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Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Preface
Notable Scientists
Acknowledgments
Global Edition Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
Unit 1: Organization of the Body
Chapter 1. The Human Body: An Orientation
1.1 Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology)
1.2 The body’s organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism
1.3 What are the requirements for life?
1.4 Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback
1.5 Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes
A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body
1.6 Many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body cavities
Chapter 2. Chemistry Comes Alive
Part 1 Basic Chemistry
2.1 Matter is the stuff of the universe and energy moves matter
2.2 The properties of an element depend on the structure of its atoms
2.3 Atoms bound together form molecules; different molecules can make mixtures
2.4 Three types of chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
2.5 Chemical reactions occur when electrons are shared, gained, or lost
Part 2 Biochemistry
2.6 Inorganic compounds include water, salts, and many acids and bases
2.7 Organic compounds are made by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis
2.8 Carbohydrates provide an easily used energy source for the body
2.9 Lipids insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy
2.10 Proteins are the body’s basic structural material and have many vital functions
2.11 DNA and RNA store, transmit, and help express genetic information
2.12 ATP transfers energy to other compounds
Chapter 3. Cells: The Living Units
3.1 Cells are the smallest unit of life
Part 1 Plasma Membrane
3.2 The plasma membrane is a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
Focus Figure 3.1 The Plasma Membrane
3.3 Passive membrane transport is diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradient
3.4 Active membrane transport directly or indirectly uses ATP
Focus Figure 3.2 Primary Active Transport: The Na+-K+Pump
3.5 Selective diffusion establishes the membrane potential
3.6 Cell adhesion molecules and membrane receptors allow the cell to interact with its environment
Focus Figure 3.3 G Proteins
Part 2 The Cytoplasm
3.7 Cytoplasmic organelles each perform a specialized task
3.8 Cilia and microvilli are two main types of cellular extensions
Part 3 Nucleus
3.9 The nucleus includes the nuclear envelope, the nucleolus, and chromatin
3.10 The cell cycle consists of interphase and a mitotic phase
3.11 Messenger RNA carries instructions from DNA for building proteins
Focus Figure 3.4 Mitosis
Focus Figure 3.5 Translation
3.12 Autophagy and proteasomes dispose of unneeded organelles and proteins; apoptosis disposes of unneeded cells
Developmental Aspects of Cells
Chapter 4. Tissue: The Living Fabric
4.1 Tissue samples are fixed, sliced, and stained for microscop
4.2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands
4.3 Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
4.4 Muscle tissue is responsible for body movement
4.5 Nervous tissue is a specialized tissue of the nervous system
4.6 The cutaneous membrane is dry; mucous and serous membranes are wet
4.7 Tissue repair involves inflammation, organization, and regeneration
A Closer Look Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
Developmental Aspects of Tissues
Unit 2: Covering, Support, and Movement of the Body
Chapter 5. The Integumentary System
5.1 The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and dermis
5.2 The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
5.3 The dermis consists of papillary dermis and reticular dermis
5.4 Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin determine skin color
5.5 Hair consists of dead, keratinized cells
5.6 Nails are scale-like modifications of the epidermis
5.7 Sweat glands help control body temperature, and sebaceous glands secrete sebum
5.8 First and foremost, the skin is a barrier
5.9 Skin cancer and burns are major challenges to the body
Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System
System Connections
Chapter 6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues
6.1 Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage help form the skeleton
6.2 Bones perform several important functions
6.3 Bones are classified by their location and shape
6.4 The gross structure of all bones consists of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone
6.5 Bones develop either by intramembranous or endochondral ossification
6.6 Bone remodeling involves bone deposition and removal
6.7 Bone repair involves hematoma and callus formation, and remodeling
6.8 Bone disorders result from abnormal bone deposition and resorption
Developmental Aspects of Bones
System Connections
Chapter 7. The Skeleton
Part 1 The Axial Skeleton
7.1 The skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones
7.2 The vertebral column is a flexible, curved support structure
7.3 The thoracic cage is the bony structure of the chest
Part 2 The Appendicular Skeleton
7.4 Each pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula
7.5 The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, and hand
7.6 The hip bones attach to the sacrum, forming the pelvic girdle
7.7 The lower limb consists of the thigh, leg, and foot
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
Chapter 8. Joints
8.1 Joints are classified into three structural and three functional categories
8.2 In fibrous joints, the bones are connected by fibrous tissue
8.3 In cartilaginous joints, the bones are connected by cartilage
8.4 Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity
Focus Figure 8.1 Synovial Joints
8.5 Five examples illustrate the diversity of synovial joints
8.6 Joints are easily damaged by injury, inflammation, and degeneration
A Closer Look Joints: From Medieval Armor to Bionic Humans
Developmental Aspects of Joints
Chapter 9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue
9.1 There are three types of muscle tissue
9.2 A skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues
9.3 Skeletal muscle fibers contain calcium-regulated molecular motors
9.4 Motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract
Focus Figure 9.1 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
Focus Figure 9.2 Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Focus Figure 9.3 Cross Bridge Cycle
9.5 Temporal summation and motor unit recruitment allow smooth, graded skeletal muscle contractions
9.6 ATP for muscle contraction is produced aerobically or anaerobically
9.7 The force, velocity, and duration of skeletal muscle contractions are determined by a variety of factors
9.8 How does skeletal muscle respond to exercise?
9.9 Smooth muscle is nonstriated involuntary muscle
Developmental Aspects of Muscles
A Closer Look Athletes Looking Good and Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids?
System Connections
Chapter 10. The Muscular System
10.1 For any movement, muscles can act in one of three ways
10.2 How are skeletal muscles named?
Focus Figure 10.1 Muscle Action
10.3 Fascicle arrangements help determine muscle shape and force
10.4 Muscles acting with bones form lever systems
10.5 A muscle’s origin and insertion determine its action
Table 10.1 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression
Table 10.2 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement
Table 10.3 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing
Table 10.4 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
Table 10.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing
Table 10.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera
Table 10.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs
Table 10.8 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula and Arm
Table 10.9 Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint: Movements of the Arm (Humerus)
Table 10.10 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint: Flexion and Extension of the Forearm
Table 10.11 Muscles of the Forearm: Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
Table 10.12 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand
Table 10.13 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Fine Movements of the Fingers
Table 10.14 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg
Table 10.15 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
Table 10.16 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support
Table 10.17 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
Unit 3: Regulation and Integration of the Body
Chapter 11. Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
11.1 The nervous system receives, integrates, and responds to information
11.2 Neuroglia support and maintain neurons
11.3 Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system
11.4 The resting membrane potential depends on differences in ion concentration and permeability
Focus Figure 11.1 Resting Membrane Potential
11.5 Graded potentials are brief, short-distance signals within a neuron
11.6 Action potentials are brief, long-distance signals within a neuron
Focus Figure 11.2 Action Potential
11.7 Synapses transmit signals between neurons
Focus Figure 11.3 Chemical Synapse
11.8 Postsynaptic potentials excite or inhibit the receiving neuron
11.9 The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on its receptor
Focus Figure 11.4 Postsynaptic Potentials and Their Summation
11.10 Neurons act together, making complex behaviors possible
Developmental Aspects of Neurons
A Closer Look Pleasure and Addiction
Chapter 12. The Central Nervous System
12.1 Folding during development determines the complex structure of the adult brain
12.2 The cerebral hemispheres consist of cortex, white matter, and the basal nuclei
12.3 The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
12.4 The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
12.5 The cerebellum adjusts motor output, ensuring coordination and balance
12.6 Functional brain systems span multiple brain structures
12.7 The interconnected structures of the brain allow higher mental functions
12.8 The brain is protected by bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood brain barrier
12.9 Brain injuries and disorders have devastating consequences
12.10 The spinal cord is a reflex center and conduction pathway
12.11 Neuronal pathways carry sensory and motor information to and from the brain
Developmental Aspects of the Central Nervous System
Chapter 13. The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
Part 1 Sensory Receptors And Sensation
13.1 Sensory receptors are activated by changes in the internal or external environment
13.2 Receptors, ascending pathways, and cerebral cortex process sensory information
Part 2 Transmission Lines: Nerves And Their Structure And Repair
13.3 Nerves are cordlike bundles of axons that conduct sensory and motor impulses
13.4 There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves
13.5 31 pairs of spinal nerves innervate the body
Part 3 Motor Endings And Motor Activity
13.6 Peripheral motor endings connect nerves to their effectors
13.7 There are three levels of motor control
Part 4 Reflex Activity
13.8 The reflex arc enables rapid and predictable responses
13.9 Spinal reflexes are somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord
Focus Figure 13.1 Stretch Reflex
Developmental Aspects of the Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 14. The Autonomic Nervous System
14.1 The ANS differs from the somatic nervous system in that it can stimulate or inhibit its effectors
14.2 The ANS consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
14.3 Long preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the craniosacral CNS
14.4 Short preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate in the thoracolumbar CNS
14.5 Visceral reflex arcs have the same five components as somatic reflex arcs
14.6 Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are the major ANS neurotransmitters
14.7 The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions usually produce opposite effects
14.8 The hypothalamus oversees ANS activity
14.9 Most ANS disorders involve abnormalities in smooth muscle control
Developmental Aspects of the ANS
System Connections
Chapter 15. The Special Senses
Part 1 The Eye And Vision
15.1 The eye has three layers, a lens, and humors, and is surrounded by accessory structures
15.2 The cornea and lens focus light on the retina
15.3 Phototransduction begins when light activates visual pigments in retinal photoreceptors
15.4 Visual information from the retina passes through relay nuclei to the visual cortex
Part 2 The Chemical Senses: Smell And Taste
15.5 Airborne chemicals are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose
15.6 Dissolved chemicals are detected by receptor cells in taste buds
Part 3 The Ear: Hearing And Balance
15.7 The ear has three major areas
15.8 Sound is a pressure wave that stimulates mechanosensitive cochlear hair cells
15.9 Sound information is processed and relayed through brain stem and thalamic nuclei to the auditory cortex
15.10 Hair cells in the maculae and cristae ampullares monitor head position and movement
15.11 Ear abnormalities can affect hearing, equilibrium, or both
Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses
Chapter 16. The Endocrine System
16.1 The endocrine system is one of the body’s two major control systems
16.2 The chemical structure of a hormone determines how it acts
16.3 Hormones act through second messengers or by activating specific genes
16.4 Three types of stimuli cause hormone release
16.5 Cells respond to a hormone if they have a receptor for that hormone
16.6 The hypothalamus controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland in two different ways
Focus Figure 16.1 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions
16.7 The thyroid gland controls metabolism
16.8 The parathyroid glands are primary regulators of blood calcium levels
16.9 The adrenal glands produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response
16.10 The pineal gland secretes melatonin
Focus Figure 16.2 Stress and the Adrenal Gland
16.11 The pancreas, gonads, and most other organs secrete hormones
A Closer Look Sweet Revenge: Taming the Diabetes Monster?
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
System Connections
Unit 4: Maintenance of the Body
Chapter 17. Blood
17.1 The functions of blood are transport, regulation, and protection
17.2 Blood consists of plasma and formed elements
17.3 Erythrocytes play a crucial role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
17.4 Leukocytes defend the body
17.5 Platelets are cell fragments that help stop bleeding
17.6 Hemostasis prevents blood loss
17.7 Transfusion can replace lost blood
17.8 Blood tests give insights into a patient’s health
Developmental Aspects of Blood
Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
18.1 The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
18.2 Heart valves make blood flow in one direction
18.3 Blood flows from atrium to ventricle, and then to either the lungs or the rest of the body
Focus Figure 18.1 Blood Flow through the Heart
18.4 Intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle fibers into a functional syncytium
18.5 Pacemaker cells trigger action potentials throughout the heart
18.6 The cardiac cycle describes the mechanical events associated with blood flow through the heart
Focus Figure 18.2 The Cardiac Cycle
18.7 Stroke volume and heart rate are regulated to alter cardiac output
Developmental Aspects of the Heart
Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Part 1 Blood Vessel Structure And Function
19.1 Most blood vessel walls have three layers
19.2 Arteries are pressure reservoirs, distributing vessels, or resistance vessels
19.3 Capillaries are exchange vessels
19.4 Veins are blood reservoirs that return blood toward the heart
19.5 Anastomoses are special interconnections between blood vessels
Part 2 Physiology Of Circulation
19.6 Blood flows from high to low pressure against resistance
19.7 Blood pressure decreases as blood flows from arteries through capillaries and into veins
19.8 Blood pressure is regulated by short- and long-term controls
19.9 Intrinsic and extrinsic controls determine blood flow through tissues
19.10 Slow blood flow through capillaries promotes diffusion of nutrients and gases, and bulk flow of fluids
Focus Figure 19.1 Bulk Flow across Capillary Walls
Part 3 Circulatory Pathways: Blood Vessels Of The Body
19.11 The vessels of the systemic circulation transport blood to all body tissues
Table 19.3 Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
Table 19.4 The Aorta and Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
Table 19.5 Arteries of the Head and Neck
Table 19.6 Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Table 19.7 Arteries of the Abdomen
Table 19.8 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Table 19.9 The Venae Cavae and the Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
Table 19.10 Veins of the Head and Neck
Table 19.11 Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Table 19.12 Veins of the Abdomen
Table 19.13 Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Developmental Aspects of Blood Vessels
A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drain Cleaner
System Connections
Chapter 20. The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
20.1 The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes
20.2 Lymphoid cells and tissues are found in lymphoid organs and in connective tissue of other organs
20.3 Lymph nodes cleanse lymph and house lymphocytes
20.4 The spleen removes bloodborne pathogens and aged red blood cells
20.5 MALT guards the body’s entryways against pathogens
20.6 T lymphocytes mature in the thymus
Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System andLymphoid Organs and Tissues
System Connections
Chapter 21. The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
Part 1 Innate Defenses
21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep invaders out of the body
21.2 Innate internal defenses are cells and chemicals that act as the second line of defense
Part 2 Adaptive Defenses
21.3 Antigens are substances that trigger the body’s adaptive defenses
21.4 B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells are cells of the adaptive immune response
21.5 In humoral immunity, antibodies are produced that target extracellular antigens
21.6 Cellular immunity consists of T lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets
Focus Figure 21.1 An Example of a Primary Immune Response
A Closer Look COVID-19
21.7 Insufficient or overactive immune responses create problems
Developmental Aspects of the Immune System
Chapter 22. The Respiratory System
Part 1 Functional Anatomy
22.1 The upper respiratory system warms, humidifies, and filters air
22.2 The lower respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory zone structures
22.3 Each multilobed lung occupies its own pleural cavity
Part 2 Respiratory Physiology
22.4 Volume changes cause pressure changes, which cause air to move
22.5 Measuring respiratory volumes, capacities, and flow rates helps us assess ventilation
22.6 Gases exchange by diffusion between the blood, lungs, and tissues
22.7 Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin, and carbon dioxide is transported in three different ways
Focus Figure 22.1 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
22.8 Respiratory centers in the brain stem control breathing with input from chemoreceptors and higher brain centers
22.9 Exercise and high altitude bring about respiratory adjustments
22.10 Respiratory diseases are major causes of disability and death
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
System Connections
Chapter 23. The Digestive System
Part 1 Overview Of The Digestive System
23.1 What major processes occur during digestive system activity?
23.2 The GI tract has four layers and is usually surrounded by peritoneum
23.3 The GI tract has its own nervous system called the enteric nervous system
Part 2 Functional Anatomy Of The Digestive System
23.4 Ingestion occurs only at the mouth
23.5 The pharynx and esophagus move food from the mouth to the stomach
23.6 The stomach temporarily stores food and begins protein digestion
23.7 The liver secretes bile; the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes
23.8 The small intestine is the major site for digestion and absorption
23.9 The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates feces
Part 3 Physiology Of Digestion And Absorption
23.10 Digestion hydrolyzes food into nutrients that are absorbed across the gut epithelium
23.11 How is each type of nutrient processed?
Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System
System Connections
Chapter 24. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance
Part 1 Nutrients
24.1 Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins supply energy and are used as building blocks
24.2 Most vitamins act as coenzymes; minerals have many roles in the body
Part 2 Metabolism
24.3 Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
24.4 Carbohydrate metabolism is the central player in ATP production
Focus Figure 24.1 Oxidative Phosphorylation
24.5 Lipid metabolism is key for long-term energy storage and release
24.6 Amino acids are used to build proteins or for energy
24.7 Energy is stored in the absorptive state and released in the postabsorptive state
24.8 The liver metabolizes, stores, and detoxifies
A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted
Part 3 Energy Balance
24.9 Neural and hormonal factors regulate food intake
24.10 Thyroxine is the major hormone that controls basal metabolic rate
24.11 The hypothalamus acts as the body’s thermostat
Developmental Aspects of Nutrition and Metabolism
Chapter 25. The Urinary System
25.1 The kidneys have three distinct regions and a rich blood supply
25.2 Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney
25.3 Overview: Filtration, absorption, and secretion are the key processes of urine formation
25.4 Urine formation, step 1: The glomeruli make filtrate
25.5 Urine formation, step 2: Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood
25.6 Urine formation, step 3: Certain substances are secreted into the filtrate
25.7 The kidneys create and use an osmotic gradient to regulate urine concentration and volume
Focus Figure 25.1 Medullary Osmotic Gradient
25.8 Renal function is evaluated by analyzing blood and urine
25.9 The ureters, bladder, and urethra transport, store, and eliminate urine
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
26.1 Body fluids consist of water and solutes in three main compartments
26.2 Both intake and output of water are regulated
26.3 Sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels are tightly regulated
26.4 Chemical buffers and respiratory regulation rapidly minimize pH changes
26.5 Renal regulation is a long-term mechanism for controlling acid-base balance
26.6 Abnormalities of acid-base balance are classified as metabolic or respiratory
A Closer Look Sleuthing: Using Blood Values to Determine the Cause of Acidosis or Alkalosis
Developmental Aspects of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
System Connections
Unit 5: Continuity
Chapter 27. The Reproductive System
27.1 The male and female reproductive systems share common features
Part 1 Anatomy Of The Male Reproductive System
27.2 The testes are enclosed and protected by the scrotum
27.3 Sperm travel from the testes to the body exterior through a system of ducts
27.4 The penis is the copulatory organ of the male
27.5 The male accessory glands produce the bulk of semen
Part 2 Physiology Of The Male Reproductive System
27.6 The male sexual response includes erection and ejaculation
27.7 Spermatogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to formation of sperm
27.8 Male reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and testicular hormones
Part 3 Anatomy Of The Female Reproductive System
27.9 Immature eggs develop in follicles in the ovaries
27.10 The female duct system includes the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
27.11 The external genitalia of the female include those structures that lie external to the vagina
27.12 The mammary glands produce milk
Part 4 Physiology Of The Female Reproductive System
27.13 Oogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to the formation of ova
27.14 The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase and the luteal phase
27.15 Female reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and ovarian hormones
27.16 The female sexual response is more diverse and complex than that of males
Part 5 Sexually Transmitted Infections
27.17 Sexually transmitted infections cause reproductive and other disorders
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
System Connections
Chapter 28. Pregnancy and Human Development
28.1 Fertilization combines the sperm and egg chromosomes, forming a zygote
Focus Figure 28.1 Sperm Penetration and the Blocks to Polyspermy
28.2 Embryonic development begins as the zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst en route to the uterus
28.3 Implantation occurs when the embryo burrows into the uterine wall, triggering placenta formation
28.4 Embryonic events include gastrula formation and tissue differentiation, which are followed by rapid growth of the fetus
Focus Figure 28.2 Fetal and Newborn Circulation
28.5 During pregnancy, the mother undergoes anatomical, physiological, and metabolic changes
28.6 The three stages of labor are the dilation, expulsion, and placental stages
28.7 An infant’s extrauterine adjustments include taking the first breath and closure of vascular shunts
28.8 Lactation is milk secretion by the mammary glands in response to prolactin
A Closer Look Contraception
28.9 Assisted reproductive technology may help an infertile couple have offspring
Chapter 29. Heredity
29.1 Genes are the vocabulary of genetics
29.2 Genetic variation results from independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization
29.3 Several patterns of inheritance have long been known
29.4 Environmental factors may influence or override gene expression
29.5 Factors other than nuclear DNA sequence can determine inheritance
29.6 Genetic screening is used to detect genetic disorders
Appendices
Answers Appendix
Appendix A. The Metric System
Appendix B. Functional Groups in Organic Molecules
Appendix C. The Amino Acids
Appendix D. Two Important Metabolic Pathways
Appendix E. Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix F. Reference Values for Selected Blood and Urine Studies
Glossary
Photo and Illustration Credits
Index
Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms
Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
