History of Civilizations of Central Asia : volumn VI : Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century

CONTENTS
PREFACE OF THE DIRECTOR - GENERAL OF UNESCO
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (from 1980 to 1993)
MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (since 1993)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
INTRODUCTION
CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
THE STATES OF CENTRAL ASIA
Introduction
The new political and strategic situation
The emirate of Bukhara
The khanate of Khiva
The khanate of Kokand
The principalities
The parameters of Russian expansion
The fate of Tashkent
The end of the campaigns
The campaign against Khiva
British reactions to the Khiva expedition
The end of the Kokand protectorate
Campaigns against the Turkmens
The surrender of Merv and the Afghan question
TRADE AND THE ECONOMY(SECOND HALF OF NINETEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY)
Introduction
The agrarian question
Infrastructure
Manufacturing and trade
Transforming societies
Conclusion
SOCIAL STRUCTURES IN CENTRAL ASIA
Settled populations in the oases
The nomadic population
Impact of Russian rule
The religious establishment
Water administrators
Artisans
Slaves
THE BRITISH IN CENTRAL ASIA
FROM THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY TO 1918
Iran
Afghanistan
Kashgharia
FROM 1918 TO THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY
The strategic context
TSARIST RUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA
Administration
Economic development
Banking and foreign capital
Relations with Islam
Scientific interest in Central Asia
Jadidism
ESTABLISHMENT OF SOVIET POWER IN CENTRAL ASIA ( 1917 -- 24)
INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL FERMENT
The role of religion
Intellectuals and poets among the nomadic peoples
Intellectuals and poets among the oasis peoples
The new generation of Jadids
Pan-Turkism
Impact of the Jadids
POLITICAL CHANGES AND STATE FORMATION
THE EVOLUTION OF NATION-STATES
From the 1850s to the 1920s
From the 1920s to the 1990s
Conclusion
UZBEKISTAN
Soviet Uzbekistan
Independent Uzbekistan
KAZAKHSTAN
The tsarist period
The Alash movement
Soviet history
Prior to independence
Independence
KYRGYZSTAN
The Kyrgyz under Russian colonial rule (1850--1917)
Soviet Kyrgyzstan (1917--91)
Economic developments
Population and social developments
Afterword
TAJIKISTAN
Political history
Economic and social development
Culture and science
Independence
TURKMENISTAN
Political developments (1850--60)
The Russian conquest
The Soviet era
THE SAYAN - ALTAI MOUNTAIN REGION AND SOUTH- EASTERN SIBERIA
Khakassia
Tuva
Altai
Buriatia
MONGOLIA
MONGOLIA FROM THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO 1919
The rise of the Qing empire and the dissolution of the world of Central Eurasia
Qing rule over the Mongols: organization and institutions
Mongol society in decline (from the mid-nineteenth century)
Mongolia in Russo-Qing relations (from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century)
Mongolia during the final years of the Qing
The 1911 Mongol declaration of independence and international relations
THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE's REVOLUTION OF 1921 AND THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE's REPUBLIC (1924--46)
The birth of the People's Republic
The suppression of Buddhism
Soviet purges in Mongolia
The MPR during the Second World War
THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE's REPUBLIC
On the path to democratization and the free market
WESTERN CHINA (XINJIANG)
From the mid-nineteenth century to 1911 revolution
The republican period (1912--49)
A new chapter in Xinjiang's history (October 1949 to 1990)
NORTH INDIA (EXCLUDING PAKISTAN AFTER 1947)
Early colonial rule
The revolt of 1857
After 1857
Early nationalism
Nationalism and Indian capitalists
The coming of Gandhi
Mass mobilization, independence and partition
Independent India
PAKISTAN (SINCE 1947)
The Ayub Khan era
The Yahya Khan regime
The Bhutto era
The Zia era
The democratic era
AFGHANISTAN
AFGHANISTAN FROM 1850 TO 1919
FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE RISE OF THE TALIBAN
IRAN AND ITS EASTERN REGIONS (1848 -- 1989)
The last Qajar kings (1848--1925)
The Pahlavi dynasty (1925--79)
The Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini (1979--89)
ENVIRONMENT, SOCIETY AND CULTURE
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA
Overview
South Asian landscapes
South-West Asia
THE STATUS OF WOMEN (1917--90)
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA
WOMEN's MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES IN THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN IRAN AND AFGHANISTAN
Iran and the Islamic Republic of Iran
Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN
India
Pakistan
EDUCATION, THE PRESS AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Education
The press
Public health
Conclusion
Appendix
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Afghanistan
Iran and the Islamic Republic of Iran
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Mongolia
North India
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
THE ART OF THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF CENTRAL ASIA
The overall cultural situation
Pottery
Copper embossing
Jewellery
Felt products
Carpet-making
Artistic fabrics
Printed cloth
Embroidery
Leather goods
Bone carving
Wood painting
Miniatures and other arts
Modern fine arts: painting in the twentieth century
Conclusion
THE ARTS IN EASTERN CENTRAL ASIA
THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF XINJIANG
The late Qing period (1850--1912)
The Republican period (1912--49)
The modern period (1949--90)
UIGHUR VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
The Uighur house
THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF MONGOLIA
Introduction
Fine arts from the `second conversion' to 1900
Buddhist architecture to 1900
Architecture and the fine arts in the early twentieth century
Fine arts, 1921--90
Architecture, 1921--90
The contemporary art scene
THE ARTS IN WESTERN AND SOUTHERN CENTRAL ASIA
IRAN AND AFGHANISTAN
INDIA AND PAKISTAN
CINEMA AND THEATRE
The tsarist colonial period
The Soviet period
The post-Soviet era
ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING IN NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA FROM THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST TO THE SOVIET PERIOD (1865--1990)
Introduction
Architecture and urban planning during the tsarist period (nineteenth and early twentieth centuries)
Architecture and urban planning during the Soviet period (1920s--90s)
Conclusion
LITERATURE IN PERSIAN AND OTHER INDO - IRANIAN LANGUAGES
LITERATURE IN PERSIAN
Neoclassicism (the Bazgasht school)
The dawn of enlightenment: the pre-constitutional period
The constitutional period: the outburst of social and political literature
The reign of Reza Shah and the beginnings of modern poetry
Breaking traditions: new poetry ( she`r-e now )
Fiction in modern Persian literature
LITERATURE IN DARI
Classical literature
Modern prose and journalism
Literature of resistance
Literary studies and novels
The post-communist period
LITERATURE IN TAJIK
LITERATURE IN OTHER INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES
Kashmiri
Punjabi
Sindhi
Urdu
LITERATURE IN TURKIC AND MONGOLIAN
LITERATURE IN TURKIC
Urban literature
The literature of the steppe and mountains
Conclusion
LITERATURE IN MONGOLIAN
Inner Mongolia and Dzungaria
Kalmukia
Buriatia
CONCLUSION
MAPS*
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
INDEX
History of civilizations of Central Asia