This book describes, using first-person accounts, the history of the development in the Soviet Union and, later, in Russia of an extremely important technical field and how that history was influenced by WWI, WWII, and the Cold War, by government bureaucracy, in both positive and negative ways, by the economic collapse of the Soviet Union, and most importantly, by the dedicated efforts of vast numbers of individuals, including some of the greatest scientific minds of the 20th century. It will make fascinating reading for engineers and scientists who were engaged in similar work in the West, for historians of the Cold War and of the Soviet Union, and for present day researchers who need to learn about Russian scientific contributions. Because of its importance to national security, much of the research and development effort in underwater acoustics was classified during the Cold War, both in the Soviet Union and the United States. This book presents the first declassified accounts of the development of numerous hydroacoustic systems by individuals having first-hand knowledge of the development efforts. Contents: Introduction: Underwater Acoustics and the Ocean; Hydroacoustics in Russia from the 19th Century to the Present Time; The Physics of Underwater Sound; Laying the Scientific and Practical Foundation for Home Hydroacoustics; Submarines Hydroacoustic Equipment; Sonar Systems for Surface Ships; Stationary Sonar Systems; Specialized Hydroacoustic Systems; Sonar Arrays; The Role of the Radio Engineering Department and the Naval RI in the Creation of Hydroacoustic Equipment; Organization of Hydroacoustic Equipment Development; Training of Hydroacoustics Engineering and Research Personnel; Veterans Remember.
Author(s): Oleg A. Godin, David R. Palmer
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 1211
Tags: Приборостроение;Акустика и звукотехника;Гидроакустика;
Contents......Page 12
Preface to the English Edition......Page 6
Preface to the Russian Version: A Word to the Reader......Page 10
I. Introduction: Underwater Acoustics and the Ocean......Page 22
Hydroacoustics: What is it? M. V. Zhurkovich......Page 24
Listening to the Great Unknown: The Ocean L. M. Brekhovskikh......Page 28
1. Life is Everywhere......Page 30
2. Space and the Ocean: The Riches of the Ocean......Page 32
3. What is Next?......Page 36
II. Hydroacoustics in Russia from the 19th Century to the Present Time......Page 38
1. The Beginnings of Hydroacoustics in Russia......Page 40
2. The Development of Hydroacoustics in Russia from 1917 to the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War......Page 60
3. Hydroacoustics during the Great Patriotic War......Page 72
4. 1941......Page 73
6. 1943......Page 76
7. 1944......Page 78
8. 1945......Page 80
9. The Development of the Country’s Hydroacoustics in the Post-war Period......Page 84
III. The Physics of Underwater Sound......Page 90
The Development of Sound Propagation Theory in the USSR and in Russia V. V. Goncharov......Page 92
References......Page 134
Soviet and Russian Studies of Underwater Sound Scattering and Acoustic Signal Fluctuations E. P. Gulin and Yu. P. Lysanov......Page 142
1. Methods of Calculation of the Acoustic Field Scattered from a Rough Surface......Page 144
2. Methods of Calculation of the Acoustic Field Scattered from Volume Inhomogeneities......Page 157
3. Acoustic Signal Fluctuations Caused by Scattering from a Rough Ocean Surface (Calculations and Experiment); Surface Reverberation (Backscattering)......Page 173
4. Fluctuations due to Scattering from Ocean Volume Inhomogeneities (Calculations and Experiments); Volume Reverberation......Page 187
5. Sound Scattering from the Seafloor (Calculations and Experiments)......Page 203
6. Summary......Page 210
References......Page 215
7.2. Collected Papers of L. M. Brekhovskikh’s Conferences on Ocean Acoustics......Page 216
Russian Investigations of Ocean Noise B. F. Kuryanov......Page 218
1. The Beginnings......Page 219
2. Ocean Noise Measurement Instrumentation and Experiments......Page 220
2.1. Ocean noise experiments with the use of cabled seabed systems......Page 221
2.3. Vertical directivity of noise......Page 225
2.5. Depth dependence of noise......Page 228
3.1. Physical mechanisms of noise generation by sources near the surface of the sea......Page 230
3.2. Ray models of noise propagation in the ocean......Page 234
3.3. Wave models of noise in a horizontally homogeneous (layered) medium......Page 237
3.4. Noise in randomly inhomogeneous media......Page 241
3.5. A range-dependent channel......Page 244
3.6. “Vectorial” description of ocean noise......Page 245
4. What is Next?......Page 246
References......Page 247
IV. Laying the Scienti.c and Practical Foundation for Home Hydroacoustics......Page 256
Vodtranspribor — The Alma Mater of Engineering of Home Hydroacoustic Instrument V. A. Bersenev and B. Ya. Golubchik......Page 258
1. Underwater Acoustic Surveillance Systems......Page 274
3. Ultrasonic Surveillance and Communication Systems......Page 275
5. Special-Application Hydroacoustic Instruments......Page 276
The Morfizpribor Central Research Institute (CRI) and Its Role in the Development of Home Hydroacoustics Yu. A. Koryakin, A. I. Shamparov and G. V. Yakovlev......Page 308
1. Introduction......Page 324
2. Theoretical Research......Page 338
3. Research in Ocean Acoustics......Page 341
4. Work in the Area of Sound Reception and Transmission, Acoustic Transducer Research......Page 347
5. Investigation of Primary Acoustic Fields and Acoustic Protection of Surface Ships and Submarines......Page 351
6. Investigation of Secondary Acoustic Fields and Work to Reduce the Level of Echo Signals from Surface Ships and Submarines......Page 352
7. Work on Hydroacoustic Classification of Marine Objects......Page 354
8. Work on Sonar Communication......Page 359
9. Reducing Sonar Noise......Page 360
10. Investigations in the Field of Passive and Active Submarine Sound Ranging......Page 362
11. Creation and Refinement of Navy Hydroacoustic Equipment......Page 368
12. The Modern Stage of Activities of the Institute of Acoustics......Page 371
The History ofCreation and theWork of the Sukhumi Marine Research Station of ACIN RAS Yu. M. Sukharevsky......Page 375
Development of Some Topics in Hydroacoustics at the Acad. A. N. Krylov CRI B. P. Grigoryev, V. S. Ivanov, V. A. Kolyshnitsyn, V. M. Platonov, V. N. Romanov, A. V. Smolyakov and V. Ye. Yakovlev......Page 394
1. Organization of the Research into the Problem of Reducing Noise......Page 395
2. Some Characteristics of the Work on the Problem of Reducing a Submarine’s Self-Noise......Page 397
3. The Principal Characteristics of the Work on Reducing Acoustic Noise on Surface Ships......Page 407
4. On the History of Research on Hydrodynamic Noise Recorded by Ship-Mounted Sonars......Page 412
5. Development and Refinement of Dome Structures for Sonar Main Arrays......Page 418
References......Page 420
1. The Rise and the Development of the Institute......Page 421
2. Personnel......Page 422
3. Scientific and Technological Development of the Institute......Page 424
The P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology: Its Place and Role in Home Hydroacoustics I. I. Tynyankin......Page 432
1. Experimental Research......Page 439
1.1. Experiments in the Indian Ocean......Page 440
1.3. Peculiarities of sound propagation in a depression east of Saya de Malla Bank......Page 441
1.4. Experiments in the Mediterranean Sea (1988)......Page 442
1.5. Discovery of weakly diverging beams......Page 443
1.6. An experiment on an inter-thermocline lens......Page 444
1.7. Ocean acoustic tomography......Page 445
1.9. A tomographic experiment in the Mediterranean Sea......Page 446
2. Theoretical Research......Page 447
3. Equipment Design and Manufacture......Page 449
Hydroacoustics Development at the Institutes of Nizhny Novgorod V. A. Zverev......Page 450
1. The Development of Naval Acoustics in Nizhny Novgorod......Page 452
2. Work of IAP in the Area of Hydroacoustics......Page 456
3. Active Methods of Noise-Free Target Detection as a New Stage in Hydroacoustic Development......Page 458
A Brief Overview of Hydroacoustic Investigations at Research Institutions of the Sakhalin Yu. S. Shumilov......Page 465
Overview of Hydroacoustic Investigations Conducted by Research Organizations of the Kamchatka A. D. Konson, G. Ye. Smirnov and Yu. S. Shumilov......Page 469
V. Submarine Hydroacoustic Equipment......Page 474
Hydroacoustic Systems for Submarines of the Pre-World War II and First Post-War Generations V. E. Zelyakh......Page 476
The Sonar System Kerch: The History of its Creation B. Ya. Golubchik......Page 492
The Birth of Rubin Yu. A. Mikhailov......Page 505
Remembering Yenisei V. B. Idin......Page 515
About the Sonar Rubikon Yu. A. Mikhailov......Page 523
Third Generation of Acoustic Systems for Submarines: The Sonar System Skat M. V. Zhurkovich, V. E. Zelyakh, V. B. Idin and I. N. Dynin......Page 529
Creation of the Sonar System Skat-3 V. A. Kakalov......Page 557
Creation of First Domestic Classification Systems for Submarine Sonar Systems Yu. S. Perelmuter......Page 566
Equipment for Sound Signal Detection (SSD) I. M. Strelkov......Page 578
VI. Sonar Systems for Surface Ships......Page 588
1. Introduction......Page 590
2. Tamir-11 Sonar......Page 592
3. Gerkules Sonar......Page 593
4. Pegas Sonar......Page 594
6. Titan and Vychegda Sonars......Page 595
7. Shelon Sonar......Page 597
8. Orion Sonar......Page 599
9. Platina Sonar......Page 601
10. Polinom Sonar......Page 605
11. Polinom TA Sonar......Page 609
History of Development of Sonar Systems Production at the Taganrog Priboy Plant N. N. Borisenko......Page 611
VII. Stationary Sonar Systems......Page 620
Stationary and Self-contained Sonars for Submarine Detection L. B. Karlov and Ya. S. Karlik......Page 622
The History of the Development of the Volkhov Land-Based Sonar V. N. Kanareykin and E. V. Yakovlev......Page 630
The History of the Development of the Liman Land-Based Sonar System G. I. Afrutkin and V. S. Kasatkin......Page 635
The Liman M Infrasonic Stationary Sonar G. I. Afrutkin......Page 644
The Amur Land-Based Passive Sonar E. V. Batanogov and L. B. Karlov......Page 649
The Birth of the Agam Sonar V. V. Demyanovich......Page 658
The Beginning of the Development of the Dnestr Sonar System B. I. Lashkov......Page 689
The Dnestr — A Breakthrough in Early Sonar Detection R. Kh. Balyan......Page 698
The Story of the Participation of the Lazurit CDB in the Development of Array Systems for Stationary Sonars G. V. Vityugov, Yu. K. Druzhinin and N. I. Kvasha......Page 704
VIII. Specialized Hydroacoustic Systems......Page 712
Sonars for Anchored Mines V. E. Zelyakh......Page 714
Krab: A Fuse for Acoustic Mines Z. N. Umikov......Page 734
Hydroacoustic Navigation and Positioning Aids with Transponder Beacons and Emergency Signal Sources Yu. A. Nikolayenko......Page 743
From the History of the Engineering of Domestic Echo Sounding Equipment I. M. Korotkin, P. M. Nefedov, Yu. M. Tarasyuk and L. S. Filimonov......Page 750
1. The Echo Sounder was Born in Murmansk......Page 758
2. The Echo Sounder at the North Pole......Page 761
1. Instead of a Preface......Page 763
2. Instead of the Main Contents......Page 765
3. Instead of a Conclusion......Page 793
On Search and Survey Sonars A. V. Bogorodsky......Page 794
Domestic Hydroacoustic Sound Speed Meters V. A. Komlyakov......Page 805
Hydroacoustic Doppler Logs A. G. Zatsepin......Page 822
Sonar Countermeasures and Deception Aids A. O. Markovsky......Page 828
1. A New Period in Hydroacoustics......Page 834
2. A System Solution to System Problems......Page 835
3. The First Experience with Adaptive System Development......Page 838
4. Expanding the Scope of Tasks......Page 841
5. Operational Freedom; Where the Seven Winds Blow…......Page 845
IX. Sonar Arrays......Page 852
The Types of Sonar Arrays and the Stages of Their Development A. A. Shabrov......Page 854
1. The First Steps......Page 863
2. Into the Depth of the Problem......Page 865
3. Full-Scale Research......Page 867
4. Getting to Submarine Lines......Page 868
5. Full-Scale Examination and Results......Page 871
6. Results and Thoughts......Page 876
On the Basic Themes in Submarine Bow Sonar Array Development M. D. Smaryshev......Page 878
A History of Creation of Towed, Flexible, Extended Arrays V. I. Pozern......Page 888
1. Finding an “Ecological Niche” for Towed, Flexible, Extended Arrays (TFEA)......Page 889
2. “Science” and the Equipment......Page 890
3. Development of the TFEA Design......Page 892
4. Manufacture of the TFEA’s......Page 893
5. Conduct of the TFEA Trials......Page 894
6. Introduction of the TFEA’s......Page 896
7. About the Working Body......Page 898
9. Conclusion......Page 900
The History of the Stepped Array G. Kh. Golubeva......Page 901
About Parametric Arrays D. B. Ostrovsky......Page 907
A Nostalgia for Domes V. T. Malyarova and Ye. L. Shenderov......Page 945
Sonar Array Screens V. Ye. Glazanov......Page 952
Piezoactive Materials in Hydroacoustics I. A. Serova......Page 962
Notes on the Development Over the Last 35 Years of Methods for the Manufacture of Piezoelectric Transducers M. K. Busher......Page 982
Some Thoughts on the Strength of Sonar Equipment V. I. Kirillov and Yu. P. Mezhevitinov......Page 995
About the Acoustics Department of the Vodtranspribor Plant D. I. Kalyaeva and L. D. Stepanov......Page 1003
The History of Development of Hydroacoustic Measurements at the CRI Mor.zpribor N. N. Fedorov and R. I. Eikhfeld......Page 1008
X. The Role of the Radio Engineering Department and the Naval RI in the Creation of Hydroacoustic Equipment......Page 1030
The Naval Radio Engineering Department and Development of Hydroacoustics A. I. Barantsev and G. N. Korolkov......Page 1032
The Naval Research Institute of Radio Electronics and its Role in Home Hydroacoustics Development A. A. Baranenko......Page 1041
The Contribution of Researchers and Specialists of the Naval Institutes to the Creation of Submarine Hydroacoustic Systems K. P. Luginets......Page 1045
The Contribution of Researchers and Specialists of the Naval RIE to Solving Problems of Target Classi.cation A. I. Mashoshin......Page 1054
Contribution of Hydroacoustics Researchers of Naval RIE to Experimental Investigation of the World’s Oceans V. N. Matvienko......Page 1058
Hydroacoustic Investigations Carried out by the State Research Institute of Navigation and Hydrography of the RF Defense Ministry P. S. Volosov and A. V. Fedotov......Page 1067
Second Stage of Experimental Investigation......Page 1072
Third Stage of Experimental Investigation......Page 1073
The Work of the Military Agency at CRI Mor.zpribor L. B. Karlov and I. A. Yakovlev......Page 1075
XI. Organization of Hydroacoustic Equipment Development......Page 1084
The 10th Main Department of the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR: Its Role and Place in the Development of Home Hydroacoustics N. N. Sviridov and B. I. Trushchelev......Page 1086
XII. Training of Hydroacoustics Engineering and Research Personnel......Page 1092
The Department of Electroacoustics and Ultrasonic Engineering at SPb SEU (LETI) and its Role in the Development of the Acoustic Instrument Industry S. K. Pavros and Ye. D. Pigulevsky......Page 1094
The Branch Department of LETI at CRI Morfizpribor and its Role in Training Hydroacoustics Specialists M. D. Smaryshev......Page 1099
1. Command and Engineering Personnel Training......Page 1104
2. Training the Research Personnel......Page 1112
3. Research Work......Page 1114
5. The Department Graduates, Admirals......Page 1116
1. The Organization of the Chair of Acoustics at the Moscow State University......Page 1117
2. Development of the Vector-Phase Methods of Acoustic Fields Research......Page 1121
3. Creation of Its Own Experimental Facility and Further Development of Research in Hydroacoustics......Page 1125
4. Development of Applied Research into Vector-Phase Methods......Page 1128
5. Research into Fundamental Laws of Formation of Vector-Phase Structure of Acoustic Fields......Page 1133
7. Research into Vector-Phase Methods Application in Solving Applied Problems......Page 1135
8. Work on the Vector-Phase Method Metrological Support......Page 1137
1. Training of Engineering Personnel......Page 1139
2. Training of Research Personnel......Page 1143
3. Research......Page 1144
4. Expanded Training of Specialists......Page 1147
The History of Development of the Chair of Hydroacoustic Equipment at the A. S. Popov Naval School of Electronic Engineering V. A. Bledny, I. S. Zakharov and N. A. Ivanov......Page 1150
The Training of Specialists and Hydroacoustic Research at the Naval School of Underwater Navigation (NSUN) V. V. Rotin......Page 1158
The History of Teaching the Fundamentals of Hydroacoustics and Hydroacoustic Equipment at the M. V. Frunze Naval School A. V. Lavrentyev, A. S. Pravodelov and V. V. Samsonov......Page 1162
XIII. Veterans Remember......Page 1166
Russia’s First Hydroacoustic Laboratory: The Forging of Specialists for the Industry M. V. Zhurkovich and Z. N. Umikov......Page 1168
Project SIGAK: The First Use of the Underwater Sound Channel in Support of Navy Needs V. B. Idin......Page 1181
Our Help to the People’s Republic of China with Developing Hydroacoustic Equipment V. N. Kanareykin and A. N. Maksimov......Page 1187
Neptune’s Underwater World through the Eyes of a Chief Designer Ya. S. Karlik......Page 1194
Northern Fleet Training with the Participation of the Naval Institute of Electronics and CRI Mor.zpribor L. B. Karlov......Page 1200
Military Application of Hydroacoustics: The First Non-Periscope Attacks by Soviet Submariners V. F. Martynyuk, Yu. F. Tarasyuk and L. S. Filimonov......Page 1208
2. Fish “Hydronic” Signals......Page 1214
3. Eva Victorovna Nikratidu......Page 1217
4. Azov Sea Porpoise Transmits High-Frequency Signals......Page 1220
5. Marianna and Continuation of the Research......Page 1221
6. How Many Hearing Systems do Dolphins Have? The Discovery of the “Critical Interval”......Page 1225
7. Composition of Dolphin’s Probing Signal......Page 1227
8. The Book Sensory Basis of Cetacean Orientation......Page 1228
9. How a Dolphin Emits his Clicks......Page 1229
10. Feature-Based Description of the Signal......Page 1230
11. Conclusion......Page 1231
Index......Page 1234
