This interdisciplinary book consists of three parts which examine the European Union policies on research and innovation, education and life-long learning, as well as the European Union Pillar on social rights and youth policies. In the first part, high-level experts analyze the European Research Area and its current enhancement, with emphasis on mobility and employability of researchers, especially in times of crises.In the second part, the governance architecture of the European Education Area(s) is explored and the new objectives of the Bologna Process, as well as the EU institutional framework of the recognition of skills and qualifications, are analyzed. Life-long learning is also important for the individual development of human capital especially for socially vulnerable people who could also benefit from literacy policies and skills development. The second part concludes with the evaluation of the EU education and training policy based on social indicators in the framework of the EU 2020 Strategy.In the third part, the book turns to Social Europe and the balancing between ordo-liberalism and ordo-socialism. It examines the EU Pillar of Social Rights and its impact on youth policies. It analyzes the EU youth policies e.g. on youth credit and their interaction with young people’s employment and education possibilities, with emphasis on the young people "not in education, employment or training" (NEETs).
Author(s): Despoina Anagnostopoulou, Dimitrios Skiadas
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 343
City: Cham
About the Jean Monnet Center of Excellence at the University of Macedonia, Greece
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
References
Part I: European Research Area
Will European Research Area Ever Be a Reality?
1 Introduction
2 The EU as a World Leader for the Number of Researchers
3 EU Policy Initiatives
4 Initiatives for Researchers: European Researchers Charter and Code of Conduct for their Recruitment (C&C)
5 Challenges
6 Proposals
7 New Developments
8 Conclusion
References
Researchers and Mobility in the European Research Area
1 Introduction and Overview
1.1 ERA´s Priorities in Relation to Researchers
1.2 The Work of the SGHRM, the EURAXESS Website, and the HRS4R Award
2 The Key Drivers that Impact on Researchers
2.1 Open Recruitment
2.2 Intersectoral Mobility
2.3 Open Science
3 ERA Steering Group for Human Resources and Mobility (SGHRM) Initiatives
4 Career Development of Researchers
5 Next Steps: Constructing an Integrated Set of Policy Measures
6 Conclusion
References
Open Labor Market for Researchers in EU, Progress Towards ERA, Challenges, and Recommendations
1 Introduction
2 ERA Priority 3: Open Labor Market for Researchers
3 Mobility
3.1 Factors Influencing Mobility of Researchers
3.2 Barriers to International Mobility
4 Projects Relevant to Researchers´ Mobility in Europe
4.1 The Results of the E*CARE Project
4.2 The Results of the WeB-InUnion Project: Bringing Western Balkans Closer to Innovation Union: An Example of EURAXESS Region...
4.2.1 Innovation Union Commitment #1 ``Put in Place National Strategies to Train Enough Researchers´´ and Best Practices in Cr...
4.2.2 Innovation Union Commitment #4 ``Propose an ERA Framework and Supporting Measures´´
4.2.3 Innovation Union Commitment #30 ``Put in Place Integrated Policies to Attract Global Talent´´
4.3 ``I-SEEMob-Enhancing Intersectoral Mobility of Researchers in South-Eastern Europe´´
4.4 TANDEM Project: ``Talent and Extended Mobility in the Innovation Union´´
5 EURAXESS Projects for Researchers´ Mobility
5.1 EURAXESS T.O.P II ``Enhancing the Outreach and Effectiveness of the EURAXESS Network Partners´´ EURAXESS T.O.P II (FP7-PEO...
5.2 EURAXESS TOP III: Making European Research Careers More Attractive by Developing New Services and Enhancing the Current Se...
5.3 BRiDGE Project: Bridge for Researchers in Danger Going to Europe (H2020-SWAFS-26-2017)
5.4 BRiDGE II Project: Bridge for Researchers in Danger Going to Europe: Step II (H2020-SWAFS-06-2018)
5.5 EURAXESS TOP IV-Open EURAXESS-To Strengthen the Effectiveness and Optimize the Services of all Partners in an Innovative a...
6 European Research Area Tools on Mobility of Researchers
6.1 Researchers´ Career Development: Charter and Code, HR Strategy for Researchers, and ``HR Excellence in Research´´ Logo
6.2 Using Open, Transparent, and Merit-based Recruitment Practices with Regard to Research Positions: Benefits and Barriers
6.3 Open, Transparent, and Merit-based Recruitment: The EURAXESS Jobs Portal
6.4 Intersectoral Mobility
7 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Obstacles to Researchers´ Career and Mobility in the European Research Area: The Case Law of the Court of Justice of the Europ...
1 The Distinctive Nature of the EU Research Policy: Setting the Scene for the Role of the Court of Justice of the European Uni...
1.1 A Shared Parallel Competence that Coordinates Actions Between EU and Member States and Complements National Policies
1.2 The European Research Area (ERA): From a Non-binding Policy Concept to a TFEU Fundamental Objective
1.3 The Importance of the Mobility of Researchers and the Removal of Obstacles to Researchers´ Careers
1.4 European Commission´s Recommendation on European Charter for Researchers and Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Resear...
2 Free Movement of Doctoral Candidates: The Judgment in Andrea Raccanelli Case (2008) and the Concept of ``Researcher´´ as ``W...
2.1 The Concepts of ``Researcher´´ and ``Worker´´
2.2 The Facts of the Raccanelli Case as Stated in Court and out of Court
2.2.1 The Facts Stated in the Raccanelli Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union
2.2.2 Facts Not Mentioned in the CJEU Judgment
2.3 The Preliminary Questions Before the CJEU
2.3.1 The First Question On Whether a Doctoral Candidate Was a ``Worker´´ as the Applicant Argued
2.3.2 The Second Preliminary Question on the Private-Law Nature of the Research Foundation
a) The First Subquestion: Was the Private-Law Research Foundation Bound by the Prohibition of Discrimination in Relation to EU...
b) The Second Subquestion on Whether MPG Was Obliged to Accord to the Doctoral Student the Right to Choose Between a Grant Con...
2.3.3 The Third Preliminary Question on the Eventual Compensation Based on Extracontractual Liability of Private Parties
2.4 The Importance of the Judgment for the Researchers´ Mobility and Career
2.4.1 Positive Evaluation
2.4.2 Critique Against the Raccanelli Judgment
3 Obstacles to Researchers´ Mobility and Careers in the Public Sector
3.1 The Application of the ``Public Service´´ Exception to the Free Movement of Workers
3.2 Researchers as Civil Servants/Public Employees: Access and Non-discrimination
3.2.1 The Case of the National Research Council (NRC) Researchers in Italy (CJEU, 1987a)
3.2.2 The European Commission Guidance Document on Public Employment
3.3 ``The Value of Mobility´´: The Loss in Seniority and Bonuses Because of Employment in Another Member State´s Public Sector
3.3.1 Impact of Mobility on Seniority: The Schöning-Kougebetopoulou Case and Promotion to a Higher Salary Group
3.3.2 The Aftermath of Schöning: Mobility Impact on Service-Length Bonuses in the Köbler Case
3.3.3 The Case of C-703/17, Adelheid Krah V Universität Wien (CJEU, 2019a)
4 Fixed-Term Work Contracts
4.1 Introduction: Fixed-Term Contracts in Universities
4.2 Fixed-Term Contracts in CJEU Case Law Examined under Art. 45 Para. 2 TFEU
4.3 Fixed-term Contracts for University Researchers under Directive 1999/70/EC
4.4 The Case of EB V. Presidenza Dei Consiglio Dei Ministri and Clause 5 of Directive 1999/70/EC
4.5 The CJEU on Researchers´ Career and Profession in Italy
4.6 Discussion
5 Conclusions: Negative Harmonization or Positive Harmonization or Coordination?
References
Research and Innovation in Times of Crisis: The Case of Greece
1 The Knowledge Economy: A New Model for Development
2 The Brain Drain as a Major Challenge for the Knowledge Economy
3 Capacity Building: People and Research Infrastructures
3.1 HFRI Impact
4 Supporting Innovative Entrepreneurship
5 Flagship (or Missions) Initiatives
6 Impact and Future Prospects
References
Part II: European Higher Education Area
The European Education Area(s): Towards a New Governance Architecture in Education and Training
1 Introduction
2 Structure, Methodology, and Data
3 Theoretical Framework
4 The Education and Training Area
4.1 The Foundation and the Development of the Education and Training Area
4.2 The Establishment and Governance of the Education and Training Area
5 The Copenhagen Process
6 The European Higher Education Area
7 The European Education Area
8 Concluding Remarks
References
The Bologna Process: New Objectives
References
Educating the Socially Vulnerable in the Lifelong Learning Era: Reflections on the Role of Higher Education
1 Introduction
2 Lifelong Learning Schemes for the Socially Vulnerable: The Role of Higher Education
3 Concluding Remarks
References
Recognition of Skills and Qualifications in the European Union: Institutional Framework and Operational Dimensions
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Analysis
3 European Skills Recognition Toolkit
3.1 European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning-EQF
3.2 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System-ECTS
3.3 European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training-ECVET
3.4 Europass
3.4.1 Europass CV
3.4.2 Diploma Supplement
3.4.3 Certificate Supplement
3.4.4 Language Passport
3.4.5 Europass Mobility
3.4.6 European Skills Passport
4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Skills for Life: Building Decentralized Learning Synergies to Support Literacy Policies for People with Low Skills and Sociall...
1 Introduction
2 Policy Initiatives for Promoting Adult Literacy: Strengths and Weaknesses
3 Participation in Literacy Programs Through Decentralized Synergies
4 Suggestions and Recommendations for a Diversified Action Towards Sustainable Outreach
References
EU Policy on Education and Training in the EU2020 Framework: Its Main Components and the Europe State of Play-Social Indicator...
1 The EU2020 Strategy for Education and Training (ET2020): Prevailing Trends and Priorities
2 Education, Training, and Lifelong Learning in Europe Nowadays: Benchmark Criteria, State of Play, and the Role of Inequality...
3 A Brief Critical Overview of the Current EU Education and Training Policy
References
Part III: The European Pillar of Social Rights and Youth Policies
Building Social Europe: From ``Social-Liberalism´´ to ``Ordo-Socialism´´?
1 Introduction
2 The ``European Social Model´´: United in Diversity
3 The Creation of a Common Market and Customs Union and the Rise of ``Social Europe´´
4 The Setup of Additional European Social Interventions in the Framework of the Economic and Monetary Union, Before the Disrup...
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Economic and Social Europe Rebalancing: Adopting a Youth Outlook on the European Pillar of Social Rights
1 Introduction
2 EPSR: Brief Analysis, Implemented Steps, New Initiatives and Evaluation
2.1 Brief Analysis
2.2 Implemented Steps
2.3 New Initiatives
2.4 Evaluation
3 The Proof of the Pillar Will Be in Its Implementation
3.1 ``Youth Minimum Wages´´ Revisited: Defusing this Controversial Measure Using EU Provided Resources
3.2 Extension of the Unemployment Benefit Period and Loosening of the Eligibility Rules for Unemployed Youths Who Receive Form...
4 EPSR Implementation Obstacles and Possible Solutions
5 Concluding Remarks
References
EU Youth Policy and Employment
References
Youth Guarantee: Context, Implementation, and Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Youth Guarantee and EU Policy Context
2.1 Socio-economic Context
2.2 Institutional Framework
2.3 Youth Guarantee Initiative
3 Youth Guarantee: What Is in It for Young People?
3.1 Eligibility and Selection of Beneficiaries
3.2 Public-Private Stakeholders and Partnerships
3.3 Lines of Action
3.3.1 Improvement of Mediation
3.3.2 Improvement of Employability
3.3.3 Promotion of Hiring
3.3.4 Promotion of Entrepreneurship
3.4 Funding of Youth Guarantee Plans
4 Main Youth Guarantee Challenges
4.1 Institutional and Administrative Challenges
4.2 Challenges for Stakeholders
4.3 Inclusiveness and Sustainability Challenges
4.4 Funding Challenges
5 Conclusions
References
How Do We Define the NEET Group?
1 Introduction
2 What and Who Is NEET?
3 How Many Young People Are in the NEET Group?
4 Who Manages NEET Policy Across the UK?
5 ``Unknown´´ or ``Hidden´´ Destinations
6 Conclusion
References
Youth in Greece, Today: Remarks on the EU State of Play in Youth Unemployment and NEETs-Key Determinants of Greek Young People...
1 Social Vulnerability and NEETs: Definitional Issues and Clarifications
2 The Current State of Play Concerning NEETs in the EU
3 Youth in Greece: Youth Unemployment, NEETs, and Social Vulnerability among Youth
4 Research Findings on Youth and NEETs in Greece: The ``NEETs2´´ (EEA Grants/GR07-3757) Project
5 A Critical Review on the Current State of Play of Youth
References
