Overview of Anatomy
1.1a Subdisciplines of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Other Branches of Anatomy
1.1b The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
FOCUS FIGURE 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization
1.1c Units of Measurement
1.1d Anatomical Terminology
1.2 Gross Anatomy: An Introduction
1.2a Regional and Directional Terms
1.2b Body Planes and Sections
1.2c The Human Body Plan
1.2d Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Serous Cavities
1.2e Abdominal Quadrants
1.2f Anatomical Variability
1.3 Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction
1.3a Light and Electron Microscopy
1.3b Scanning Electron Microscopy
1.3c Artifacts
1.4 Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
1.4a X‐Ray Imaging
1.4b Advanced X‐Ray Techniques
Computed Tomography
Angiography
1.4c Positron Emission Tomography
1.4d Sonography
1.4e Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
2 Cells: The Living Units
2.1 Overview of Cells
2.2 The Plasma Membrane
2.2a Structure
2.2b Functions
2.2c Membrane Transport
2.3 The Cytoplasm
2.3a Cytosol
2.3b Cytoplasmic Organelles
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrosome and Centrioles
2.3c Cytoplasmic Inclusions
2.4 The Nucleus
2.4a Nuclear Envelope
2.4b Nucleolus
2.4c Chromatin and Chromosomes
2.5 The Cell Life Cycle
2.5a Interphase
2.5b Cell Division
Mitosis
FOCUS FIGURE 2.17 Mitosis
Cytokinesis
2.6 Developmental Aspects of Cells
2.6a Cell Differentiation
2.6b Aging
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Hypercholesterolemia 
Tay‐Sachs Disease
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
3 Basic Embryology
3.1 Stages of Prenatal Development
3.2 The Basic Body Plan
3.3 The Embryonic Period
3.3a Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst
3.3b Week 2: The Two‐Layered Embryo
3.3c Week 3: The Three‐Layered Embryo
The Primitive Streak and the Three Germ Layers
The Notochord
Neurulation
The Mesoderm Begins to Differentiate
3.3d Week 4: The Body Takes Shape
Folding
Derivatives of the Germ Layers
3.3e Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development
3.4 The Fetal Period
A CLOSER LOOK Focus on Birth Defects
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Conjoined (Siamese) Twins 
Neural Tube Defects
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
4 Tissues
4.1 Epithelial Tissue
4.1a Special Characteristics of Epithelia
4.1b Classification of Epithelia
Simple Epithelia
Stratified Epithelia
4.1c Glands
Endocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
4.1d Epithelial Surface Features
Lateral Surface Features: Cell Junctions
Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina
Apical Surface Features: Microvilli and Cilia
4.2 Connective Tissue
4.2a Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues
4.2b Structural Elements of Connective Tissues
Cells
Fibers
Ground Substance
4.2c Classification of Connective Tissues
Connective Tissue Proper—Loose Connective Tissues
Connective Tissue Proper—Dense Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
4.2d Covering and Lining Membranes
FOCUS FIGURE 4.11 Identifying Epithelial and Connective Tissues
4.3 Muscle Tissue
4.4 Nervous Tissue
4.5 Tissue Response to Injury
4.5a Inflammation
4.5b Repair
4.6 The Tissues Throughout Life
A CLOSER LOOK Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Basement Membranes and Diabetes 
Kartagener’s Syndrome
Scurvy
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
5 The Integumentary System
5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
5.1a Epidermis
Layers of the Epidermis
5.1b Dermis
Papillary Dermis
Reticular Dermis
A CLOSER LOOK Tattoos
5.1c Subcutaneous Tissue
5.1d Skin Color
5.2 Appendages of the Skin
5.2a Nails
5.2b Hair and Hair Follicles
Hair
Hair Follicles
Types and Growth of Hair
Hair Thinning and Baldness
5.2c Sebaceous Glands
5.2d Sweat Glands
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands
5.3 Disorders of the Integumentary System
5.3a Burns
5.3b Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
5.4 The Skin Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Skin’s Response to Friction 
Decubitus Ulcer
The Patch Drug Delivery System
Acne
Freckles and Moles 
Cyanosis 
Chemotherapy and Hair Loss
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues
6.1 Cartilages
6.1a Location and Basic Structure
6.1b Types of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
A CLOSER LOOK The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
6.1c Growth of Cartilage
6.2 Bones
6.2a Functions of Bones
6.2b Bone Tissue
Extracellular Matrix
Cells
6.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones
Classification of Bones
Compact and Spongy Bone
Structure of a Typical Long Bone
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
Bone Design and Stress
6.2d Microscopic Structure of Bone
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
6.2e Bone Development and Growth
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Anatomy of the Epiphyseal Plate
Postnatal Growth of Endochondral Bones
6.2f Bone Remodeling
6.2g Repair of Bone Fractures
6.3 Disorders of Bones
6.3a Osteoporosis
6.3b Osteomalacia and Rickets
6.3c Osteosarcoma
6.4 The Skeleton Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Achondroplasia
Paget’s Disease
Traction
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton
7.1 The Skull
7.1a Overview of Skull Geography
7.1b Cranial Bones
Parietal Bones and the Major Sutures
Sutural Bones
Frontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bones
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
7.1c Facial Bones
Mandible
Maxillary Bones
Zygomatic Bones
Nasal Bones
Lacrimal Bones
Palatine Bones
Vomer
Inferior Nasal Conchae
7.1d Special Parts of the Skull
Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
Orbits
The Hyoid Bone
7.2 The Vertebral Column
7.2a Regions and Normal Curvatures
7.2b Ligaments of the Spine
7.2c Intervertebral Discs
7.2d General Structure of Vertebrae
7.2e Regional Vertebral Characteristics
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
7.3 The Thoracic Cage
7.3a Sternum
7.3b Ribs
7.4 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
7.4a Cleft Palate
7.4b Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine
7.4c Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
7.5 The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Deviated Septum
Herniated Disc
The Dens and Fatal Trauma
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
8 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton
8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
8.1a Clavicles
8.1b Scapulae
8.2 The Upper Limb
8.2a Arm
8.2b Forearm
Ulna
Radius
8.2c Hand
Carpus
Metacarpus
Phalanges of the Fingers
8.3 The Pelvic Girdle
8.3a Ilium
8.3b Ischium
8.3c Pubis
8.3d Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
8.4 The Lower Limb
8.4a Thigh
8.4b Leg
Tibia
Fibula
8.4c Foot
Tarsus
Metatarsus
Phalanges of the Toes
Arches of the Foot
8.5 Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
8.6 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Fractures of the Clavicle
Palpation of Colles’ Fracture
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Hip Fracture as a Result of Osteoporosis
Ankle Fractures
Metatarsal Stress Fracture
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
9 Joints
9.1 Classification of Joints
9.2 Fibrous Joints
9.2a Sutures
9.2b Syndesmoses
9.2c Gomphoses
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
9.3a Synchondroses
9.3b Symphyses
9.4 Synovial Joints
9.4a General Structure of Synovial Joints
9.4b Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Gliding
Angular Movements
Special Movements
9.4c Types of Synovial Joints
9.4d Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints
Articular Surfaces
FOCUS FIGURE 9.8 Synovial Joints
Ligaments
Muscle Tone
9.5 Selected Synovial Joints
9.5a Temporomandibular Joint
9.5b Sternoclavicular Joint
9.5c Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
9.5d Elbow Joint
9.5e Wrist Joint
9.5f Hip Joint
9.5g Knee Joint
9.5h Ankle Joint
9.6 Disorders of Joints
9.6a Joint Injuries
Torn Cartilage
Sprains
Dislocations
9.6b Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
Bursitis, Tendonitis, and Tenosynovitis
Arthritis
9.7 The Joints Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Temporomandibular Disorders
Shoulder Dislocations
Elbow Trauma
Knee Injuries
Ankle Sprains
Autologous Cartilage Implantation
Nursemaid’s Elbow
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
10 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue
10.1a Properties of Muscle Tissue
Terminology Specific to Muscle Tissue
10.1b Functions of Muscle Tissue
10.1c Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
10.2 Skeletal Muscle
10.2a Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
Connective Tissue and Fascicles
Nerves and Blood Vessels
Muscle Attachments
10.2b Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
The Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Myofibrils and Sarcomeres
Titin and Other Myofibril Proteins
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules
10.2c Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Mechanism of Contraction
Muscle Extension
Muscle Fiber Length and the Force of Contraction
Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
10.3 Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
10.3a Muscular Dystrophy
10.3b Myofascial Pain Syndrome
10.3c Fibromyalgia
10.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life
A CLOSER LOOK: Anabolic Steroid Abuse
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Delayed‐Onset Muscle Soreness
Muscle Twitch
Rhabdomyolysis
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
11 Muscles of the Body
11.1 Mechanics of Muscle Function
11.1a Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
11.1b Lever Systems: Bone‐Muscle Relationships
First‐Class Lever
Second‐Class Lever
Third‐Class Lever
11.1c Muscle Actions and Interactions
FOCUS FIGURE 11.4 Muscle Action
11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscles
11.2a Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development
11.2b Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
11.3 Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body
11.3a Naming the Skeletal Muscles
11.3b The Muscle Tables
Table 11.1 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression
Table 11.2 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement
Table 11.3 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing
Table 11.4 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
Table 11.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing
Table 11.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera
Table 11.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs
Table 11.8 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula
Table 11.9 Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint: Movements of the Arm (Humerus)
Table 11.10 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint: Flexion and Extension of the Forearm
Table 11.11 Muscles of the Forearm: Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
Table 11.12 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand
Table 11.13 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Fine Movements of the Fingers
Table 11.14 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg
Table 11.15 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
Table 11.16 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
Table 11.17 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Foot Support
11.4 Regional Surface Anatomy
11.4a The Head
The Cranium
The Face
11.4b The Neck
Skeletal Landmarks
Muscles of the Neck
Triangles of the Neck
11.4c The Thorax
Skeletal Landmarks
Muscles of the Thorax
11.4d The Abdomen
Skeletal Landmarks
Muscles and Other Abdominal Surface Features
11.4e The Back
Bones of the Back
Muscles of the Back
11.4f The Upper Limb and Shoulder
The Axilla
The Shoulder
The Arm
The Elbow Region
The Forearm and Hand
11.4g The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region
The Gluteal Region
The Thigh
The Leg and Foot
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Compartment Syndrome
Torticollis
Hernia
Tennis Elbow
Lacerations to the Neck
The Triangle of Auscultation
Gluteal Intramuscular Injections
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
12.1 The Functional Organization of the Nervous System
12.1a Functions of the Nervous System
12.1b Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
Somatic Sensory (SS)
Visceral Sensory (VS)
Somatic Motor (SM)
Visceral Motor (VM)
12.2 Nervous Tissue
12.2a The Neuron
The Cell Body
Neuron Processes
Synapses
Classification of Neurons
12.2b Neuroglia
Neuroglia in the CNS
Neuroglia in the PNS
Myelin Sheaths
12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview
12.3a Gray and White Matter of the CNS
12.3b Nerves
12.4 Neuronal Integration
12.4a Reflex Arcs
Monosynaptic Reflex
Polysynaptic Reflex
12.4b Neuronal Circuits
Diverging Circuit
Converging Circuit
Reverberating Circuit
Serial Processing
Parallel Processing
FOCUS FIGURE 12.13 Neuronal Pathways
12.4c Integration Between the PNS and CNS
12.5 Disorders of Nervous Tissue
12.5a Multiple Sclerosis
12.5b Neuronal Regeneration
12.6 Nervous Tissue Throughout Life
12.6a Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Gliomas
Tic Douloureux
Regeneration and Spinal Cord Injuries
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
13 The Central Nervous System
13.1 The Brain
13.1a Embryonic Development of the Brain
13.1b Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain
Ventricles of the Brain
Distribution of Gray Matter and White Matter
13.1c The Brain Stem
The Medulla Oblongata
The Pons
The Midbrain
13.1d The Cerebellum
The Cerebellar Peduncles
13.1e The Diencephalon
The Thalamus
The Hypothalamus
The Epithalamus
13.1f The Cerebrum
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
White Matter of the Cerebrum
Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
13.1g Functional Brain Systems
The Limbic System
The Reticular Formation
13.1h Protection of the Brain
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Blood Brain Barrier
13.2 The Spinal Cord
13.2a White Matter of the Spinal Cord
13.2b Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
13.2c Protection of the Spinal Cord
13.3 Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System
13.3a Ascending Pathways
Spinocerebellar Pathway
Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
Spinothalamic Pathway
13.3b Descending Pathways
Direct Pathways (Pyramidal Tracts)
Indirect Pathways (Extrapyramidal Tracts)
13.4 Disorders of the Central Nervous System
13.4a Spinal Cord Damage
13.4b Brain Dysfunction
Cerebrovascular Accidents
A CLOSER LOOK Traumatic Brain Injury
Alzheimer’s Disease
13.5 The Central Nervous System Throughout Life
13.5a Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions
13.5b Postnatal Changes in the Brain
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Localization of a Brain Stem Injury
Injury to the Cerebellum
Why Won’t Teenagers Sleep at Night?
Phantom Limb Pain
Agnosia
Neglect Syndrome
Dyskinesia
Hydrocephalus
Flaccid and Spastic Paralysis
Meningitis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
14 The Peripheral Nervous System
14.1 Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System
14.2 Peripheral Sensory Receptors
14.2a Functional Classification
Location of Receptors
Stimulus Type
14.2b Structural Classification
Free Nerve Endings
Encapsulated Nerve Endings
14.3 Cranial Nerves
14.4 Spinal Nerves
14.4a Innervation of the Back
14.4b Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall
14.4c Nerve Plexuses
The Cervical Plexus and Innervation of the Neck
The Brachial Plexus and Innervation of the Upper Limb
FOCUS FIGURE 14.10 Innervation of the Upper Limb
The Lumbar Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
The Sacral Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
FOCUS FIGURE 14.13 Innervation of the Lower Limb
14.4d Innervation of Joints of the Body
14.4e Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes
14.5 Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
14.5a Shingles
14.5b Migraines
14.5c Peripheral Neuropathy
A CLOSER LOOK
Postpolio Syndrome: The Plight of Some ”Recovered” Polio Victims
14.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Paresthesia
Anosmia
Optic Nerve Damage
Oculomotor Nerve Paralysis
Trochlear Nerve Damage
Anesthesia for Upper and Lower Jaws
Abducens Nerve Paralysis
Bell’s Palsy
Vestibulocochlear Nerve Damage
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Damage
Vagus Nerve Damage
Damage to Accessory Nerves
Hypoglossal Nerve Damage
Hiccups
Brachial Plexus Injuries
Median Nerve Injury
Ulnar Nerve Injuries
Radial Nerve Injuries
Compression of Lumbar Spinal Nerves
Sciatic Nerve Injuries
Clinical Importance of Dermatomes
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
15 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons
15.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
15.1a Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
FOCUS FIGURE 15.2 Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation
15.1b Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
15.2 The Parasympathetic Division
15.2a Cranial Outflow
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
Facial Nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Vagus Nerve (X)
15.2b Sacral Outflow
15.3 The Sympathetic Division
15.3a Basic Organization
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
Collateral Ganglia
15.3b Sympathetic Pathways
Pathways to the Body Periphery
Pathways to the Head
Pathways to the Thoracic Organs
Pathways to the Abdominal Organs
Pathways to the Pelvic Organs
15.3c The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
15.4 Visceral Sensory Neurons
15.5 Visceral Reflexes
15.6 Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
15.6a Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
15.6b Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdaloid Body
15.6c Control by the Cerebral Cortex
15.7 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
15.8 The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Autonomic Neuropathy
Horner’s Syndrome
Stress‐Induced Hypertension
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
16 The Special Senses
16.1 The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
16.1a Taste (Gustation)
Taste Buds
Taste Sensations and the Gustatory Pathway
16.1b Smell (Olfaction)
16.1c Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses
16.1d Disorders of the Chemical Senses
16.2 The Eye and Vision
16.2a Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyebrows
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal Apparatus
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
16.2b Anatomy of the Eyeball
The Fibrous Layer
The Vascular Layer
The Inner Layer
Internal Chambers and Fluids
The Lens
16.2c The Eye as an Optical Device
16.2d Visual Pathways
Visual Pathway to the Cerebral Cortex
Visual Pathways to Other Parts of the Brain
16.2e Embryonic Development of the Eye
16.2f Disorders of the Eye and Vision
16.3 The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
16.3a The External Ear
16.3b The Middle Ear
16.3c The Internal Ear
The Cochlea
The Vestibule and the Utricle and Saccule
The Semicircular Canals and Semicircular Ducts
16.3d Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways
16.3e Embryonic Development of the Ear
16.3f Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing
Motion Sickness
Meniere’s Syndrome
Deafness
16.4 The Special Senses Throughout Life
Olfaction and Taste
Vision
Hearing
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Anosmia
Strabismus
Corneal Transplants
Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Detached Retina
Glaucoma
Cataract
Focusing Disorders
Perforated Eardrum
Middle Ear Infections
Otosclerosis
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
17 The Endocrine System
17.1 Overview
17.1a Endocrine Organs
17.1b Hormones
Classes of Hormones
Basic Hormone Action
Control of Hormone Secretion
17.2 The Major Endocrine Organs
17.2a The Pituitary Gland
Gross Anatomy
The Anterior Lobe
Hypothalamic Control of Hormone Secretion from the Anterior Lobe
The Posterior Lobe
FOCUS FIGURE 17.4 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions
17.2b The Thyroid Gland
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
17.2c The Parathyroid Glands
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
17.2d The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
Gross Anatomy
The Adrenal Medulla
The Adrenal Cortex
17.2e The Pineal Gland
17.2f The Pancreas
17.2g The Thymus
17.2h The Gonads
17.3 Other Endocrine Structures
17.4 Disorders of the Endocrine System
17.4a Pituitary Disorders
17.4b A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
17.4c Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
17.4d Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
17.5 The Endocrine System Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Therapeutic Uses of Growth Hormone
Therapeutic Uses of Oxytocin
Osteoporosis Treatment
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
18 Blood
18.1 Composition of Blood
18.1a Blood Plasma
18.1b Formed Elements
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
18.2 Blood Cell Formation
18.2a Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
18.2b Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
Genesis of Erythrocytes
Formation of Leukocytes and Platelets
18.3 Disorders of the Blood
18.3a Disorders of Erythrocytes
18.3b Disorders of Leukocytes
18.3c Disorders of Platelets
18.4 The Blood Throughout Life
A CLOSER LOOK Hematopoietic Cell Transplants
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Hemochromatosis
Thalassemia
Complete Blood Count
Thrombus
Abnormal Numbers of Immature Blood Cells
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
19 The Heart
19.1 Location and Orientation Within the Thorax
19.2 Structure of the Heart
19.2a Coverings
19.2b Layers of the Heart Wall
19.2c Heart Chambers
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
19.3 Heart Valves
19.3a Valve Structure
19.3b Valve Function
19.3c Heart Sounds
19.4 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
FOCUS FIGURE 19.10 Blood Flow Through the Heart
19.5 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
19.5a Structure of Cardiac Muscle
19.5b Mechanism of Contraction
19.6 Conducting System and Innervation
19.6a Conducting System
19.6b Innervation
19.7 Blood Supply to the Heart
19.7a Coronary Arteries
19.7b Cardiac Veins
19.8 Disorders of the Heart
19.8a Coronary Artery Disease
19.8b Heart Failure
A CLOSER LOOK Coronary Artery Disease
19.8c Disorders of the Conduction System
19.9 The Heart Throughout Life
19.9a Development of the Heart
19.9b The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
Valve Disorders
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Damage to the Conducting System
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
20 Blood Vessels
Part 1: General Characteristics of Blood Vessels
20.1 Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
20.2 Types of Blood Vessels
20.2a Arteries
Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
20.2b Capillaries
Continuous Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaries
Sinusoid Capillaries (Sinusoids)
Capillary Permeability
Capillary Beds
20.2c Venous Vessels
Venules
Veins
20.3 Vascular Anastomoses
Part 2: Blood Vessels of the Body
20.4 The Pulmonary Circulation
20.5 The Systemic Circulation
20.5a Systemic Arteries
Aorta
Arteries of the Head and Neck
Arteries of the Thorax
Arteries of the Upper Limbs
Arteries of the Abdomen
Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
20.5b Systemic Veins
Venae Cavae and Their Major Tributaries
Veins of the Head and Neck
Veins of the Thorax
Veins of the Upper Limbs
Veins of the Abdomen
Portal‐Systemic Anastomoses
Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
20.6 Disorders of the Blood Vessels
A CLOSER LOOK Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno
FOCUS FIGURE 20.25 Fetal and Newborn Circulation
20.7 Blood Vessels Throughout Life
20.7a Fetal Circulation
Vessels to and from the Placenta
Shunts Away from the Pulmonary Circuit
20.7b Blood Vessels in Adulthood
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Varicose Veins
Pulse Points in the Head and Neck
Pulse Points in the Upper Limb
Pulse Points in the Lower Limb
Medical Importance of The Cavernous Sinus
Medical Importance of the Saphenous Veins
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
21.1 The Lymphatic System
21.1a Lymphatic Capillaries
21.1b Collecting Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Transport
21.1c Lymph Nodes
Microscopic Anatomy
21.1d Lymph Trunks
21.1e Lymph Ducts
Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct
21.2 The Immune System
21.2a Lymphocytes
21.2b Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation
21.2c Lymphoid Tissue
A CLOSER LOOK AIDS: The Modern‐Day Plague?
21.2d Lymphoid Organs
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules and the Appendix
21.3 Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
21.4 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
The Lymph Vessels and Edema
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Vaccination
Splenectomy
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
22 The Respiratory System
22.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
22.1a The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses
The Nose
The Nasal Cavity
The Paranasal Sinuses
22.1b The Pharynx
The Nasopharynx
The Oropharynx
The Laryngopharynx
22.1c The Larynx
Voice Production
Sphincter Functions of the Larynx
Innervation of the Larynx
22.1d The Trachea
22.1e The Bronchial Tree
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
The Respiratory Zone
22.1f The Lungs and Pleurae
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
The Pleurae
22.2 Ventilation
22.2a The Mechanism of Ventilation
Inspiration
Expiration
22.2b Neural Control of Ventilation
22.3 Disorders of the Respiratory System
22.3a Bronchial Asthma
22.3b Cystic Fibrosis
A CLOSER LOOK Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen
22.3c Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
22.4 The Respiratory System Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Rhinitis
Epistaxis
Sinusitis
Infection of the Adenoids
Laryngitis
Tracheotomy (Tracheostomy)
Pleurisy and Pleural Effusion
Collapsed Lung
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
23 The Digestive System
23.1 Overview
23.1a Abdominal Regions
FOCUS FIGURE 23.3 Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs
23.1b The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum
Mesenteries
23.1c Digestive Processes
23.2 Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
23.2a Histology
The Mucosa
The Submucosa
The Muscularis Externa
The Serosa
23.2b Smooth Muscle
Structure of Smooth Muscle
Mechanism of Contraction
Innervation of Smooth Muscle and Glands
23.2c The Mouth and Associated Organs
The Mouth
The Tongue
The Teeth
The Salivary Glands
23.2d The Pharynx
23.2e The Esophagus
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
23.2f The Stomach
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
23.2g The Small Intestine
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
23.2h The Large Intestine
Gross Anatomy
Defecation
Microscopic Anatomy
FOCUS FIGURE 23.24 Digestive Processes and Histology of the Alimentary Canal
23.3 Anatomy of the Accessory Organs
23.3a The Liver
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
23.3b The Gallbladder
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
23.3c The Pancreas
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
23.4 Disorders of the Digestive System
23.4a Peptic Ulcers
23.4b Intestinal Obstruction
23.4c Inflammatory Bowel Disease
23.4d Viral Hepatitis
23.4e Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas
23.5 The Digestive System Throughout Life
23.5a Embryonic Development
23.5b The Digestive System in Later Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Bowel Sounds
Peritonitis
Impacted Tooth
Gum Disease
Mumps
Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Appendicitis
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Hemorrhoids
Cirrhosis
Gallstones
Pancreatitis
Developmental Abnormalities
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
24 The Urinary System
24.1 Kidneys
24.1a Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
Location and External Anatomy
Internal Gross Anatomy
Gross Vasculature and Nerve Supply
24.1b Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
Mechanisms of Urine Production
Nephron Structure
Blood Vessels Associated with Nephrons
Juxtaglomerular Complex
24.2 Ureters
24.2a Gross Anatomy
24.2b Microscopic Anatomy
24.3 Urinary Bladder
24.3a Gross Anatomy
Vessels and Nerves
24.3b Microscopic Anatomy
24.4 Urethra
24.5 Micturition
24.6 Disorders of the Urinary System
24.6a Urinary Tract Infections
24.6b Renal Calculi
24.6c Cancer of Urinary Organs
24.7 The Urinary System Throughout Life
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Pyelonephritis
Pyelography
Micturition Dysfunctions
Kidney Transplant
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
25 The Reproductive System
25.1 The Male Reproductive System
25.1a The Testes
Location
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
25.1b Male Reproductive Ducts
The Epididymis
The Ductus Deferens
The Spermatic Cord
The Urethra
25.1c Accessory Glands
The Seminal Glands
The Prostate
The Bulbo‐urethral Glands
25.1d The Penis
Vessels and Nerves
Male Sexual Response
25.1e The Male Perineum
25.1f Spermatogenesis
25.2 The Female Reproductive System
25.2a The Ovaries
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
25.2b The Uterine Tubes
25.2c The Uterus
Supports of the Uterus
The Uterine Wall
25.2d The Vagina
25.2e The External Genitalia and Female Perineum
25.2f Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle
Oogenesis
The Ovarian Cycle
The Uterine Cycle
25.2g The Mammary Glands
A CLOSER LOOK Contraception: To Be or Not To Be
25.3 Pregnancy and Childbirth
25.3a Pregnancy
Events Leading to Fertilization
Implantation
Formation of the Placenta
Exchange Across the Placenta
25.3b Childbirth
25.4 Disorders of the Reproductive System
25.4a Reproductive System Cancers in Males
Testicular Cancer
Prostate Cancer
25.4b Reproductive System Cancers in Females
Ovarian Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Breast Cancer
25.5 The Reproductive System Throughout Life
25.5a Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs
25.5b Descent of the Gonads
25.5c Puberty
25.5d Menopause
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Varicocele
Vasectomy
Inguinal Hernia
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Circumcision
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Episiotomy
Endometriosis
Ectopic Pregnancy
Displaced Placenta
Hypospadias
Cryptorchidism
Related Clinical Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Answers Appendix
Appendix A The Metric System
Glossary
Credits
Index
Word Roots: Combining Forms, Prefixes and Suffixes