How To Practice Academic Medicine And Publish From Developing Countries?: A Practical Guide

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Why This Book?
Contents
About the Authors
Authors and Coauthors
Authors
R.L. Sapra
Ishwar Verma
Veronica Arora
Kusum Verma
Coauthors
Amira Khan
Sana Saeed
Khadija Humayun
Part I: Introduction
1: Academic Medicine and the Social Determinants of Health
1.1 What Is Academic Medicine?
1.2 What Are the Social Determinants of Health?
1.3 How Can Physicians Help Address Social Determinants of Health?
1.4 What Are Boyer’s Principles of Academic Scholarship?
1.5 What Can Be the Role of Academic Medicine in Addressing Social Determinants of Health?
1.6 Boyer’s Principles of Academic Scholarship, Academic Medicine, and Social Determinants of Health
1.7 What Is the Way Forward?
References
Part II: Background
2: Why Should We Publish Papers?
2.1 What Is Academic Medicine?
2.2 What Are the Duties of a Doctor in an Academic Institution?
2.3 Is Publication in Medical Journals a New Phenomenon?
2.4 What Are the Main Reasons for Publications?
2.5 Are There Any Other Reasons for Publications?
2.6 Does Publishing Negative Studies Also Give You Fame?
2.7 Fraudulent Publication and the Case of Dr. John Darsee?
2.8 Conclusions
References
3: Overcoming the Initial Barriers to Publication and the Role of the Mentors?
3.1 What Is India’s Contribution to the World’s Medical Publications?
3.2 Are the Numbers of Publications from India Increasing?
3.3 Is Quantity or Quality More Important in Publications?
3.4 Should Faculty and Students from All Medical Colleges Publish Papers. Does this Not Detract from Patient Care and Teaching?
3.5 How Much Does the Private Sector Contribute Towards Research?
3.6 Is the Recent Medical Council of India (MCI) Rule Linking Publications to Faculty Promotion the Main Reason for the Surge in Publication Numbers?
3.7 Can We Expect India’s Unique Health Issues to Be Solved By the Developed World?
3.8 What Are the Various Barriers to Quality Publication Output from India?
3.9 How Can a Clinician Take Out Time from His/Her Schedule for Publication?
3.10 Do Our Institutes Lack the Infrastructure for Research and Publication?
3.11 Do We Need Finances to Start Writing for Publication?
3.12 Do We Have an Attitude Towards or an Aptitude for Research?
3.13 What Is the Role of a Mentor in Publication?
3.14 Conclusions
References
4: When Should We Start Doing Research and Publishing Papers?
4.1 Is Research Methodology Taught in the Undergraduate Syllabus?
4.2 What Is the Brain Drain?
4.3 Is an Internship a Good Time To Do Research?
4.4 What Are the Requirements of Research During Post-Graduation?
4.5 How Can We Increase the Student-Based Research Activities in Our Country?
4.6 Are There Any Journals That Publish Papers Directed Mainly at Students?
4.7 How Can We Increase Our Research Output After Post-Graduation?
4.8 Conclusions
References
5: Does Research Improve Patient Care?
5.1 Are Patient Care and Clinical Research Related Activities?
5.2 How Can One Blend Research with Practice?
5.3 How Should I Start Research in My Institution?
5.4 What is Evidence-based Medicine?
5.5 How Can Research Data Be Incorporated into Clinical Practice?
5.6 What are the Limitations of Medical Care in Developing Countries?
5.7 How Can Commonly Available Data Help in Research?
5.8 What is Health Outcomes Research?
5.9 How is Research Perceived among Doctors?
5.10 Conclusions
References
6: The Status of Biomedical Research in Some Developing Countries
6.1 What Is a ‘Developing Nation’?
6.2 Which Continent Produces the Largest Number of Research Papers?
6.3 Latin America
6.3.1 How Can the Developing Nations from Latin America Be Divided?
6.3.2 Has There Been a Recent Increase in Biomedical Research from Latin America?
6.3.3 In Which Field Has Latin America Progressed?
6.3.4 Who Are the Regional Leaders Among the Latin American Nations?
6.3.5 Is There Any Data from the Medium Development Index Countries?
6.3.6 Are There Any Specialties That Are Producing More Papers?
6.3.7 What Is the Reason for the Low Visibility of Latin American Journals?
6.3.8 What are the Other Reasons for the Low Scientific Output from Latin America?
6.3.9 Are Open Access Journals the Way Forward for Latin America?
6.4 Africa
6.4.1 How Can One Divide Africa’s Nations into Various Regions?
6.4.2 Is It True That Africa’s Research Output Has Increased?
6.4.3 What Are the Factors Contributing to This Promising Trend?
6.4.4 What Could Be the Key Contributor to This Promising Growth?
6.4.5 What Is the African Index Medicus?
6.4.6 Are There Any Countries That Are Leading?
6.4.7 What Are the Top Diseases for which Research Is Going On in Africa?
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 East Asian Countries According to the Human Development Index
6.5.2 What Is the Research Output from South Asian Countries?
6.5.3 Can India Be the Leader in South Asian Health Care Over the Coming Years?
6.5.4 Among All the Developing Countries Where Does India Stand in Medical Research?
6.5.5 Is Collaborative Work on Research the Way Forward for All Developing Countries?
References
Part III: How to Plan a Study?
7: How to Think of a Research Question?
7.1 What Is a Research Question?
7.2 What Are the FINER Criteria?
7.3 Some Consider the FINER ‘MAPS’ to Be a More Complete Acronym. What Does MAPS Stand For?
7.4 How Do We Break Down a Research Question?
7.5 What Are the Steps for Framing a Research Question?
7.6 What Are the Examples of Bad Research Questions?
7.7 Conclusions
References
8: What Are the Types of Study Design?
8.1 What Are the Various Types of Clinical Study Designs?
8.2 What Are the Types of Observational Studies?
8.3 What Is a Descriptive Study?
8.4 What Is Analytical Epidemiology?
8.5 What Are Ecological Studies?
8.6 What Is a Case–Control Study?
8.7 What Is a Cohort Study?
8.8 What Are Cross-Sectional Studies?
8.9 What Is an Experimental Study Design?
8.10 What Is a Randomized Controlled Trial?
8.11 Design of a Randomized Control Trial (Fig. 8.5)
8.12 What Are the Standards of Research and Reporting?
8.13 Conclusions
References
9: How to Calculate an Adequate Sample Size?
9.1 What Should the Sample Size Be for a Research Study?
9.2 How to Calculate the Sample Size in a Descriptive Study?
9.2.1 Example 1: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Prevalence of a Disease?
9.3 Does My Sample Size Change When Sampling Is Done from a Finite Population?
9.3.1 Example 2: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Mean of an Attribute?
9.3.2 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Diagnostic Test?
9.3.3 How to Calculate the Sample Size in an Analytical Study?
9.3.4 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Proportions(Prevalence)
9.3.5 Example 4: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two (Unpaired) Means in Two Populations?
9.3.6 Example 5: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Paired Means?
9.4 Which Are the Free Websites/Software/Apps for Sample Size Calculation?
9.5 Which Are Commercial Software Available for Sample Size Calculation?
9.6 How Can I Determine Sample Sizes for Diagnostic Test Studies?
9.7 Summary
Suggested Reading
10: Understanding Medical Biostatistics
10.1 Understanding the Basics of Biostatistics
10.1.1 What Are Data?
10.1.2 What Is a Variable?
10.1.3 What Are the Different Scales of Variable Measurement?
10.1.4 What Is the Likert Scale?
10.1.4.1 Example 1
10.1.4.2 Example 2
10.1.4.3 Example 3
10.1.4.4 Example 4
10.1.5 What Are Descriptive and Inferential Statistics?
10.1.6 What Is a Measure of Central Tendency and What Are the Various Measures of Central Tendency, Their Merits and Demerits?
10.1.6.1 Mean
10.1.6.2 Median
10.1.6.3 Mode
10.1.6.4 Example
10.1.6.5 Less Frequently Used Measures
10.1.7 What Is Dispersion or Variability in a Data Set and How Is It Measured?
10.1.7.1 Range
10.1.7.2 Interquartile Range
10.1.7.3 Standard Deviation
10.1.7.4 Median Absolute Deviation
10.1.8 What Is Meant by the Distribution of Data?
10.1.9 What Is a Normal Distribution Curve?
10.1.10 What Is Skewness and What Are Its Implications?
10.1.11 What Is a Kurtosis and What Are Implications?
10.1.12 Is There Any Relationship Between Skewness and the Three Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode)?
10.1.13 What Is an Outlier in a Data Set?
10.1.14 Why Do Outliers Occur?
10.1.15 How Can We Detect Outliers?
10.1.16 How Should We Handle Outliers?
10.1.17 What Is Data Heaping?
10.1.18 What Is the Difference Between a Parameter and an Estimate?
10.1.19 What Are Inferential Methods?
10.1.20 What Are Inferential Methods for Proportions?
10.1.21 What Are Inferential Methods for Means?
10.1.21.1 Parametric Methods
10.1.22 What Are Post Hoc Tests?
10.1.23 What Are the Assumptions of the Student t-test?
10.1.24 What Are the Tests Used for Testing the Normality of the Data?
10.1.25 What Should We Do If the Normality Assumption Fails?
10.1.25.1 Non-Parametric Methods
10.1.26 What Are the Null and Alternative Hypotheses?
10.1.27 What Errors Do We Make While Testing a Hypothesis?
10.1.28 What Is the Relationship Between Type-I and Type-II Errors and Power?
10.1.29 What Is the Power of a Statistical Test?
10.1.30 What Is a Confidence Level and Confidence Interval?
10.1.31 What Are One- and Two-Tailed Tests?
10.1.32 What Is the p-value?
10.1.33 What Are the Most Common Misinterpretations of the p-value?
10.1.34 What Is the New Interpretation of the p-value by the American Statistical Association (ASA)?
10.1.35 What Are the Six Principles Suggested by the American Statistical Association (2016) on p-values?
10.1.36 Is a Very Low p-Value Indicative of a Large Effect Size?
References
11: Applying Biostatistics in Medical Research
11.1 What Is the Difference Between a Retrospective and a Prospective Study?
11.2 What Is a Cross-Sectional Study?
11.3 What Is a Longitudinal Study?
11.4 What Is a Case–Control Study?
11.5 What Is a Randomized Controlled Trial?
11.6 What Is a Cluster Randomized Trial?
11.7 What Is an Equivalence, Superiority, or a Noninferiority Trial?
11.8 Questions and Answers related to Sampling Methods
11.8.1 What Are the Common Methods of Random Sampling?
11.8.2 How to Perform Randomization in Real Research Settings?
11.8.3 What Are the Determinants of an Adequate Sample Size for a Research Study?
11.9 Questions and Answers Related to the Diagnostic Ability/Validity of a Test
11.9.1 What Is the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Test?
11.9.2 What Are Positive and Negative Predictivities?
11.9.3 What Are Likelihood Ratio Tests?
11.9.4 What Is a Diagnostic Odds Ratio?
11.9.5 What Is the Accuracy of a Diagnostic Test?
11.9.6 What Is a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve?
11.10 Questions and Answers Related to Relative Risk, Odds Ratio (OR), and Hazard Ratio
11.10.1 What Is Meant by the Relative Risk (RR), Odds Ratio (OR), and Hazard Ratio (HR)?
11.10.2 What Is the Kaplan–Meier Curve?
11.10.3 What Is the Cox Proportional: Hazards Model?
11.11 Questions and Answers Related to Association, Agreement and Correlation and Regression Analysis
11.11.1 What Is the Difference Between Association and Correlation?
11.11.2 How Can I Test the Association Between Two Nominal Attributes?
11.11.3 How Can I Assess the Strength of an Association?
11.11.4 How Can I Study the Relationship Between Two Quantitative Attributes?
11.11.5 What Are Cohen’s Guidelines for Assessing the Strength of a Correlation?
11.11.6 How Can I Study a Relationship When My Attributes Are Ordinal?
11.11.7 What Do We Mean by Agreement Between Observers, Raters, and Diagnostic Tests?
11.11.8 How Can I Assess the Agreement for Binary, Nominal, and Ordinal Measurements?
11.11.9 How Can I Assess Agreement When the Measurements Are Numeric?
11.11.10 What Are Regression Methods?
11.11.11 How Can I Test the Performance of the Regression Model?
11.11.12 How Can I Assess the Relative Importance of Predictors in a Regression Model?
11.11.13 What Is a Serious Problem in Regression Analysis?
11.11.14 How to Detect and Handle Multicollinearity?
11.11.15 What Is Logistic Regression?
11.11.16 How to Test the Adequacy of the Logistic Model?
11.12 Summing Up
References
12: Writing the Research Proposal: The Art and the Science
12.1 What Is a Research Proposal?
12.1.1 The Title
12.1.2 Abstract
12.1.3 Background and Rationale
12.1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Research
12.1.5 Details of the Research Question
12.1.6 Methodology
12.1.6.1 Study Area/Location
12.1.6.2 Study Population
12.1.6.3 Sample Size
12.1.6.4 Study Design
12.1.6.5 Study Duration
12.1.6.6 Methodology of the Trial
12.1.6.7 Outcome of the Disease
12.1.6.8 Data Collection
12.2 What Are Study Designs?
12.3 What Is an Intervention?
12.4 What Are the Various Type of Trials with Interventions?
12.4.1 Observational Studies
12.4.1.1 Cross-Sectional Study
12.4.1.2 Cohort Studies
12.4.1.3 Case–Control Studies
12.4.1.4 Ecological Studies
12.5 What Are the Ways to Do Randomization?
12.5.1 The Methods of Randomization in a Clinical Trial
12.6 What Are Other Considerations Before Conditional Trial?
12.6.1 Ethical Considerations
12.6.2 Clinical Trial Registration
12.6.3 Details of Primary Investigator, Co-Investigator, Internal and External Collaborators
12.6.4 Budget
12.7 What Are the Various Extramural Source of Funding for Doctors for a Research Project?
12.8 Conclusions
References
13: Ethics in Research
13.1 What Are Ethics, Medical Ethics, and Bioethics?
13.2 What Is the History of Medical Ethics?
13.3 What Are the General Principles of an Ethical Clinical Trial?
13.4 What Are the Principles of Medical Ethics?
13.5 What Are the Duties of Ethics Committees?
13.6 What Is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
13.7 Which Documents Are Required to be Submitted to the Ethics Committee for Approval?
13.8 What Happens in Case an Adverse Effect Occurs in a Clinical Trial?
13.9 What Is Medical Research Misconduct?
13.10 Is Consent Important in Doing Research?
13.11 What Are the Ways to Enhance the Informed Consent Process?
13.12 Conclusions
References
Part IV: How to Write an Original Research Paper?
14: Who Should Be An Author?
14.1 Who Is an Author?
14.2 Who Can Become an Author?
14.3 Who Can We Acknowledge in a Scientific Paper?
14.4 Who Are Lead Authors and Co-authors?
14.5 What Is the Corresponding Author?
14.6 What Are the Types of Inappropriate Authorship?
14.7 What Is a Gift Author?
14.8 What Is a Guest Author?
14.9 What Is a Ghost Author?
14.10 Are These Inappropriate Authors Common in the Scientific World?
14.11 What Are the Other Types of Authorship Misconduct?
14.12 What Is CRediT?
14.13 How Does One Decide Authorship Issues in Multicentre Trials?
14.14 Who Settles the Dispute Post Publication of Authorship?
14.15 What Is Retraction Watch?
14.16 What Is the Responsibility of a Journal Regarding Authorship?
14.17 What Are Remedial Measures for Authorship Abuse?
14.18 How Many Co-authors Should There Usually Be in a Research Paper?
14.19 What Is the Meaning of Shared First Co-author?
14.20 Conclusions
References
15: How to Write an Abstract?
15.1 What is an Abstract?
15.2 What is the History of the Abstract?
15.3 What are the Qualities of a Good Abstract?
15.4 What are the Types of Abstract?
15.5 What is the Purpose of an Abstract?
15.6 What are the Steps of Writing an Abstract?
15.7 What are the Things to Be Avoided While Writing an Abstract?
15.7.1 Do Not
15.8 What are Key Words?
15.9 How is an Abstract Written for a Conference Different from a Journal Paper?
15.10 What are the Important Recommendations of the International Committees of Medical Journal of Editors?
15.11 Conclusions
References
16: How to Choose a Title?
16.1 Why is the Title So Important in Biomedical Research?
16.2 What Parameters Help to Formulate a Suitable Research Paper Title?
16.3 How to Plan Effective Titles in Academic Research Papers?
16.4 What Things Should Be Avoided in the Title?
16.5 What are the Types of Titles for an Academic Paper?
16.5.1 Descriptive or Neutral Title?
16.5.2 Declarative Title
16.5.3 Interrogative Title
16.5.4 Creative Phrase/Combined Type of Title
16.6 What is a Short-running Title?
16.7 Conclusions
References
17: How to Write the Introduction to a Scientific Paper?
17.1 What is the Importance of an Introduction?
17.2 What Are the Principles of Writing a Good Introduction?
17.3 What Are the Models of Writing an Introduction?
17.4 What Is Establishing a Territory?
17.5 What Is Establishing a Niche?
17.6 What Does Occupying a Niche Mean?
17.7 How Long Should the Introduction Be?
17.8 How Many References Should an Introduction Have?
17.9 What Are the Important Points Which Should be not Missed in an Introduction?
17.10 Example of an Introduction
17.11 Conclusions
References
18: How to Do a Review of the Literature?
18.1 Why Is Reviewing the Literature Important?
18.2 What Are Five Crucial Steps for Reviewing the Literature?
18.3 What Is a Good Literature Search?
18.4 What Are ‘Keywords’?
18.5 What Are ‘stop’ Words?
18.6 Which Are the Various Search Engines That I Might Find Useful?
18.7 What Is Wikipedia?
18.8 Is the Google Search Engine Useful?
18.9 How Useful Is PubMed as a Search Engine?
18.10 What Are MeSH Words?
18.11 What Are Boolean Operators?
18.12 What Is PubMed Central?
18.13 What Are the Cochrane Reviews?
18.14 What Is IndMed?
18.15 What Are some Data Portals Maintained by Publishers and Search Engines?
18.16 What Is Scopus?
18.17 What Is Index Copernicus (ICI)?
18.18 Can Online Portals for Clinical Trials Be Accessed?
18.19 What Is the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET)?
18.20 Conclusions
References
19: How to Write the Material (Patients) and Methods Section
19.1 What Should be Included in the Material and Methods Section?
19.2 What Are the Important Steps that Should be Followed?
19.3 In Which Tense Should the Methodology Be Written?
19.4 What Are the Points Which Should Not be Missed in Methodology Section in a Biomedical Research Paper?
19.5 What Are the Common Errors Seen in this Section?
19.6 Conclusions
References
20: How to Write Results?
20.1 What Is the Difference between Observations and the Results of an Experiment?
20.2 Results
20.3 What Should Be Included in the Results?
20.4 What Are the Ten Steps for Presenting the Results?
20.5 What Is the Role of Statistics in the Results Section?
20.6 Conclusions
References
21: How to Write the Discussion?
21.1 What Is the Importance of the Discussion?
21.2 How Should I Structure the Discussion Section?
21.3 What Are the General Considerations for Writing a Discussion? [3, 10, 11]
21.4 Discussion Is Not a War of Words
21.5 How Long Should the Discussion in the Manuscript Be?
21.6 What Should Be Written in the Conclusion Section?
21.7 Conclusions
References
22: How to Cite Other Papers and Add References?
22.1 What Does Citation Mean?
22.2 What Are References?
22.3 What Is the Advantage of Providing References and Citations?
22.4 What Are the Various Referencing Styles?
22.5 What Is the Vancouver Style for Referencing?
22.6 What Are the General Rules for Citation and Referencing in the Vancouver Style?
22.7 How to Write Authors’ Names in the Vancouver Style?
22.8 How Do you Write the journal’s Name in the Vancouver Style?
22.9 How Should the References in the Vancouver Style Be Finally Listed?
22.10 What Is a DOI?
22.11 What Is the Harvard System of Referencing?
22.12 What Is a Reference Manager?
22.13 Conclusions
References
23: How to Add Illustrations?
23.1 Why Is it Important to Add Illustrations to your Manuscript?
23.2 How Do Illustrations Help in Teaching?
23.3 What Medium Can be Used for Representation of Art in Medicine?
23.4 Can Illustrations be Submitted to Journals for Publication?
23.5 What Are the Ten Important Unsaid Rules for Adding Illustrations to your Manuscript?
23.6 Conclusions
References
24: How to Check for Plagiarism?
24.1 What Is Plagiarism?
24.2 Why Is Plagiarism So Rampant in India?
24.3 What Action Can Be Taken Against you if your Manuscript Is Found to be Plagiarized?
24.4 Does Plagiarism Apply Only to Written Text?
24.5 Is There a Gazette of India Notification on Plagiarism?
24.6 What Is the UGC’s Classification of Plagiarism?
24.7 What Are the Sections in Articles which Are Excluded from Plagiarism Checks?
24.8 What Do Words Quote, Paraphrase and Similarity Mean?
24.9 What Are the Various Types of Plagiarism? [6–8]
24.10 How Can we Check for Plagiarism?
24.11 How Does a Plagiarism Report Appear?
24.12 How Much Plagiarism Is Usually Allowed for a Paper to Be Accepted?
24.13 What Is the Difference between Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement?
24.14 What Are the Five Rules for Avoiding Plagiarism?
24.15 Conclusions
References
25: How to Improve the Language and Syntax in Medical Writing?
25.1 What Is the Importance of Using Correct English in a Medical Paper?
25.2 What Are the Common Challenges Faced by Developing World Authors with Regard to Writing English?
25.3 What Is the Fate of a Poorly Written Manuscript?
25.4 Are There Any Words in English Which Sound Alike but Have Different Meanings?
25.5 What Is Redundancy?
25.6 What Are Roundabout Words?
25.7 What Are Some Examples of Indianisms?
25.8 What Is a Thesaurus?
25.9 What Is Hedging?
25.10 What Is Syntax?
25.11 In What Tense Should an Article Be Written?
25.12 Are There any Online Grammar Correction Sites?
25.13 Can External Editing Agencies Help in Improving Language?
25.14 What Are the General Instructions for Using the English Language in a Research Paper?
25.15 Conclusions
References
Part V: How to Write Other Journal Articles?
26: How to Write an Editorial?
26.1 What Is an Editorial?
26.2 How Is the Topic for an Editorial Chosen?
26.3 What Should be the Contents of an Editorial?
26.4 What Is the Basic Information Required for Writing an Editorial?
26.5 What Are the Steps Involved in Writing an Editorial?
26.6 What Are the Types of Editorial?
26.7 What Is the Purpose of an Editorial?
26.8 What Are the Instructions for Writing Editorials in Major Journals?
26.9 What Is a Viewpoint?
26.10 Conclusions
References
27: How to Write a Letter to the Editor?
27.1 What Is the Purpose of a Letter to the Editor?
27.2 How Is a Letter to the Editor Published?
27.3 What Are the Types of Letters to the Editor?
27.4 What Are the Practical Tips for Writing a Letter to the Editor?
27.5 Conclusions
References
28: How to Write a Case Report?
28.1 What Are the Various Types of Medical Publications?
28.2 What Is the Importance of a Case Report in the Medical Literature?
28.3 How Do We Write a Case Report?
28.4 What Are the Qualities of a Good Case Report?
28.5 What Are the Limitations of Case Reports?
28.6 Are There Any Journals Which Publish Only Case Reports?
28.7 What Are the Reasons That the Number of Case Reports Is Increasing?
28.8 Conclusions
References
29: Systematic, Scoping and Narrative Reviews
29.1 What Is a Systematic Review?
29.2 How Is a Systematic Review Done?
29.3 Why Is a Systematic Review Useful?
29.4 What Are Its Weaknesses?
29.5 What Is a Meta-Analysis? How Does It Differ from a Systematic Review?
29.6 What Are Scoping and Narrative Reviews? How Do They Differ from a Systematic Review?
29.7 Conclusions
References
Part VI: After the Paper Is Written
30: To Which Journal Should You Submit Your Article?
30.1 What Are the Various Types of Journals?
30.2 Which Are the Oldest Running Medical Journals?
30.3 How Frequently Are Journals Published?
30.4 Are There Any MCI- or UGC-approved Journals for Publication in India?
30.5 What Is a Peer-Reviewed Journal?
30.6 What Are Predatory Journals?
30.7 What Are Open Access Journals?
30.8 What Are e-Journals?
30.9 How Should an Author Choose a Journal to Which to Submit His Manuscript?
30.10 Conclusions
References
31: Publication Algorithm
31.1 Through What Stages Does a Paper Pass Before It Is Published?
31.2 What Is the Review Process?
31.3 What Are the Requirements for a Manuscript at the Time of Submission?
31.4 What Happens to the Manuscript After Submission?
31.5 What Is the Role of the Peer Reviewer of a Manuscript?
31.6 What Is the Production Process?
31.7 What Is a Copyright Form?
31.8 Why Do Journals Take Such a Long Time to Publish a Paper?
31.9 What Is Epub Ahead of Print Mean?
31.10 Conclusions
References
32: How to Do a Peer Review?
32.1 What Is Peer Review?
32.2 How Is a Peer Review Process Initiated?
32.3 What Are the Qualities of a Good Peer Reviewer?
32.4 What Are the Types of Peer Review Process?
32.5 What Are the Top Ten Causes Why a Paper Gets Rejected?
32.6 What Are the Top Ten Tips for Doing a Good Peer Review?
32.7 What Are the Guidelines for Peer Reviewers from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)?
32.8 Does Training Help in Improving the Peer Review Process?
32.9 What Is the Future of the Peer Review System?
32.10 What Is a Preprint? What Are the New Developments in Preprints?
32.11 Conclusions
References
33: How to Handle Rejection?
33.1 What Are Reasons for the Outright Rejection of a Manuscript?
33.2 What Are the Reasons for Rejection After the Peer Review Process?
33.3 What Should You Do After Rejection?
33.4 What Are Few Tips for Coping with Rejection?
33.5 Conclusions
References
34: Bibliometrics
34.1 What Are the Various Bibliometric Scores?
34.2 What Does Citation Mean?
34.3 How Is the Citation Index Calculated?
34.4 What Is The Journal Impact Factor?
34.5 What Are the Limitations of the Impact Factor?
34.6 What Are the Recommendations of the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on the Impact Factor?
34.7 What Is Self-citation?
34.8 What Are the Impact Factors of the Top Indian Journals?
34.9 What Are the Impact Factors of Some Important International Medical Journals?
34.10 Should We Publish in a Journal with a High Impact Factor?
34.11 What Is the h-index?
34.12 What Are Strengths and Limitations of h-index?
34.13 In Which Journal Should You Preferably Publish Your Work: Indian Or International?
34.14 What Is the Cite Score (CS)?
34.15 What Is the Scimago Journal Rank (SJR)?
34.16 What Is Eigen factor Metrics?
34.17 What Is Altmetrics?
34.18 What Is the Plum X Metric?
34.19 What Is ORCID?
34.20 Conclusions
References
Part VII: What Else You Should Know About Publication?
35: Is Medical Publishing Lucrative?
35.1 Can a Doctor Pursue a Full-Time Career as a Writer?
35.2 Should Indian Researchers Pay to Get Their Work Published?
35.3 Do Any Countries Give Researchers Cash Incentives for Publication in Peer-Reviewed Journals?
35.4 Does Collaborative Research Get More Funding for the Researcher?
35.5 How Do Publishers Earn?
35.6 Conclusions
References
36: How to Start a New Medical Journal?
36.1 Why Should We Start a Medical Journal?
36.2 What Are the Ten Most Important Steps Before Starting a Journal?
36.3 What Kind of Articles Should We Publish? How Do We Plan a Table of Contents?
36.4 What Are the General Guidelines for Publishing the Journal?
36.5 What Discussions Should We Have with the Publisher When Planning a Journal?
36.6 What Should Be the Agenda for Weekly Working Task Force Meetings?
36.7 What Are the Challenges Which the Journal May Face During Its Initial Days?
36.8 Conclusions
References
Part VIII: How to Project Your Work Further?
37: How to Present a Poster in a Conference?
37.1 What Is the Importance of a Poster Presentation?
37.2 How to Start Preparing for a Poster Presentation?
37.3 What Are Important Facts to Know Before You Start a Poster Presentation?
37.4 What Are the Stages of a Poster Presentation?
37.4.1 Step 1: Planning
37.4.2 Step 2: Organization of the Poster
37.4.3 Step 3: Printing of the Poster
37.5 How Should the Material Be Placed in the Poster?
37.6 Background
37.7 What Should Be the Font Size of the Text in a Poster?
37.8 What Should Be the Word Count in a Poster?
37.9 How Should the Poster Background Look?
37.10 What Are the Important Considerations While Making a Poster?
37.11 What Are the Limitations of Posters?
37.12 How Should You Store and Transport a Poster?
37.13 How Should You Display the Poster?
37.14 What Happens During the Interaction?
37.15 What Are the Types of Poster Presentations?
37.16 Conclusions
37.17 What Are the Various Steps in Making a Poster?
References
38: How to Give an Oral Presentation?
38.1 Planning
38.2 Does the Success of an Oral Presentation Depend on the Audience?
38.3 What Is a Powerful Oral Presentation?
38.4 What Are the Steps You Should Take Before an Oral Presentation?
38.5 How to Deliver an Oral Presentation?
38.6 What Should Be Done in the Post-Presentation Period?
38.7 What Should Be the Speed of the Presentation?
38.8 Should You Take Short Pauses During a 30-Minute Talk?
38.9 What Kind of Slides Should There Be?
38.10 What Are the Ten Steps Towards a Robust PowerPoint Presentation?
38.11 What Is the Conclusion for an Oral Presentation?
References
Part IX: Education, Planning and Execution
39: Bedside Teaching in Developing Countries
39.1 How Has the Concept of Bedside Teaching Evolved?
39.2 What Are the Various Models of Bedside Teaching?
39.3 What Are the Types of Bedside Teaching?
39.4 What Is the Current Status of Bedside Teaching in Developing Countries?
39.5 What Are the Ways Forward?
39.6 Conclusion
References
40: E-Learning in the Developing World
40.1 Introduction
40.2 What Is Distance Learning in Medical Education?
40.3 Do All Institutions Offer Online Career Enrichment Courses?
40.4 What Are the Advantages of an Online Education?
40.5 What Is Blending Learning?
40.6 What Is a Webinar?
40.7 What Are the Ten Golden Rules for Conducting a Webinar?
40.8 What Are the Important Features of Various Platforms for a Webinar?
40.8.1 Zoom
40.8.2 Google Meet
40.8.3 Jio Meet
40.8.4 Microsoft Team
40.9 Can Textbooks and Journals Also Be Accessed Electronically?
40.10 What Is the Medical Infodemic?
40.11 Can Teaching Occur Using a YouTube Video?
40.12 How Can Smartphones Be Used for Medical Education?
40.13 Conclusions
References
41: Developing Learning Objectives and Evaluation: Multiple Choice Questions/Objective Structured Practical Examinations
41.1 Why Must We Develop Assessment Methods?
41.2 Are Objective Assessment Methods Reliable and Valid?
41.3 Is Traditional Assessment Inferior to Objective Assessment?
41.4 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs): What, Why, and When?
41.5 How to Design a Good MCQ?
41.6 What Needs to Be Done to Construct MCQs?
41.7 Can Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and Objective Structured Practical Examinations (OSPE) Replace the Traditional Viva Voce?
41.8 How to Conduct OSCE and OSPE Assessments?
41.9 Conclusion: Where are We and Where Do We Need to Go?
References
42: How to Prepare a Lecture?
42.1 Planning the Lecture
42.2 Preparing the Lecture
42.3 Developing the Lesson Plan
42.4 How to Deliver a Good Lecture? [7]
42.5 Do’s for Preparing a Good Lecture [8]
42.5.1 Content—How Much and What
42.5.2 Adding Pictures
42.5.3 Fonts
42.5.4 Colour Scheme
42.5.5 Handouts
42.5.6 Introduction
42.5.7 Contextual Learning
42.5.8 Duration of a Lecture
42.6 Don’ts in Preparing a Lecture
42.6.1 Busy Slides
42.7 Conclusions
References
43: The Why and How of Problem-Based Learning?
43.1 Origins of Problem-Based Learning—An Era of Transformation
43.2 Why Problem-Based Learning?
43.3 Teaching and Learning: Pedagogy Versus Adult Learning
43.3.1 How to Develop PBL?
43.4 Characteristics of a Good Case for PBL
43.4.1 PBL—The Process
43.4.2 Facilitating PBL
43.5 What are the Limitations of PBL?
43.6 Conclusions
References
44: How to Conduct a Journal Club?
44.1 What Is the Importance of Having Journal Clubs?
44.2 Which Kind of Articles Should Be Discussed in a Journal Club?
44.3 What Is the Order for a Journal Club Discussion? [3]
44.4 How Do You Choose an Article for a Journal Club?
44.5 What Are the Future Prospects of Journal Clubs?
References
Part X: Other Topics
45: Medical Records
45.1 What Are Medical Records?
45.2 Is There a Legal Basis for Medical Records?
45.3 What Are the Types of Medical Records?
45.4 Are There Standards for Compliance for Medical Records?
45.5 What Is the Clinical Importance of Medical Records?
45.6 What Is the Administrative Importance of Medical Records?
45.7 How Do Medical Records Facilitate Research and Audit?
45.8 How Are Medical Records Maintained?
45.9 How Are Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Different from Paper Records?
45.10 Why Is Medical Record-Keeping Important in Developing Countries?
45.11 What Are the Challenges to Adoption of EMR in Developing Countries?
45.12 What Are the Technological Advances in Medical Record Keeping?
45.13 What Is the Future of Medical Record Keeping in South Asia?
45.14 How Can One Maintain Records in a Department?
45.14.1 Initiation
45.14.2 Maintenance
45.14.3 Application
45.15 Conclusion
References
46: Clinical Audit
46.1 What is a Clinical Audit?
46.2 Is Medical Audit a New Concept?
46.3 What are the Types of Audit?
46.4 What is the Difference between Audit and Research? Does Audit Help in Research?
46.5 What is the Debate around Clinical Audit?
46.6 What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Audit?
46.7 What is the Audit Cycle?
46.8 What is the Status of Clinical Audit in India?
46.9 Conclusions
References
47: Clinical Drug Trials
47.1 What Is a Clinical Drug Trial?
47.2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages for a Patient Who Is Enrolled in a Trial?
47.3 What Are the Various Stages of a Clinical Trial?
47.4 What are Phase IV and Post-marketing Studies (PMS)?
47.5 Is the Real-World Data the Same as Post-marketing Surveillance?
47.6 Is India a Potential Hub for Clinical Trials?
47.7 What Is the Status of Clinical Trials in India?
47.8 Should We Be Conducting Clinical Trials in India?
References
48: Ethics in Genetic Research
48.1 Why this Chapter?
48.2 Why Be Concerned about Ethics in Genetic Research?
48.3 What Activities in Genetic Research Demand Special Attention to Ethical Principles?
48.4 What are the Core Ethical Principles Worth Adhering to?
48.5 What are the Types of Genetic Tests, their Utility, and the Ethical Concerns Raised by their Performance and Reporting?
48.6 What is the Revolution that Genetic Tests are Going Through?
48.7 Ethical Issues in Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
48.8 How Essential are Pre-and Post-Test Genetic Counselling?
48.9 What Ethical Concerns Arise in Informed Consent for Genetic Tests?
48.10 Informed Consent from Tribal Communities?
48.11 What are the Ethical Issues in Predictive Testing?
48.12 What are the Ethical Issues in Genetic Counselling?
48.13 What is an Ethical Issue in Prenatal Diagnosis?
48.14 Is Research on Embryos Permitted?
48.15 What are the Ethical Issues in the Genomic Editing of Embryos?
48.16 What Do the ICMR Guidelines Say about Ethical Practice in Genetic Research?
References
Correction to: How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? A Practical Guide
Correction to: S. Nundy et al., How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? A Practical Guide, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5248-6