How Children Develop

About this Book
Cover Page
LaunchPad for How Children Develop, Canadian Sixth Edition
Halftitle Page
Title Page
Dedication
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Child Development
Reasons to Learn About Child Development
Raising Children
Choosing Social Policies
Understanding Human Nature
Box 1.1 A Closer Look: The Romanian Adoption Study
Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Development
Early Philosophers’ Views of Children’s Development
Social Reform Movements
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Enduring Themes in Child Development
1. Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape Development?
2. The Active Child: How Do Children Shape Their Own Development?
3. Continuity/Discontinuity: In What Ways Is Development Continuous, and in What Ways Is It Discontinuous?
4. Mechanisms of Change: How Does Change Occur?
5. The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development?
6. Individual Differences: How Do Children Become So Different from One Another?
7. Research and Children’s Welfare: How Can Research Promote Children’s Well-Being?
Box 1.2 Individual Differences: Can Children Learn to Be More Intelligent?
Methods for Studying Child Development
The Scientific Method
Contexts for Gathering Data About Children
Correlation and Causation
Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development
Ethical Issues in Child-Development Research
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period
Prenatal Development
Box 2.1 A Closer Look: Beng Beginnings
Conception
Box 2.2 Individual Differences: Do Girls Outnumber Boys?
Developmental Processes
Early Development
An Illustrated Summary of Prenatal Development
Fetal Experience and Behaviour
Fetal Learning
Hazards to Prenatal Development
Teratogens
Box 2.3 Applications: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Maternal Factors
The Birth Experience
Diversity of Childbirth Practices
The Newborn Infant
State of Arousal
Negative Outcomes at Birth
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 3 Biology and Behaviour
Nature and Nurture
Genetic and Environmental Forces
1. Parents’ Genotype–Child’s Genotype
2. Child’s Genotype–Child’s Phenotype
3. Child’s Environment–Child’s Phenotype
Box 3.1 Applications: Genetic Testing
4. Child’s Phenotype–Child’s Environment
5. Child’s Environment–Child’s Genotype
Behaviour Genetics
Quantitative Genetics Research Designs
Heritability
Molecular Genetics Research Designs
Box 3.2 Individual Differences: Genetically Transmitted Developmental Disorders
Environmental Effects
Brain Development
The Neuron
The Cortex
Box 3.3 A Closer Look: Mapping the Mind
Developmental Processes
The Importance of Experience
The Body: Physical Growth and Development
Growth and Maturation
Nutritional Behaviour
Box 3.4 A Closer Look: Poverty and Health Disparities
Vaccines
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 4 Theories of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issues
Box 4.1 Applications: Educational Applications of Piaget’s Theory
Piaget’s Legacy
Information-Processing Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issues
The Development of Problem Solving
Box 4.2 Applications: Educational Applications of Information-Processing Theories
Core-Knowledge Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issue: Nativism Versus Constructivism
Box 4.3 Applications: Educational Applications of Core-Knowledge Theories
Sociocultural Theories
View of Children’s Nature: Vygotsky’s Theory
Central Developmental Issues
Box 4.4 Applications: Educational Applications of Sociocultural Theories
Dynamic-Systems Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issues
Box 4.5 Applications: Educational Applications of Dynamic-Systems Theories
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 5 Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy
Perception
Vision
Box 5.1 A Closer Look: Infants’ Face Perception
Box 5.2 A Closer Look: Picture Perception
Auditory Perception
Taste and Smell
Touch
Intermodal Perception
Motor Development
Reflexes
Motor Milestones
Modern Views of Motor Development
Box 5.3 A Closer Look: “The Case of the Disappearing Reflex”
The Expanding World of the Infant
Box 5.4 A Closer Look: “Gangway—I’m Coming Down”
Learning and Memory
Habituation
Statistical Learning
Classical Conditioning
Instrumental Conditioning
Observational Learning/Imitation
Rational Learning
Active Learning
Memory
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 6 Development of Language and Symbol Use
Language Development
The Components of Language
What Is Required for Language?
Box 6.1 Applications: Two Languages Are Better Than One
The Process of Language Acquisition
Speech Perception
Word Segmentation
Preparation for Production
First Words
Box 6.2 Individual Differences: Language Development and Socioeconomic Status
Box 6.3 Applications: iBabies: Technology and Language Learning
Putting Words Together
Conversational Skills
Later Development
Theoretical Issues in Language Development
Chomsky and the Nativist View
Box 6.4 A Closer Look: “I Just Can’t Talk Without My Hands”: What Gestures Tell Us About Language
Ongoing Debates in Language Development
Box 6.5 Individual Differences: Developmental Language Disorders
Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development
Using Symbols as Information
Drawing and Writing
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 7 Conceptual Development
Understanding Who or What
Dividing Objects into Categories
Understanding Oneself and Other People
Box 7.1 Individual Differences: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Box 7.2 Individual Differences: Imaginary Companions
Knowledge of Living Things
Understanding Why, Where, When, and How Many
Causality
Box 7.3 A Closer Look: Magical Thinking and Fantasy
Space
Box 7.4 Individual Differences: Development of Spatial Concepts in Blind and Visually Impaired People
Time
Number
Relations Among Understanding of Space, Time, and Number
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement
What Is Intelligence?
Intelligence as a Single Trait
Intelligence as a Few Basic Abilities
Intelligence as Numerous Cognitive Processes
A Proposed Resolution
Measuring Intelligence
The Contents of Intelligence Tests
The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Continuity of IQ Scores
IQ Scores as Predictors of Important Outcomes
Other Predictors of Success
Genes, Environment, and the Development of Intelligence
Qualities of the Child
Influence of the Immediate Environment
Influence of Society
Box 8.1 Applications: Highly Successful Early Interventions: Better Beginnings, Better Futures (BBBF) and the Carolina Abecedarian Project
Alternative Perspectives on Intelligence
Gardner’s Theory
Sternberg’s Theory
Acquisition of Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics
Reading
Box 8.2 Individual Differences: Dyslexia
Writing
Mathematics
Box 8.3 Applications: Mathematics Disabilities
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 9 Theories of Social Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Current Perspectives
Learning Theories
Watson’s Behaviourism
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Social-Learning Theory
Box 9.1 A Closer Look: Bandura and Bobo
Current Perspectives
Theories of Social Cognition
Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking
Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving
Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation
Current Perspectives
Box 9.2 A Closer Look: Developmental Social Neuroscience
Ecological Theories
Ethological and Evolutionary Theories
The Bioecological Model
Box 9.3 Individual Differences: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Current Perspectives
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 10 Emotional Development
The Development of Emotions
Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion
The Emergence of Emotions
Box 10.1 A Closer Look: Basic Emotional Expressions in Infants
Understanding Emotions
Identifying the Emotions of Others
Box 10.2 A Closer Look: Emotional Intelligence
Understanding Real and False Emotions
Emotion Regulation
The Development of Emotion Regulation
The Relation of Emotion Regulation to Social Competence and Adjustment
The Role of Family in Emotional Development
Parents’ Expression of Emotion
Parents’ Socialization of Children’s Emotional Responses
Temperament
Measuring Temperament
Determinants of Temperament
How Temperament Fits with Environment
Mental Health, Stress, and Internalizing Mental Disorders
Stress
Box 10.3 Applications: Toxic Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences
Internalizing Mental Disorders
Box 10.4 Individual Differences: Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 11 Attachment to Others and Development of the Self
The Caregiver–Child Attachment Relationship
Attachment Theory
Measurement of Attachment Security
Box 11.1 A Closer Look: Does Childcare Interfere With Attachment?
Sources of Individual Differences in Attachment Styles
Box 11.2 Applications: Interventions to Improve Attachment
Attachment and Social-Emotional Development
The Self
Self-Concept
Box 11.3 Individual Differences: Development of Self-Awareness Among Autistic Children
Self-Esteem
Box 11.4 A Closer Look: Is Too Much Praise Bad for Self-Esteem?
Identity
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 12 The Family
Family Structure
Changes in Family Structure in Canada
Box 12.1 Individual Differences: Teenagers as Parents
Same-Sex Parents
Divorced Parents
Stepparents
Family Dynamics
Parenting
Box 12.2 Applications: Should Parents Spank Their Children?
Differences in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Interactions with Their Children
The Child’s Influence on Parenting
Sibling Relationships
Child Maltreatment
Risks for Maltreatment
Consequences of Maltreatment
Box 12.3 Applications: Preventing Child Maltreatment
Family Socioeconomic Context
Cultural Contexts
Economic Contexts
Box 12.4 A Closer Look: Homelessness
Parents’ Work Contexts
Box 12.5 Applications: Family-Leave Policies
Childcare Contexts
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 13 Peer Relationships
Play
Box 13.1 Individual Differences: The Development of Children’s Social Play
Friendships
Children’s Choice of Friends
Box 13.2 Individual Differences: Culture and Children’s Peer Experience
Developmental Changes in Friendship
The Role of Technology in Friendships
Effects of Friendships on Psychological Functioning and Behaviour
Box 13.3 A Closer Look: Cyberbullying
Gender Differences in the Functions of Friendships
Status in the Peer Group
Measurement of Peer Status
Box 13.4 Applications: Fostering Children’s Peer Acceptance
Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Factors Related to Peer Status
The Role of Parents in Children’s Peer Relationships
Box 13.5 A Closer Look: Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer Relationships
Relations Between Attachment and Competence with Peers
Quality of Ongoing Parent–Child Interactions and Peer Relationships
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 14 Moral Development
Moral Judgment
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
The Development of Conscience
Prosocial Behaviour
The Development of Prosocial Behaviour
The Origins of Individual Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
Box 14.1 A Closer Look: Cultural Contributions to Children’s Prosocial Tendencies
Box 14.2 Applications: School-Based Interventions for Promoting Prosocial Behaviour
Antisocial Behaviour
The Development of Antisocial Behaviours
Box 14.3 A Closer Look: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
The Origins of Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour
Interventions for Aggressive and Antisocial Children
Box 14.4 Applications: Positive Youth Development and Service Learning
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 15 Gender Development
Sex and Gender
Box 15.1 A Closer Look: Challenges to the Gender Binary
Comparisons of Girls and Boys
Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development
Biological Influences
Cognitive and Motivational Influences
Box 15.2 Applications: Where are Spongesally Squarepants and Curious Jane?
Cultural Influences
Milestones in Gender Development
Infancy and Toddlerhood
Preschool Years
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Patterns of Gender Development
Physical Growth: Prenatal Development Through Adolescence
Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement
Interpersonal Goals and Communication
Aggressive Behaviour
Box 15.3 Applications: Sexual Harassment and Dating Violence
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Theme 1: Nature and Nurture: All Interactions, All the Time
Nature and Nurture Begin Interacting Before Birth
Infants’ Nature Elicits Nurture
Timing Matters
Nature Does Not Reveal Itself All at Once
Everything Influences Everything
Theme 2: Children Play Active Roles in Their Own Development
Self-Initiated Activity
Active Interpretation of Experience
Self-Regulation
Eliciting Reactions from Other People
Theme 3: Development Is Both Continuous and Discontinuous
Continuity/Discontinuity of Individual Differences
Continuity/Discontinuity of Overall Development: The Question of Stages
Theme 4: Mechanisms of Developmental Change
Biological Change Mechanisms
Behavioural Change Mechanisms
Cognitive Change Mechanisms
Change Mechanisms Work Together
Theme 5: The Sociocultural Context Shapes Development
Growing Up in Societies with Different Practices and Values
Growing Up in Different Times and Places
Growing Up in Different Circumstances Within a Society
Theme 6: Individual Differences
Breadth of Individual Differences at a Given Time
Stability Over Time
Predicting Future Individual Differences on Other Dimensions
Determinants of Individual Differences
Theme 7: Child-Development Research Can Improve Children’s Lives
Implications for Parenting
Implications for Education
Implications for Helping Children at Risk
Improving Social Policy
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Test Yourself
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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