Given the brutality of mass atrocities, it is no wonder that one question dominates research and policy: what can we, who are not at risk, do to prevent such violence and hasten endings? But this question skips a more fundamental question for understanding the trajectory of violence: how do mass atrocities actually end? This volume presents an analysis of the processes, decisions, and factors that help bring about the end of mass atrocities. It includes qualitatively rich case studies from Burundi, Guatemala, Indonesia, Sudan, Bosnia, and Iraq, drawing patterns from wide-ranging data. As such, it offers a much needed correction to the popular 'salvation narrative' framing mass atrocity in terms of good and evil. The nuanced, multidisciplinary approach followed here represents not only an essential tool for scholars, but an important step forward in improving civilian protection.
Author(s): Bridget Conley-Zilkic
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2016
Language: English
Pages: 243
City: Cambridge
Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of boxes
List of contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The wrong story: the limits of ‘‘genocide’’
Actual mass atrocities endings: six clusters of incidents
Dynamics of endings
Four stories of how mass atrocities end
Perpetrator logic governing atrocity endings
A story of historical-political change
A story of atrocity endings and conflict
The story of international engagement and atrocity endings
Conclusion
Works Cited
Guatemala: The persistence of genocidal logic beyond mass killing
Introduction
Part One: Patterns of Mass Atrocity Violence
Part Two: The Context of Guatemala’s Internal Armed Conflict
Geopolitical Context
The Lucas García Government and Onset of the Counterinsurgency
The Limits of Mass Violence
Toward a More Radical Solution: The Coup D’état
Part Three: An Analysis of Mass Atrocities in the Guatemalan Case
Operation Victory 82
The First Stage of Mass Atrocity Ending: From Collective Killing to Population Control
The Second Stage of Mass Atrocity Ending: The Strategic Defeat of the Guerrilla
The Third Stage of Mass Atrocity Ending: The Political Transition
Part Four: The Peace Process: The Elusive End to Genocide?
Part Five: Conclusions
Works Cited
Burundi: The anatomy of mass violence endgames
Introduction
Part One: Background to Ethnic Violence
Part Two: Mapping Ethnic Violence in Burundi
1965 Events: Failed plot, counter-coup, and large-scale repression
1972: Peripheral insurgency followed by state-sponsored pogroms
1988 Events: Peasants’ uprising followed by army’s reprisals
1993: Military coup, popular resistance, and army reprisals
1994-2005: Civil war
Patterns in endings
Part Three: Documenting Endings: A Question of Evidence and Indicators
Ending as a contested terrain
The language of increase and decrease in violence
Assessing the damage
Narratives of return to normalcy
Part Four: Accounting for the Endgame
Individual agency
Limits to the individual agency for change
The Rwanda factor
Military stalemate
Intra-party realignment toward moderation
External incentives and pressures
Conclusion
Works Cited
Author Interviews
Indonesia: Two similar civil wars; two different endings
Introduction
Overview of the data on mass atrocities
The data on mass atrocities in Papua
The data on mass atrocities in East Timor
Endings to mass atrocities during Suharto’s rule
Papua, 1963-1998
East Timor, 1974-1999
Political shifts in the 1980s and 1990s
Post-Suharto endings to mass atrocities
Shifts in policy and violence in Papua, 1998-2014
The ending to mass atrocities in East Timor in 1999
Conclusion
Works Cited
Sudan: Patterns of violence and imperfect endings
Introduction
Patterns in the Data
Identity Politics
The Militia Wars against Southern Sudan
A Sequel: The Clearance of the Oilfields
The Jihad in the Nuba Mountains, 1992
Sequelae
Blue Nile: A Null Case
Darfur
Ending
Aftermath
Analysis
Internecine Killings in Southern Sudan
Atrocities 1983-91
The 1991-94 Internecine Killings
Wars of Peace: Jonglei 2005-13
Patterns to Mass Atrocity
Peace Agreements
International Roles
Concluding Reflections
Works Cited
Bosnia-Herzegovina: Endings real and imagined
Introduction
Part One: Contextualizing South Slav Endings
Part Two: How, Where, and When Atrocities Ended in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Snapshots of Variation
Prijedor
Konjic
Srebrenica
Zepa
Sarajevo
Part Four: Ending the War
Conclusion
Works Cited
Iraq: Atrocity as political capital
Introduction
Post-2003 Iraq: A State of Division
Violence in Iraq 2003-2007
2007: The ‘‘Ending’’ That Wasn’t
The Surge
The ‘‘Battle for Baghdad’’ and the ‘‘Awakening’’
The Ascendancy of the State
Why Mass Atrocities Have Not Ended
Conflict Begets Victimhood, Victimhood Begets Conflict
Works Cited
Multimedia Sources
Author Interviews
Index
