This engaging textbook provides a broad and unique coverage of the key historical events that shaped ideas in criminology, criminal justice and policing from the late seventeenth century to the early twenty-first century in England and Wales. It vividly illustrates the multi-disciplinary nature of criminology and penology by providing important insights into the social and political issues that shaped the development and operations of the criminal justice system and its responses to both crime and disorder. Using key text boxes, this book highlights key people, theorists, foundational principles and events throughout. Part One discusses the nature of crime and forms of punishment between 1689 and 1750 and the penological concerns regarding the aims of punishment. Part Two focuses on crime and disorder between 1750 and 1850, examining the impact of urbanization on criminal activity and it considers the background and state responses to key episodes of public disorder. Part Three covers the development of policing 1689-1856 and the contribution to policing made by reformers and the implementation of police reform. Part Four deals with a number of issues affecting crime and punishment between 1850 and 1920 including episodes such as Irish Home Rule within the context of ‘high policing’. It evaluates changes to the nature and role of prisons that occurred in this period. This student-friendly book contains end of chapter questions which summarise and enable further discussion.
Author(s): Peter Joyce, Wendy Laverick
Edition: 1
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Commentary: TruePDF
Pages: 390
Tags: History Of Criminology; Crime Control And Security; Prison And Punishment; Crime And Society; Legal History; European History
Preface
References
Contents
List of Figures
Part I Crime and Punishment, 1689–1750
1 Introduction
The 1689 Bill of Rights and the English Legal System
Introduction
Monmouth’s Rebellion and the 1689 Bill of Rights
Monmouth’s Rebellion and the ‘Bloody Assizes’
The ‘Glorious Revolution’ and the 1689 Bill of Rights
The Punishment of Crime—The Juridical Perspective
Reductivism
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Reform and Rehabilitation
Retributivism
Denunciation
Methods Used to Punish Crime in the Eighteenth Century
The Death Penalty
Selective Use of the Death Penalty
Benefit of Clergy
Other Penalties for Felonies
Transportation
Custodial Sentences
Penalties for Misdemeanours
Fines
Branding
The Stocks and the Pillory
Flogging
Conclusion
References
2 The Character and Nature of Crime in the Early Eighteenth Century
Introduction
Traditional Forms of Crime
Robbery and Highwaymen
Piracy
Slavery and the Slave Trade
Smuggling
Wrecking
Poaching
The Growth of Towns and New Forms of Crime in the Early Eighteenth Century
Causes of Early Eighteenth-Century Crime—Anomie Theory
The Nature of Early Eighteenth-Century Crime
Women and Crime
The Role of Receivers
Conclusion
References
3 Urban Policing
Introduction
The 1285 Statute of Winchester
The Hue and Cry and Posse Comitatus
Parish Constables, Night Watchmen and Beadles
Parish Constables
The Night Watch
Beadles
Special Constables
Privately Funded Police Work
The Erosion of the Voluntary Principle
The Detection of Crime
Thief Takers
Public Order Policing
Examples of Early Eighteenth-Century Disorders
The Sacheverall and High Church Riots (1710)
The Spitalfields Weavers’ Riots 1719
Conclusion
References
Part II Crime and Disorder 1750–1850
4 Crowd Disorders, 1750–1800
Introduction
The Crowd in Eighteenth-Century Politics
Disorders 1750–1800
Food Riots
The 1766 Food Riots
Food Riots in the 1790s
Spitalfield Weavers’ Disorders
The John Wilkes Agitation (1768)
The Gordon Riots (1780)
Aftermath and Consequences of the Gordon Riots
Conclusion
References
5 Public Disorder and the state’s Response, 1800–1850
Introduction
Disorders in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
The Industrial Revolution and Public Disorder
Luddism
Trade Unionism and the Tolpuddle Martyrs
Key Events Associated with the Radical Politics—Plots and Conspiracies
The Despard Conspiracy (1802)
The Cato Street Conspiracy (1820)
Key Events Associated with Radical Politics—The Reform of the Conventional Political System
Spa Fields
Peterloo
The 1831 Bristol Riots (October 29–31)
Chartism and the Policing of Political Disorder
Chartism and Political Disorder
The Chartist Revival (1842)
The Chartist Revival (1848)
Rural Disorder
Public Order Policing, 1750–1850
The Physical Response to Disorder
The ‘Old’ Policing System
The Military
The Militia
The Yeomanry
Professional Police Forces
The Special Constabulary
Ad Hoc Initiatives
Political Policing—1750–1850
The Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Secret State
Informants/spies
Infiltration
Other Sources of Information
Conclusion
References
6 Reform of Prisons, the Penal Code and Legal System
Introduction
Sociological Perspectives to the Punishment of Offenders: Durkheim and Weber
Durkheim
Weber
Prison Reformers
Sir George Onesiphorus Paul
Elizabeth Fry
Jeremy Bentham
The Separate and Silent Systems
The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Legal System
The Court System
The Court of Assize
The Court of Quarter Sessions
Trial Procedure
Grand Juries
Trial (or Petty Juries)
Reform of the Penal Code in the Nineteenth Century
Abolition of the Death Penalty
Consolidation of the Legal Code
Reform to Other Punishments
Brandings
Fines
Whipping
William Garrow and Reforms to Legal Procedure
Conclusion
References
Part III The Development of Professional Policing from the Late Eighteenth Century—1856
7 Police Reformers and Police Reform in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
Introduction
The Context of Crime and Disorder—Urban Population Growth
Eighteenth-Century Views Regarding the Causes of Crime and Responses to It
Police Reformers and Police Reform
Henry and John Fielding and the Bow Street Runners
The Bow Street Runners
Patrick Colquhoun and Police Reform
Jeremy Bentham and Police Reform
The 1780 Gordon Riots and Police Reform
Conclusion
References
8 The Development of Professional Policing in London
Introduction
Background to the Formation of the Metropolitan Police Force
Population Growth
Violence and Disorder in London
Peel and Police Reform
The Development of Professional Policing in London
The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act
Creation of the City of London Police Force (1839)
The Slow Take up of Professional Policing Outside of London
Difficulty in Securing Appropriate Recruits
Police Reform and Civil Liberties
Cost
Propping up the Old System
Local Improvement Acts
Police Reform and Civil and Political Liberties
Joseph Fouché and the ‘Continental Model of Policing’
Initial Popular Dissent Towards Policing
The Philosophy of Policing—Legitimacy and Consent
The Legitimacy of the Police
Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing
Theory into Practice—The Underpinnings of Policing by Consent: Creating Trust and Confidence
Local Organisation, Control and Accountability
The Preventive Style of Policing
The Rule of Law and Police Powers
Minimum Force
The Service Role of Policing
Recruitment
Conclusion
References
9 The Development of Professional Policing in England and Wales (Outside of London)
Introduction
Pressures for Police Reform
The Imposition of Social Discipline on the Working Class
The New Poor Law and Police Reform
The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act
The 1839 County Police Act
Special Police Legislation
The 1856 County and Borough Police Act
The 1856 County and Borough Police Act: Summary
The Development of Professional Policing in Ireland
The Irish Constabulary
Policing in Dublin
The Ethos of Irish Policing
The Development of Professional Policing in Scotland
Conclusion
References
Part IV Crime and Punishment 1850–1920
10 Issues Affecting Policing 1850–1920
Introduction
Policing in the Middle Decades of the Nineteenth Century
Recruitment and Retention
Changes to Police Governance in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century
Late Nineteenth-Century Legislation
The Role of Central Government
The Role of Chief Constables
Chief Constables and Watch Committees
Key Issues Affecting Policing in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century
Corrupt Behaviour in Policing
Police Industrial Action
Women and Policing
Formation of the Women Police
Policing by Consent
Orthodox Police Historians
Revisionist Police Historians
Police Property
Conclusion
References
11 Policing Politically Motivated Activities 1850–1920
Introduction
Disorders in the Middle Decades of the Nineteenth Century
The Murphy Riots (1866–1871)
The 1866 Hyde Park Riot
Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Public Disorder
Socialist Societies and Organisations
Demonstrations
‘Black Monday’
‘Bloody Sunday’
Consequences of These Events
Policing Industrial Unrest in the Late Nineteenth Century
Developments Affecting Working-Class Politics
Examples of Late Nineteenth-Century Industrial Militancy
The London Dock Strike (1889)
Disorder in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century
Policing Industrial Unrest 1909–1914
The South Wales Miners’ Dispute 1910–1911
The 1911 Transport Strikes
The National Coal Strike 1912
Policing the Suffragette Campaign
Irish Home Rule
Revolt to Revolution—Disorder in Ireland
The Physical Response to Political Actions: The Role of the Military
The Intelligence-Gathering Response to Political Actions
High Policing
‘High Policing’—The Formation of Special Branch
‘High Policing’—The Formation of the Security Service
Conclusion
References
12 Responses to Crime
Introduction
Crime and the Working Class
The ‘Criminal Class’
Crime Detection
Forensic Science
Serious Crime in the Latter Decades of the Nineteenth Century
Gang-Related Crime and the Formation of the Metropolitan Police Flying Squad
Examples of Serious Crime in the Late Nineteenth Century
The London Garrotting Panic 1862
The Ripper Murders
Disorderly Youths and Scuttling Gangs
Policing Hate Crime
Introduction
Racism Directed at Early Black and Asian Immigrants
Anti-immigrant Sentiment in the Early Twentieth Century
Racial Unrest 1914–1920
The Prosecution of Crime in the Late Nineteenth Century
Punishments in Late Nineteenth Century
Whipping
Penal Servitude
Prison Regimes and the Philosophy of Prisons After 1850
Prison Regimes
Women in Prisons
The Gladstone Report and the Role of Prisons
The Punishment of Young Offenders
The Origins of the Early Twentieth-Century Juvenile Justice System
Conclusion
References
Additional Resources
Index
