History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century

CONTENTS
PREFACE OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (from 1980 to 1993)
MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (since 1993)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
EDITORS' NOTE
INTRODUCTION
THE KHANATE (EMIRATE) OF BUKHARA
THE SHAYBANIDS
The Kazakhstan steppes and Transoxania in the late fifteenth century
Muhammad Shaybani
cAbdullah Khan
THE JANIDS (ASTARKHANIDS)
The establishment of Janid (Astarkhanid) power
The Bukhara khanate (1611--47)
THE MANGHITS
The rise of the Manghit dynasty
The consolidation of the Manghit dynasty
The Manghit system of government
THE KHANATES OF KHIVA AND KOKAND AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHANATES AND WITH OTHER POWERS
THE KHANATE OF KHIVA (KHWARAZM)
The sixteenth century
The seventeenth century
The eighteenth century
The nineteenth century
Russian intervention and European exploration
FERGHANA AND THE KHANATE OF KOKAND
The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
The eighteenth century
The nineteenth century
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHANATES AND WITH OTHER POWERS
The sixteenth century
The seventeenth century
The eighteenth century and the rise of Nadir Shah
THE KAZAKHS
Origins of the Kazakhs
Formation of the Kazakh khanate
The Kazakh hordes (zhuzs)
The Kazakh khanate from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century
The Dzungar invasion
Kazakhstan as a part of Russia; the struggle for independence
Herding, farming and urban life
Crafts
Kazakh military organization and arts
Material and spiritual culture
THE KYRGYZ
Diffusion of the Kyrgyz tribes
The Tian Shan Kyrgyz
Religion and beliefs of the Kyrgyz
The Kyrgyz in Transoxania and northern Afghanistan
The Kyrgyz in East Turkistan
War against the Dzungar khanate
The Kyrgyz after the fall of the Dzungar khanate
The northern Kyrgyz in the nineteenth century
Kyrgyz culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
The Russian conquest of Kyrgyzstan
THE TURKMENS
Origins and early history
The sixteenth century
The seventeenth century
Social structure
The first half of the eighteenth century: Nadir Shah
The second half of the eighteenth century
The nineteenth century
Russian expansion
The Turkmen character and way of life
THE DZUNGARS AND THE TORGUTS (KALMUKS), …
HISTORY OF THE DZUNGARS: INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
Origins of the Oirat confederation
The Oirats in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
The Oirats in the early seventeenth century
Khara Khula, the first chief of the Dzungars
The Torguts move to the Volga
Oirat power under Güüshi Khan of the Khoshots and Ba'atur Khongtaiji of the Dzungars
Galdan Boshoghtu, the Dzungar khan
Conflict between the Torgut chief Ayuki and the Dzungar chief Cewang Arabtan
Galdan Cering's reign and the fall of the Dzungar empire
The Torguts' return to the Ili and subsequent events
THE DZUNGARS AND THE TORGUTS (KALMUKS)IN CHINA
Torgut migrations towards the northern Tian Shan
The rise and fall of the Dzungar empire
The Torguts' return from the Volga
The socio-economic and cultural development of the Oirats
THE PEOPLES OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA IN THE SIXTEENTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
The western region of southern Siberia
The middle region of southern Siberia
The eastern region of southern Siberia
THE TARIM BASIN
The Tarim basin under the Chaghatay khanate
The Tarim basin under the Dzungar empire
The Tarim basin under the Qing
THE MONGOLS
The Mongol empire and its collapse (late fourteenth to late fifteenth century)
New state-building in Mongolia and the conversion to Buddhism (late fifteenth to early seventeenth century)
The Manchu conquest of Mongolia and the anti-Manchu uprisings (seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century)
Mongolia and its political status under Qing suzerainty
THE PAMIRS BADAKHSHAN AND THE TRANS-PAMIR STATES
THE PAMIRS AND BADAKHSHAN
The Pamirs
Badakhshan
THE TRANS-PAMIR STATES
Gilgit
Nagir and Hunza
Chitral
The Khushwaqt family of Yasin and Mastuj
Baltistan
The rajas of Khartaksho, Shigar and Khapalu
PERSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE SAFAVIDS, THE AFSHARS AND THE EARLY QAJARS**See Map 5, p. 925.
THE SAFAVIDS (1501--1722)
The birth of an empire and the emergence of present-day Iran
Shah Ismacil (1501--24): the founder of a dynasty based on the Safavid order
Shah Tahmasp I (1524--76): the consolidation of the empire
A decade of upheavals (1576--87)
Shah cAbbas the Great (1587--1629): the rebirth of the empire on a new foundation
The long period of decline (1629--1722)
Anarchy: the fall of the Safavids and the rule of the Ghilzais and Abdalis (1722--9)
THE AFSHARS, A SHORT-LIVED MILITARY EMPIRE (1736--47), AND THE ZAND REGIME (1747--94)
Nadir Shah (1736--47): the last great Asian conqueror
Karim Khan Zand (1750--79): calm after the storm
THE EARLY QAJARS AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE MODERN WORLD
Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar (1795--6): the founder of the dynasty
Fath cAli Shah (1796--1834): the last ruler from the Thousand and One Nights
Muhammad Shah (1834--48): ailing warrior and mild modernizer
AFGHANISTAN
Towards an Afghan state
The formation of the Afghan state
The fall of the Safavids and the conquest of Persia
The establishment of the Afghan state
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS
Political history
The imperial structure
The social and economic framework
High culture
State and religion
Decline of the empire (1707--1857)
Kashmir, Punjab and Sind under the Mughals and their successors
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
INTER-STATE RELATIONS (c. 1500--1850)
Eastern Central Asia
The Mughal Indian empire and the Uzbeks
The Safavid empire and the Mughals
The nomads and the Transoxanian states
COLONIALISM AND CENTRAL ASIA
The Portuguese Estado da India and Central Asian trade
The seventeenth century: the intrusion of the Companies
Rise of the British colonial empire
Russian expansion
SOCIETY
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Nomadic societies
Sedentary societies
THE STATUS OF WOMEN
Transoxania
Iran
India
THE ECONOMY. PRODUCTION AND TRADE
PRODUCTION
Northern areas (Transoxania and the steppes)
Pastoral production
Geographic conditions
The nomadic economy
Agriculture
Handicrafts
The organization of handicrafts
Individual crafts
Small craft industries
Southern Central Asia
Kashmir
The Indus plains
The Afghan highlands
Sistan and Khurasan
Balkh and Badakhshan
TRADE
The pattern of trade
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
The eighteenth century
The early nineteenth century
The 1820s
The English involvement
The period 1837--50
MONETARY SYSTEMS AND PRICES
NORTHERN PARTS OF CENTRAL ASIA: MONETARY POLICY AND CURRENCY CIRCULATION UNDER THE SHAYBANID AND THE JANID (ASTARKHANID) DYNASTIES
The monetary reforms of Muhammad Shaybani Khan, 1507--10
The currency crisis and the reforms of Kuchkunchi Khan
Monetary policy following the reforms of Kuchkunchi Khan
The pre-reform situation and the monetary reforms of cAbdullah Khan II in the late seventeenth century
Monetary policy and currency circulation under the Janids (Astarkhanids) in the seventeenth century
Gold and silver in the eighteenth century. The reforms of 1785
EASTERN AND NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA (c. 1750 TO c. 1850)
East Turkistan (Xinjiang)
Money in the Kokand khanate
Money in the Bukhara emirate
Money in the Khiva khanate
THE MONETARY SYSTEM IN SAFAVID PERSIA
THE MONETARY SYSTEM AND PRICE MOVEMENTS IN INDIA
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
The space for reason
Mathematics and astronomy
Medicine
TECHNOLOGY
Irrigation
Water and wind power
Craft technology
Artillery
ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE IN TRANSOXANIA AND KHURASAN
Urban planning
Architectural design and methods
Religious architecture
Civic architecture
Architectural ensembles
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Early trends
Monuments in Thatta
Indian features
Early Mughal architecture
Other types of mausoleum
Secular buildings
The new mosque style
The Mughal synthesis of styles
THE EASTERN REGION OF CENTRAL ASIA
Tian Shan Nanlu
Tian Shan Beilu
MONGOL ARCHITECTURE
Religious monuments
Urban development
ARTS OF THE BOOK, PAINTING AND CALLIGRAPHY
IRAN AND NORTH-WESTERN CENTRAL ASIA
Iran
The Safavids (1501--1736)
The Afshars (1735--47) and the Zands (1747--94)
The Qajars: from Agha Muhammad Khan to Muhammad Shah's reign
North-western Central Asia
The Shaybanids (Bukhara, 1500--98) and the Janids (Astarkhanids)
PAINTING IN MUGHAL INDIA
Babur in India (1526--30) and the creation of Mughal India
Prince Kamran and Humayun (1530--56)
Akbar (1556--1605) and the birth of Mughal painting
Jahangir (1605--27)
Allegorical portraits and dynastic legitimacy
The apogee of Mughal painting under Jahangir and Shah Jahan
The last Mughals
EASTERN CENTRAL ASIA
Xinjiang
Mongolia
APPLIED ARTS: METALWORK, CERAMICS AND SCULPTURE
Metalwork
Copperware and bronze- (or brass) ware
Steelware
Arms
Gold- and silverware
Ceramics
Sculpture
APPLIED ARTS: TEXTILES AND CARPETS
TEXTILE FABRICS OTHER THAN CARPETS
Iran
India
Transoxania
TEXTILE ARTS IN TRANSOXANIA
Sources for study
Craft workers and guilds
Silk manufacture
Cotton manufacture
Classification of textiles
Conclusion
CARPETS
Khurasan (north-eastern Iran and Afghanistan)
Western Turkistan
Transoxania
East Turkistan (Xinjiang)
Mongolia and north-western China
Northern India
LITERATURE IN PERSIAN AND OTHER INDO -- IRANIAN
LITERATURE IN PERSIAN
Principal prose works
Major poets of Transoxania, Khurasan, Iran and India
Lexicography
LITERATURE IN PASHTO
LITERATURE IN THE INDIC LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN AND NORTH-WESTERN INDIA
Kashmiri
Panjabi
Sindhi
Hindustani (Urdu and Hindi)
THE LANGUAGES OF AFGHANISTAN
Notes to Table 1
TURKIC AND MONGOLIAN LITERATURE
TURKIC LITERATURE
Chaghatay/Uzbek literature
Chaghatay Turki in Xinjiang
Kazakh literature
Karakalpak (Qara-Qalpaq) literature
Kyrgyz literature
Turkmen literature
Turkic epic poetry
THE EPIC TRADITION AND HISTORICAL LITERATURE IN TURKIC
MONGOLIAN LITERATURE
MONGOLIAN LEXICOGRAPHY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
PHILOSOPHY, LOGIC AND COSMOLOGY
Introduction
Philosophy
Mystical philosophy
Logic
Conclusion
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
ISLAM
The Sufi orders in northern Central Asia
Shicism in Iran
Islam in India
BUDDHISM
The conversion of the Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism
The Bodhisattva doctrine preached by the fifth Dalai Lama
The Mongol followers of Bodhisattva thought
HINDUISM
Vaishnavism
Shaivism
Shaktism
Smartism
Vedantism
SIKHISM
SHAMANISM
CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS CROSS-FERTILIZATION BETWEEN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE INDO-PERSIAN WORLD
Non-Muslim communities
CONCLUSION
MAPS
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
INDEX
History of civilizations of Central Asia