The immune system is a highly evolved security system that protects the body from infection by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. The immune system also recognizes and rejects a transplanted organ from even the same species. Indeed, the immune system potentially recognizes and eliminates everything that invades the body (nonself). However, it does not normally eliminate self cells or tissues except tumor cells developed from self tissue. Occasionally the immune system breaks down and attacks the body components of the self, manifesting as autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and insulin-resistant diabetes. This book contains extensive updated reviews describing what kinds of receptors various immune cells use, how they recognize the self and the nonself components (and “neoself” such as tumors), and how finally the immune system distinguishes the self and nonself - a far more complicated process than a computer security system detecting infected documents. Perfect understanding of this system should make it possible in the future to regulate immunity to transplants, to cure autoimmune disease and allergy, and to facilitate tumor immunity.
Author(s): Daisuke Kitamura
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 267
Cover Page......Page 1
Title: How the Immune System Recognizes Self and Nonself......Page 3
ISBN 4431738835......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contents (with page links)......Page 7
List of Authors......Page 10
Color Plates......Page 13
1.2 Innate Immunity......Page 17
1.3 Pathogen Recognition by TLR......Page 21
1.4 Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways......Page 25
1.5 Negative Regulation of TLR Signaling......Page 33
1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects......Page 38
References......Page 39
2.1 Introduction: An Interesting Epistemological Case......Page 53
2.2 Natural Killer Cells in Innate Immunity......Page 54
2.3 Natural Killer Cell Recognition of “Missing-Self”: An Array of Inhibitory Cell Surface Receptors......Page 56
2.4 Complexity of the “NK Cell Zipper”......Page 60
2.5 Coordination of NK Cell Activating and Inhibitory Signals in Cancer......Page 69
2.6 Programming a “Natural” Killer: Steady-State and Situation-Specific Regulation of NK Effector Functions......Page 78
References......Page 83
3.1 Introduction......Page 99
3.2 PIR Expression by Early Hematopoietic Cells......Page 101
3.3 PIR Expression by Thymocyte Progenitors......Page 102
3.4 Differentiation Potential of PIR+ and PIR-Lymphoid Progenitors......Page 103
3.5 PIR Expression by Dendritic Cell Precursors......Page 105
3.6 PIR Ligands......Page 106
3.7 Paired Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Function......Page 108
3.8 Conclusion......Page 110
References......Page 111
4.1 Introduction......Page 115
4.2 Signal Transduction from BCR......Page 117
4.3 BCR Signaling Pathways for Immune Response......Page 128
4.4 BCR Signaling Pathways for Self Tolerance......Page 132
4.5 Concluding Remarks: To Respond or Not to Respond, That is the Question......Page 136
References......Page 138
5.1 Introduction......Page 149
5.2 Structure of the TCR Complex......Page 151
5.3 How Does the αβ TCR Convey Signals Across the Membrane?......Page 156
5.4 TCR Assembly During Intrathymic Development......Page 163
5.5 How TCRs Bind pMHC......Page 165
5.6 What Causes the Restriction in Orientation Imposed on TCR–pMHC Interactions?......Page 172
5.7 Rationalizing the Purpose of TCR αβ Positive Selection......Page 175
5.8 Recessive and Dominant Tolerance......Page 177
5.9 Evolutionary Perspectives......Page 178
References......Page 180
6.1 Introduction......Page 189
6.2 Fc Receptors—Basic Facts......Page 190
6.3 Fc Receptor Signaling......Page 194
6.4 Fc Receptor Biology In Vivo......Page 197
References......Page 208
7.1 Introduction......Page 215
7.2 Regulation of B Cells by CD19/CD21 Complex......Page 216
7.3 Regulation of B Cells by CD22......Page 222
7.4 Regulation of B Cells by CD72......Page 226
7.5 Self and Nonself Recognition by Coreceptors on B cells......Page 228
References......Page 229
8.1 Introduction......Page 237
8.2 Positive Co-stimulatory Molecules......Page 240
8.3 Negative Co-stimulatory Molecules......Page 245
8.4 Conclusion......Page 252
References......Page 253
Index......Page 263
