High-Tc Superconducting Technology: Towards Sustainable Development Goals

Cover Page
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents Page
Preface Page
1. Expert Opinion: Relevance of High-Tc Superconductors for SDG Goals
1.1 Superconductivity and Sustainable Development Goals
1.2 High-Tc Superconducting Technology: Towards Sustainable Development Goals
1.3 The Potential of Superconductor Technology: Towards Sustainable Development Goals
1.4 Superconducting Technology: A Step to the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals
1.5 Superconductors as Friends of Our Environment
2. Dense and Robust (RE)BCO Bulk Superconductors for Sustainable Applications: Current Status and Future Perspectives
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Top-Seeded Melt Growth Technique
2.1.2 Buffer Strategy in TSMG
2.1.3 Generic Seed Crystals and NdBCO Film Seeds
2.2 Infiltration and Growth Process
2.2.1 Development of 2-Step BA-TSIG Process
2.2.2 High-Field Studies of TSIG-Processed Samples
2.2.3 Generic Seeds Fabricated by the TSIG Approach
2.3 High Performance Bulk Superconductors
2.3.1 Existing Literature on GdBCO Bulk Superconductors
2.3.2 GdBCO Bulk Superconductors Fabricated via 2-Step BA-TSIG
2.3.3 Trapped Field Performance
2.3.4 Levitation Force Measurements
2.3.5 Critical Temperature and Critical Current Density
2.3.6 Flux Pinning Force
2.4 Mechanical Property Measurement
2.5 Microstructural Studies
2.6 Reliability of Fabrication
2.7 Novel Experiments Investigated
2.7.1 (RE)BCO Bulk Superconductors with Artificial Holes
2.7.2 YBCO Cavities for Magnetic Shielding
2.7.3 Multi-Seeding Experiments
2.7.4 Reinforcement Studies
2.8 Summary and Conclusions
3. Growth, Microstructure, and Superconducting Properties of Ce Alloyed YBCO Bulk Single-Grain Superconductors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Influence of Addition of Nanosize Barium Cerate on the Microstructure and Properties of TSMG YBCO Bulk Superconductors
3.3 Influence of CeO2 on Microstructure, Cracking, and Trapped Field of TSIG YBCO Single-Grain Superconductors
3.4 Microstructural Aspects of Infiltration Growth YBCO Bulks with Chemical Pinning
3.5 Influence of Sm2O3 Microalloying and Yb Contamination on Y211 Particles Coarsening and Superconducting Properties of IG YBCO Bulk Superconductors
3.6 Relationship between Local Microstructure and Superconducting Properties of Commercial YBa2Cu3O7-δ Bulk
4. Superconductivity in Biomedicine: Enabling Next Generation's Medical Tools for SDGs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Basic Phenomenon of Superconductivity
4.2.1 Zero Resistance
4.2.2 Meissner Effect
4.2.3 Type I vs. Type II Superconductors
4.2.4 Josephson Effect
4.2.5 BCS Theory
4.2.6 Critical Current
4.2.7 The Cooper Effect
4.2.8 London Penetration Depth
4.2.9 Isotope Effect
4.3 The Prominent Role of Superconductors in Biomedical Applications
4.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4.3.2 Ultra-Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ULF-MRI)
4.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
4.3.4 Diagnostic Techniques Using SQUIDs
4.3.5 Magnetic Drug Delivery System
4.3.6 Particle Beam Applications for Biomedical Diagnosis
4.4 Relevance to Sustainable Development Goals
4.5 Conclusion
5. Overview of Shaping YBa2Cu3O7 Superconductor
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental Procedures and Results
5.2.1 2D Thick-Film YBCO Fabrics
5.2.2 3D YBCO Superconducting Foams
5.2.3 3D Multiple Holes Textured YBCO
5.3 Conclusion
6. Development of MgB2 Superconducting Super-Magnets: Its Utilization towards Sustainable Development Goals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental
6.2.1 Characterization
6.3 Innovative Activities to Improve The Performance of Bulk MgB2: Sintering Temperature
6.4 Innovative Activities to Improve the Performance of Bulk MgB2: Sintering Time
6.5 Innovative Activities to Improve the Performance of Bulk MgB2: Silver Addition
6.6 Superconducting Properties of Bulk MgB2 with MgB4 Addition
6.7 Innovative Activities to Improve the Performance of Bulk MgB2: Utilizing Carbon-Encapsulated Boron
6.8 Role of Excess Mg in Enhancing Superconducting Properties of Ag-Added Carbon-Coated Boron-Based Bulk MgB2
6.9 Realizing High-Trapped Field MgB2 Bulk Magnets for Addressing SDGs
6.10 Concluding Remarks
7. Powder Technology of Magnesium Diboride and Its Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Tuning Magnesium and Boron in Undoped Samples
7.2.1 Boron Powders
7.2.2 Mixed Boron Precursors
7.2.3 Nominal Magnesium Non-Stoichiometry
7.2.4 MgB4 as Precursor for Reaction with Mg
7.2.4.1 Influence of heat treatment conditions
7.2.4.2 Influence of nominal Mg content and heat treatment conditions
7.3 Addition with Rare Earth Oxides
7.4 Large-Scale Applications
7.5 Concluding Remarks
8. Ultrasonication: A Cost-Effective Way to Synthesize High-Jc Bulk MgB2
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental
8.2.1 High-Energy Ultrasonication
8.2.2 Boron Ultrasonication
8.2.3 Synthesis of MgB2
8.2.4 Characterization of MgB2
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Boron XRD
8.3.2 Microstructural Analysis of Ultrasonicated Boron
8.3.3 MgB2 XRD
8.3.4 Superconducting Performance Measurements
8.4 Conclusion
9. New Potential Family of Iron-Based Superconductors towards Practical Applications: CaKFe4As4 (1144)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Structural Properties of 1144
9.3 Transition Temperature (TC) and Upper Critical Field (HC2)
9.4 Critical Current Properties
9.5 Development towards Application
9.5.1 Polycrystalline Sample
9.5.2 Superconducting Wires and Tapes
9.6 Conclusions
10. Quasi 1D Layered Nb2PdxSy Superconductor for Industrial Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preparation Method
10.2.1 Nb2PdxSy Superconductor
10.3 Structural and Superconducting Properties
10.3.1 Crystal Structure and Morphology of Nb2PdxSy Superconductor
10.3.2 Superconducting Properties
10.3.2.1 Temperature-dependent electrical resistivity r (T)
10.3.2.2 Magnetic measurement
10.3.2.3 Anisotropy in upper critical field
10.3.2.4 Specific heat
10.3.2.5 Superconducting gap
10.4 Factors Affecting Critical Parameters (Tc and HC2)
10.4.1 Effect of Doping Elements
10.4.2 Effect of Diameter of Fibers
10.5 Hall Effect
10.6 Normal-State Temperature-Dependent Electrical Resistivity
10.7 Conclusion
11. High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Application to Ship Magnetic Deperming and Its Contribution toward SDG
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Magnetic Silencing of Ship
11.2.1 Degaussing of Ship
11.3 Magnetic Deperming of Ship
11.3.1 Deperming Field for Ship
11.3.2 Conventional Deperming Methods
11.3.2.1 Wound cable on ship-hull
11.3.2.2 Running through the coil
11.3.2.3 Cage-type coil
11.3.2.4 Variations of wound-on-hull
11.3.3 Electric Current and Power for Each Type of Deperming Coil
11.4 HTS Superconducting Deperming
11.4.1 Magnetic Field by Deperming Coil
11.4.2 Superconducting Cable for Seabed Deperming Coil
11.4.2.1 NbTi and Nb3Sn at 4.2 K
11.4.2.2 BSCCO at 70 K
11.4.2.3 ReBCO
11.4.2.4 MgB2
11.4.2.5 Summary
11.4.3 Expected Goal of Complete System
11.4.3.1 Refrigeration of cable
11.4.3.2 Electromagnetic force
11.4.4 Research Step toward the Complete System
11.5 Contribution to Sustainable Development Goal
12. High-Tc Superconducting Bearings Design: Towards High-Performance Machines
12.1 Introduction to Bulk Superconducting Levitation
12.2 Bearing Materials and Cryogenics
12.2.1 Permanent Magnet Materials
12.2.2 Superconducting Materials
12.2.3 Bulk YBaCuO Properties
12.2.4 Performance of Materials in Cryogenics
12.2.4.1 Mechanical properties
12.2.4.2 Thermal properties
12.2.4.3 Electric resistivity and magnetic susceptibility
12.3 Superconducting Bearings Classification
12.3.1 According to Their Motion Degree of Freedom
12.3.2 Meissner and Mixed State Bearings
12.3.3 According to Their Load Bearing Configuration
12.3.4 Active and Passive Superconducting Bearings
12.4 Fundamentals of Design of Passive SMB
12.4.1 State of the Superconducting Bearing
12.4.1.1 Bearings in the Meissner state
12.4.1.2 Mixed state: Field cooled bearings
12.4.2 Thrust Bearings: Force and Stiffness
12.4.3 Journal Bearings
12.4.4 Improved Magnetic Arrangement
12.4.5 Linear Bearings
12.4.6 Force Relaxation
12.4.7 Hysteresis and Damping
12.4.8 Temperature Influence
12.4.9 Vibration Isolation
12.4.10 Coefficient of Friction
12.5 Applications of Superconducting Bearings
12.5.1 Introduction
12.5.2 Cryogenic Machinery
12.5.3 Aerospace Applications
12.5.4 Energy Storage
12.5.5 Transportation
12.5.6 Conclusions
13. Low-Frequency Rotational Loss in an HTS Bearing and Its Application in Sensitive Devices
13.1 A Brief Overview of HTS Bearings
13.1.1 Brief Introduction of HTS Bearing
13.1.2 Classification of HTS Bearing
13.1.3 Application of HTS Bearing in Flywheel
13.2 Rotational Loss of HTS Bearings
13.2.1 Rotational Loss Phenomenon and Coefficient of Friction
13.2.1.1 Rotational loss phenomenon
13.2.1.2 Coefficient of friction
13.2.2 Loss Sources Consideration and Theory
13.2.2.1 Air drag loss
13.2.2.2 Hysteresis loss
13.2.2.3 Eddy current loss
13.2.3 Effects of Bearing Structures and Scales
13.2.3.1 Small-scale HTS bearing
13.2.3.2 Medium-scale HTS bearing
13.2.3.3 Large-scale HTS bearing
13.2.4 Effects of Mechanics and Dynamic Behavior with Rotational Frequency
13.2.5 Effects of Superconducting Material Properties
13.2.6 Effects of Magnetic Rotor Structures
13.2.7 Effects of Magnetization and Working Conditions
13.2.7.1 Magnetization and levitation heights
13.2.7.2 Low Tc Cooling Conditions
13.2.8 Rotation Properties at Extreme Low Frequencies
13.3 Low-Frequency Applications of HTS Bearings
13.3.1 Lunar Telescopes
13.3.2 Polarimeter
13.3.3 Micro-Thrust Measurement Devices
13.3.3.1 Traditional micro-thrust measurement methods
13.3.3.2 Micro-thrust stand using HTS bearing
13.3.3.3 Prototype design
13.3.3.4 Use for EMDrive and Mach-effect thruster
13.4 Summary
14. Superconducting Motor Using HTS Bulk
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Growing Air Transport
14.1.2 Electrification of Aircraft
14.1.3 Electrification of Propeller
14.1.4 State of the Art of Electrical Motor
14.1.5 Superconducting Motor
14.1.5.1 History of superconducting machine
14.1.5.2 Superconducting bulk
14.1.5.3 Bean’s model
14.1.5.4 Magnetization of superconducting bulk
14.1.5.5 Superconducting screen
14.1.5.6 Topology of superconducting machine using bulk
14.2 Sizing of a Superconducting Motor
14.2.1 Specifications
14.2.2 Structure of the Machine
14.2.3 Sizing
14.2.3.1 Polarity of the motor
14.2.3.2 General relationship for design
14.2.3.3 Calculus of inductor field
14.2.3.4 Calculus of armature
14.2.3.5 AC losses in superconducting bulk
14.2.4 Optimization
14.2.4.1 Considering only active element
14.2.4.2 Considering the whole machine
14.2.4.3 Superconducting machine and cooling system
14.2.4.4 Improvement margin for high-power machines
14.2.4.5 Comparison with conventional technology
14.3 Realization of the Motor
14.3.1 Cooling System
14.3.2 Superconducting Coil
14.3.3 Rotating Part
14.3.4 Armature
14.3.5 Motor and Test Bench
14.4 Experimental Results
14.4.1 Characterization of Superconducting Coil
14.4.2 Flux Modulation
14.4.3 No Load Tests
14.4.4 Cool Down
14.5 Conclusion
15. Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
15.1 Resistive SFCL
15.2 Flux-Flow Resistive SFCL
15.3 Saturated-Core SFCL
15.4 Magnetic-Shielded SFCL
15.5 Coreless SFCL
15.6 Transformer SFCL
15.7 Flux-Lock SFCL
15.8 Bridge SFCL
15.9 Resonance SFCL
15.10 Hybrid SFCL
15.11 Three-Phase SFCL
15.11.1 Transformer Three-Phase SFCL
15.11.2 SFCL Three-Phase Reactor
15.11.3 Three-Phase Winding and Magnetic Shield Combined SFCL
16. Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behaviors of Superconducting Bulk Materials
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Evaluation Methods of Mechanical Properties
16.3 Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behaviors
16.4 Conclusion
Index