Hormone Related Cancer Mechanistic and Nanomedicines: Challenges and Prospects

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Challenges and Opportunities in the Delivery of Oral Anticancer Therapeutics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Oral Anticancer Drug Delivery Route: Challenges & Opportunities
1.2.1 Current Challenges in Oral Anticancer Drug Delivery
1.3 Conclusion
References
2: Nanotechnology in the Management of Hormonal Cancer
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Cancer Classification and Pathophysiology
2.1.2 Theory of Cancer Initiation
2.2 Hormonal Cancer
2.2.1 Types of Hormonal Cancer
2.2.1.1 Breast Cancer
2.2.1.2 Cervical Cancer
2.2.1.3 Endometrial Cancer
2.2.1.4 Prostate Cancer
2.3 Limitations of Conventional Treatment and Opportunities for Cancer Treatment
2.4 Targeted Drug Delivery
2.5 Advanced Drug Delivery System for the Management of Hormonal Cancers
2.6 Nanomedicine-Based Therapies for Hormonal Cancers
2.6.1 Lipidic Nanoparticles
2.6.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
2.6.3 Inorganing Nanoparticle
2.6.4 Caron Nanotubes and Carbon Dots-Based Hormonal Cancer Therapies
2.6.5 Miscellaneous
2.7 Peptide-Based Anti-Tumour Approaches for Hormonal Cancers
2.8 Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomedicine Targeting Hormonal Cancers
2.8.1 DNA-Based Nano-Therapeutics Targeting Hormonal Cancers
2.8.2 RNA-Based Anti-Cancer Nano-Therapeutics for Hormonal Cancers
2.9 Translational Potential and Clinical Advances in Innovative Treatment of Hormonal Cancers
2.10 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
3: Progress of Cancer Nano Medicine, Clinical Hurdles, and Opportunities
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Using the Next-Generation of Cancer Nanomedicine
3.3 Viral Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
3.4 Nanocarrier´s Properties
3.4.1 Physicochemical Properties
3.4.2 Solubility, Degradation, and Clearance Are all Factors to Consider
3.5 Targeting
3.5.1 Tumor Targeting
3.5.2 Targeting via the EPR
3.5.3 Active Targeting
3.5.4 Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Imaging
3.6 Challenges and Barrier in Success of Nanomedicine for Cancer
3.7 Progress in Nanomedicines
3.8 Summary and Future Perspective
References
4: Emergence of Nanohybrids in Hormonal Cancer-Targeted Therapy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hormone-Related Cancer
4.2.1 Breast Cancer
4.2.2 Ovarian Cancer
4.2.3 Prostate Cancer
4.2.4 Endometrial Carcinoma (EC)
4.3 Treatment Modalities of Hormone-Related Cancer
4.3.1 Breast Cancer
4.3.2 Ovarian Cancer
4.3.3 Prostate Cancer
4.3.4 Endometrial Cancer
4.4 What Is Nanohybrid?
4.4.1 Nanohybrids in Cancer
4.4.2 Advantages of Nanohybrids
4.4.3 Disadvantages of Nanohybrids
4.5 Nanohybrids in Hormone-Related Cancer
4.5.1 Nanohybrids in Breast Cancer
4.5.2 Prostate Cancer
4.5.3 Endometrial (Cervical Cancer)
4.5.4 Ovarian Cancer
References
5: Conventional to Nanoscale-Based Carrier Systems in the Management of Ovarian Cancer
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Conventional Therapies Used to Combat Ovarian Cancer
5.1.1.1 Surgery
5.1.1.2 Chemotherapy
5.1.1.3 Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
5.1.1.4 Hormone Therapy
5.1.1.5 Radiation Therapy
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy
Systemic Radiation Therapy
Radioimmunotherapy
5.1.1.6 Monoclonal Antibodies
5.2 Molecular Targets and Cellular Pathways Associated with Ovarian Cancer
5.2.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
5.2.2 (PI3K)/AKT Pathway
5.2.3 Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP)
5.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
5.3.1 Passive Drug Delivery Systems
5.3.2 Active Drug Delivery System
5.3.3 Materials for Fabrication of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
5.3.3.1 Biodegradable Polymers Used in the Fabrication of Nanoparticles
5.3.4 Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery in Ovarian Cancer Therapy
5.3.4.1 Nanoparticles
5.3.4.2 Liposomes
5.3.4.3 Nanomicelles
5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6: Pancreatic Cancer: Nanoparticle Targeted Therapy Via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pancreatic Cancer
6.2.1 Treatment Options for Pancreatic Cancer
6.2.2 Chemotherapy
6.2.2.1 Limitations of Current Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer
6.3 Alternative to Conventional Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer Management
6.3.1 Potential Drugs Other than Standard of Care
6.3.2 Different Types of Nanocarriers Used against Pancreatic Cancer
6.3.2.1 Polymer
6.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
6.3.2.3 Iron
6.3.2.4 Gold Nano
6.4 Combination Chemotherapy
6.4.1 Cancer Nanotherapeutics
6.4.2 Targeted Pancreatic Cancer Nanomedicines
6.5 Significance of EGFR as a Target
References
7: Nanocarriers-Based Targeted Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer and Challenges Ahead
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Pathophysiology of Pancreatic Cancer and their Types
7.2 Targeted Therapy
7.2.1 Targeting Surface Receptors
7.2.1.1 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), VEGF and IGF Receptor Targeted Delivery
7.2.1.2 Targeting Transferrin Receptors (TFRC)
7.2.1.3 Folate Receptor (FR)
7.2.2 Targeting Signalling Pathway in PDAC
7.2.2.1 KRAS Signalling
7.2.2.2 TGF-beta Signalling
7.2.2.3 Hedgehog Signalling
7.2.2.4 Notch and Wnt Signalling
7.2.3 Tumour-Specific Nanotherapeutics for Targeting PDAC
7.2.3.1 Chemoprotective Drug Delivery Via NPs
7.2.3.2 Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of siRNAs
7.2.3.3 Photothermal Therapy by Inorganic Nanomaterials
7.3 Clinical Trials
7.4 Challenges for Nanocarriers-Based Targeted Therapies
7.4.1 Physiological Barriers
7.4.2 Challenges in Clinical
7.4.2.1 Controllable and Reproducible Synthesis
7.4.2.2 Evaluation and Screening
7.4.3 Manufacturing on a Large Scale
7.4.4 Funding
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Pancreatic Cancer Treatment by Using Theragnostic Nanoparticles
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Targeting Surface Receptors
8.1.1.1 Transferrin Receptors (TFRC)
8.1.1.2 Folate Receptor (FR)
8.1.1.3 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/HER1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and Insulin-like Growth Facto...
8.2 Pancreatic Microenvironment and Impact of Nanocarriers
8.2.1 Mechanisms of NPs Accumulation in Tumors
8.2.2 Nanocarriers-Loaded Drug Delivery Systems for PC Therapy
8.2.3 Circulating Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer Early Diagnosis
8.2.4 The ``Bio-Nano´´ Interface in Cancer Nanotechnology
8.3 Theranostic Nanoparticles
8.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
9: Nanomedicine-Based Combinational Therapy for Breast Cancer
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanotherapy for Breast Cancer
9.2.1 Nanoparticulate-Based Systems for Cancer Treatment
9.2.1.1 Selection Criteria
9.2.1.2 Clinical Modalities
9.2.1.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles or Polymersomes
9.2.1.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles
9.2.2 Innovative Nanotherapies
9.2.2.1 Nanotherapies for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)
9.2.2.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Photothermal Ablation
9.2.2.3 Nanotherapy of Breast Cancer Stem Cells (BCSCs)
9.2.2.4 Nanotherapy to Tackle Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer
9.3 Combination Therapies in Breast Cancer Management
9.3.1 The Current Status of Combination Therapies in Breast Cancer
9.3.2 Novel Approaches for Combination Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer Management
9.4 Clinical Trials on Combinational Nano Therapy for Breast Cancer
9.5 Limitations of Nanotherapy for Breast Cancer
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Nanoliposomal System for Breast Cancer Therapy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Breast Cancer Characteristics and Novel Targets
10.3 Different Types of Nanoliposomes-Based Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer
10.4 Advances in Nanoliposomes-Based Drug Delivery for Therapeutic Intervention in Breast Cancer
10.5 Challenges in Translation of Nanoliposomes-Based Drug Delivery in Clinical Settings
10.6 Conclusion
References
11: Conventional to Nanotherapeutic Strategies against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conventional Approaches for the Treatment of TNBC
11.3 Nanomedicine-Based Strategies for Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
11.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Polymeric Micelles
11.3.2 Metal and Inorganic Nanoparticles
11.3.3 Lipid-Based Nanosystems
11.3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomedicines
11.4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
References
12: Effect of Thymoquinone and its Delivery through Using of Nanomedicine in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
12.2.1 Cause
12.2.2 Mechanisms of Cause of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
12.2.3 Symptoms of Benign Hyperplasia
12.3 Thymoquinone
12.3.1 Properties
12.3.2 Pharmacology and Mechanism of TQ
12.3.3 Other Combination of Drug
12.4 Nanomedicines of TQ
12.4.1 Type of TQ Nanoparticles
12.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticle of TQ PLGA and beta-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles
12.4.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle of TQ
12.4.1.3 Chitosan-Based TQNP
12.4.1.4 Thymoquinone Loaded Gold Nanoparticle
12.5 Conclusion
References
13: Concept of Nanomedicine in Endocrine Hormone Cancer Treatment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Steroid-Based Hormone Receptors in Cancer Biology
13.2.1 Leukaemia and Glucocorticoid
13.2.2 Breast Cancer and Oestrogen
13.2.3 Prostate Cancer and Androgen
13.2.4 Ovarian Cancer and Progesterone
13.2.5 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
13.3 Rationale of Nanomedicine in Hormone-Based Cancer Therapy
13.4 Recent Development in Nanomedicine-Based Hormone Cancer Therapy
13.5 Clinical Status
13.6 Conclusion
References
14: Neurocognitive Underpinning of Neurological Disorders: Role of Default Mode Network
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Default Mode Network Dysfunctions in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
14.2.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
14.2.2 Parkinson´s Disease
14.2.3 Schizophrenia
14.2.4 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
14.2.5 Autism
14.2.6 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
14.2.7 Glioma
14.2.8 DMN in Addiction
14.2.9 Epilepsy
14.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
15: Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Endometrium Convention Treatment Approach to Nanomedicine
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Neuroendocrine System
15.3 Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
15.4 Endometrial Carcinoma
15.5 Diagnosis
15.6 Neuroendocrine Endometrium Carcinoma Management
15.7 Chemoradiation
15.8 Chemotherapy
15.9 Pelvic Radiation
15.10 Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy
15.11 Targeted Therapies and Future Perspectives
References
16: Effective Luteinizing Hormone Drug Delivery by Nanocarriers in Hormonal Cancer Treatment
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Hormonal Cancer
16.2 Nanoparticles (NPs)
16.2.1 Drug Delivery System
16.2.1.1 Single Drug Delivery System (SDDS)
16.2.1.2 Targeted Drug Delivery System (TDDS)
16.2.1.3 Dual Drug Delivery System (DDDS)
16.3 LHRH Drug Delivery by Nano Carriers
16.3.1 Inorganic-Based Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
16.3.2 Dendrimers Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
16.3.3 Liposomes and Lipid-Based Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
16.3.4 Polymers Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
16.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
16.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
17: Regulatory Landscapes in Approval of Cancer Vaccines
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Overview of Cancer Vaccines and its Types
17.2.1 Cellular-Based Strategies
17.2.2 Peptide-Based Strategies
17.2.3 APC-Based Strategies
17.2.3.1 Dendritic Cells
17.2.4 Tumor-Based Strategies
17.2.4.1 Cell Lines
17.2.4.2 Autologous Tumor Cells
17.2.5 Virus-Based Strategies
17.3 Regulatory Considerations
17.3.1 Quality Considerations
17.3.2 Non-clinical Considerations
17.3.3 Clinical Considerations
17.3.3.1 Immune Status Pre- and Post-Vaccination
17.3.3.2 Changes Following Vaccination
17.4 Personalized Cancer Vaccines
17.5 Challenges in Personalized Vaccines
17.5.1 Selecting the Right Antigen: Improving Bioinformatics
17.5.2 Selecting the Right Combination
17.5.3 Choosing the Right Time: Adjuvant Vs. Palliative
17.5.4 Tumor Evolution and Loss of Antigen
17.6 Conclusion
References