This book addresses one of the most important issues in international relations – how wars are ended.
The volume draws on the direct experience of both soldiers and academics, who in each case have also been advisers on fighting and ending wars. Unlike more theoretical works, the book draws on first-hand experiences in the case studies, which include the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone and Indonesia, among others. The volume is constructed around a series of themes. The first theme is why wars start and how they can be understood, based on the assumption that knowing how, and why, wars start is fundamental to understanding how they might end. The second is what sustains wars and what makes them difficult to end. Again, once wars start, understanding what keeps them going is critical to how to end them. The third focuses on the role of external intervention in ending wars, including as a belligerent partner in war, as a peacemaking or peacekeeping force, and as a mediator between warring parties. The fourth addresses the issue of ‘ripeness’ and the right conditions for ending wars. The fifth addresses the modalities for ending wars and creating peace, with the sixth theme being focused on transitions to peace and what is required to help make those transitions successful.
The book will be of interest to students of military, strategic and security studies, peace studies and International Relations.
Author(s): Damien Kingsbury, Richard Iron
Series: Routledge Advances in Defence Studies
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 264
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Contributors
Introduction
Why War?
The Tragedy of War
How Some Wars Have Ended
The book
References
Section 1: Why War?
1. The Causes Of War—And Their Consequences
References
2. A Typology of Wars and How They End
References
3. How You Fight A War Matters To How It Ends: A Real-World Contemporary Case Study—Iraq 2016
A Case Study in How You Fight Matters for How It Ends: Counter-ISIS Campaign, Iraq 2016
Conclusion: Make Your Own Endings
References
Section 2: Case Studies
4. Libya's Mercenaries Crisis: 'I Am Here To Protect The King Of Kings'
'Nobody is Fooled'
Impacting International Order
Weakening A Norm
Mercenaries and Ending Wars
Notes
References
5. Indonesia's War Against East Timor: How It Ended
Indonesian Interest in East Timor
The Invasion of East Timor
International Support for Indonesia
International Solidarity for East Timor
The East Timorese Resistance
A Continuum of Resistance
The Fracturing of Elite Indonesian Views Regarding East Timor
State-Sponsored Terrorism and East Timor's Popular Consultation
How It Ended
Notes
References
6. Ending The Sierra Leone War
Why Did The RUF Fail?
The RUF was Neither A Popular Nor A Populist Movement
The RUF had no Effective Ideology to See it Through Difficult Times
The RUF was Highly Dependent on External Support
The RUF was Reliant on A Small Number of Experienced and Charismatic Field Commanders
The RUF was Vulnerable To Internal Pressure
Attempts at Peace
Abidjan Peace Accord 1996
The Lomé Peace Agreement 1999
The Abuja Ceasefire Agreement 10 November 2000 — 'Abuja 1'
Review of the Abuja Ceasefire Agreement 2 May 2001 — 'Abuja 2'
Conclusions
Note
References
7. Peace Processes In Aceh and Sri Lanka: A Comparative Assessment
A History of Two Conflicts
Similarities and Differences Between Aceh and Eelam
Elements in Favor of Resolution in Aceh
Elements Militating against Resolution in Eelam
Conclusions
The Return To War
References
8. The Case of Afghanistan: How Wars End
A Slow Deterioration
The Selection-Destruction Cycle
The Collapse of 2021
Why The Afghan Military Collapsed
Why The Civil Government Collapsed
What Could We have Done Differently?
Conclusion
Note
References
9. Some Reflections on The Pursuit of 'Peace' in Afghanistan: 'Never Send to Know for Whom the Wars End'
The Doha Agreement and its Defects
An 'Unwinnable War'?
US Framing
'Not Losing' as A Feasible Objective
How Negotiations Lit The Fuse For Collapse: Cascades
Is The War Over For Afghans?
References
Section 3: Alternatives
10. Reflections on The Australian Experience: How Wars End
Looking Back
After The World Wars
The Post-Cold War Period: Far Away and Closer to Home
Since 9/11
Future Overlaps and Conundrums (Blaxland 2019)
A Way Forward
Note
References
11. How Major-Power Wars End
Great Power Wars and International Order
The Contest in Europe
The Contest in Asia
Conclusion
References
Section 4: Ways Forward
Introduction
12. Negotiations To End All Wars
Case Studies
Colombia
South West Africa
Mindanao
Afghanistan
Ukraine
Analysis
References
13. Negotiating Peace
Preparedness to Be at the Table
Negotiation as Politics
Political Change and 'Ripeness'
Hurting Stalemates
Third Parties
Negotiation Teams
Mediation
Post-Agreement
References
14. Endless Wars, Perpetual Peacekeeping?
Introduction
The changing character of armed conflict
Recurrent challenges in today's peacekeeping
'No (viable) peace to keep'
Competing priorities and POC
The limitations of Consent
Not in it for the Long Haul
Reinventing the Flat Tyre?
A way forward
Get the HIPPO out of the Mud
Independent Basis for Mandating
Turn Missions on Their Heads
Financing Peace
Enhancing Strategic Coherence
Towards Regional Prevention
Conclusion
Note
References
15. Conclusion
Is War Ever Justifiable?
Towards An Approximate Theory of How Wars End
Balance of Military Advantage, Now And In The Future
Internal Politics and Popular Will
International Pressure and Support
Approximate Theory in Practice
East Timor
Sierra Leone
Libya
Sri Lanka
Aceh
Afghanistan
Conclusion
Index
