High Temperature Electrolysis

Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
References
Fundamentals of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC)
1 Thermodynamics of SOEC at Equilibrium
2 Energy Loss Mechanism in SOEC
3 Energy Efficiency in SOEC
4 Protonic Ceramic Electrolysis Cell (PCEC)
5 Performance and Characterization of SOEC
5.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
5.2 Hydrogen Production Determination
5.3 Chronoamperometry/Accelerated Degradation Tests
6 Degradation Phenomena in Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells
6.1 The Classical and VOED-Theories
6.2 Experimental Observations and Evidences on the VOED Theories
References
Solid-State Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
1 Introduction
2 Oxygen Ion-Conducting Electrolyte
3 Doped Ceria
4 Doped Lanthanum Gallates
5 Proton-Conducting Electrolyte
5.1 BaCeO3-BaZrO3 Mixed Systems
5.2 Ba2In2O5-Based Materials
5.3 LaNbO4-Based Materials
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Oxygen Electrode Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)
1 Introduction
2 Oxygen Evolution Reactions in SOECs
3 Basic Requirements of Oxygen Electrodes
4 Types of Oxygen Electrode Materials
5 Forming Methods of Oxygen Electrodes
5.1 Particulate Method
5.2 Deposition Method
5.3 Infiltration Method
6 Performance Under SOEC Operation
7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Fuel Electrode Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)
1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Requirements of Fuel Electrodes
1.2 Oxygen Partial Pressures in SOCs
2 Nickel-Based Cermet Fuel Electrodes
2.1 Steam Electrolysis
2.2 CO2 and Co-Electrolysis
3 Alternative Cermet Fuel Electrodes
4 Perovskite-Type Fuel Electrodes
5 Characterization of Fuel Electrodes and Product Analysis
6 Summary
References
Ceramic Coatings for Metallic Interconnects and Metal Alloys Support for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Applications
1 Introduction
2 Ceramic Coatings for Metallic Interconnects in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells: Deposition Methods, Compositional, and Functional Modifications
2.1 Materials
2.2 Modification of the Spinel Composition
2.3 Optimization of the Coating Deposition by Electrophoretic Co-Deposition Method
3 Porous Metal Alloys Support in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
4 Corrosion Properties
4.1 Introduction to High-Temperature Oxidation
4.2 Oxidation Kinetics Laws
4.3 Predictive Methods—Experimental Techniques
5 Conclusions
References
Glass Ceramic Sealants for Solid Oxide Cells
1 Fundamentals of Glass-Based Sealants for SOC
2 Viscosity of Glass Ceramic Sealants
3 Composition, Microstructure, and CTE
3.1 Single Component, Crystallizing Sealing Glasses
3.2 Multicomponent Systems Including Fillers
4 Technological Aspects of Application of Glass Ceramic Sealants
5 Interaction of Sealing Glasses During SOC Operation
5.1 Interaction with Interconnects
5.2 Interaction with Different Atmospheres
5.3 Interaction with Electrolytes
5.4 Interaction Induced by Electric Voltage
6 Mechanical Properties of Glass Ceramic Sealants
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Modeling of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
1 Working Principle
2 Macroscale Modeling
2.1 Momentum Transfer
2.2 Multicomponent Mass Transfer
2.3 Heat Transfer and Thermal Effect
2.4 Chemical Reactions
2.5 Electrochemistry
2.6 Current Leakage of PSOEC
3 Powder-to-Power: Full Life Cycle Modeling of SOEC Electrode
4 Applications of Machine Learning in SOEC Modeling
4.1 Machine Learning Overview
4.2 Machine Learning in SOEC Modeling
5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Protonic Ceramic Electrolysis Cells (PCECs)
1 Introduction
1.1 Brief History
1.2 Mechanism
1.3 Comparison Between PCECs and SOECs
2 Thermodynamics of High-Temperature Electrolysis
2.1 Reversible Process
2.2 Joule Effect
2.3 Electronic Leakage
3 Transport Properties of High-Temperature Electrolysis
3.1 Protonic Transport and Conductivity
3.2 Electronic Conductivity
4 Protonic Electrolyte Materials
4.1 BaCeO3 and BaZrO3-Based Materials
4.2 Other Materials
5 Electrodes for PCECs
5.1 State-of-the-Art Steam Electrodes (Anodes)
5.2 State-of-the-Art Hydrogen Electrodes (Cathodes)
6 Cell Configuration and Performance
6.1 Tubular Cells
6.2 Planar Cells
7 Reversible Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells (RePCECs)
8 Other Applications
8.1 Methane Steam Reforming
8.2 Methane Dehydroaromatization
8.3 CO2 Reduction to Hydrocarbons
8.4 Ammonia Synthesis
8.5 Other Applications
9 Conclusions
References
Durability and Degradation Issues in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
1 Introduction
2 Degradation Issues Related with the Hydrogen Electrode
2.1 Ni-Based Hydrogen Electrode
2.2 Modified Ni-Based Hydrogen Electrode
2.3 Perovskite Hydrogen Electrode
3 Degradation Issues Related with the Oxygen Electrode
3.1 LSM and LSM-YSZ Oxygen Electrode
3.2 LSCF-Based Perovskite
3.3 BSCF-Based Perovskite
4 Degradation Issues Related with the Electrolyte
4.1 Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte
4.2 Ceria-Based Electrolyte
4.3 Doped LaGaO3 Electrolyte
5 Degradation Issues Related with the Interconnect
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Emerging Trends in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
1 Introduction: Mastering Structures at Different Scales for the Next Generation of SOECs
2 3D Printing of Solid Oxide Cells
2.1 Introduction to 3D Printing Techniques for High Temperature Electrolysis
2.2 Introduction to the Different Configuration and SoA Materials for SOEC
2.3 3D Printing of Electrolyte-Supported SOEC
2.4 3D Printing of Electrode-Supported SOEC
3 Innovative Microstructures and Interface Engineering
3.1 Outline of the Impact of Cell Microstructures on Its Performance 
3.2 State-of-the-Art Electrode Microstructures 
3.3 Novel Approaches to Control the Electrode Microstructure and Electrolyte–Electrode Interface 
4 Exsolution of Nanoparticles and Decoration
4.1 Current State of Exsolution of Metals in Oxides 
4.2 Exsolution Mechanism and Suitable Strategies for Application in SOEC 
4.3 Examples of exsolution of Nanoparticles in Solid Oxide Cells 
5 Thin Films for Solid Oxide Cells
5.1 Thin Films for Electrode Coating
5.2 Electrolyte–Electrode Intermediate Layers
5.3 Thin Film-Based Electrodes and Electrolytes
5.4 Thin-Film Solid Oxide Cells
6 High Entropy Oxides for SOCs
6.1 Theoretical Concepts and Principles of HEOs
6.2 HEOs with Relevant Structures for SOCs
7 Outlook and Future Perspective
References
Stack/System Development for High-Temperature Electrolysis
1 Introduction
2 Stack Components and Requirements
3 Balance of Plant (BoP) and Available Systems
4 Power-to-X
5 Reliability and Durability
5.1 Degradation
5.2 State-of-the-Health Diagnosis for Reliable System Operation
6 System Modelling
6.1 Operating Modes
6.2 Power-to-X Flexibility by Means of Fuel Upgrading
6.3 Multi-objective Optimization (MOO Decision Parameters)
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Concluding Remarks