This highly relevant text documents the first international meeting focused specifically on high-resolution atmospheric and oceanic modeling. It was held recently at the Earth Simulator Center in Yokohama, Japan. Rather than producing a standard conference proceedings volume, the editors have decided to compose this volume entirely of papers written by invited speakers at the meeting, who report on their most exciting recent results involving high resolution modeling.
Author(s): Kevin Hamilton, Wataru Ohfuchi
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 308
HIGH RESOLUTION NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN......Page 1
Springerlink......Page 0
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Introduction......Page 16
1.1 Introduction – Global Atmospheric Simulations......Page 22
1.2 Effect of Horizontal Resolution on Simulations of Tropospheric Circulation......Page 24
1.3 Effects of Vertical Resolution on Simulations of Tropospheric Circulation......Page 27
1.4 Explicit Simulation of Mesoscale Phenomena......Page 28
1.5 Changing Subgrid-Scale Parameterizations with Model Resolution......Page 31
1.6 Middle Atmosphere......Page 33
1.7 Coupled Global Ocean–Atmosphere Model Simulations and Climate Sensitivity......Page 35
1.8 Summary......Page 37
References......Page 38
Isidoro Orlanski......Page 44
2.1 Introduction......Page 45
2.2 The Role of the High Frequency Wave Activity in Climate Variability......Page 46
2.3 The Performance of the Eddy Activity in Three Climate Models......Page 49
2.4 The Cyclone-Frontal System......Page 54
2.5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 57
References......Page 58
3.1 Introduction......Page 60
3.3 The Versatility Offered by Nonhydrostatic GCM’s......Page 61
3.4 Computational Requirements......Page 62
3.5 Summary and Conclusion......Page 64
References......Page 65
4.1 Introduction......Page 66
4.2.1 Primitive Equations......Page 67
4.2.2 Semi-Lagrangian Discretization......Page 69
4.2.2.1 Calculation of the Semi-Lagrangian Departure Values......Page 71
4.2.2.2 Semi-Lagrangian Momentum Equations......Page 72
4.2.2.3 Reorganization of the Momentum Equations......Page 74
4.3 Physical Parameterizations......Page 75
4.4.1 Grid Decomposition......Page 76
4.4.2 Treatment of the Semi-Lagrangian Interpolations......Page 78
4.4.4 Performance......Page 79
4.5.3 AMIP Simulation......Page 80
4.6 Concluding Comments......Page 87
References......Page 89
5.1 Introduction......Page 92
5.2.1 Formulation......Page 94
5.2.2 Modifications to the Legendre Transform......Page 96
5.3.1 Radiation Scheme mstrnX......Page 100
5.3.2 Dry Convective Adjustment......Page 101
5.3.3 Emanuel Convective Parametrization......Page 102
5.3.4 Other Modifications......Page 109
References......Page 110
6.1 Introduction......Page 114
6.2 Model and the Experimental Setup......Page 116
6.3 Precipitation Distribution......Page 117
6.4 Precipitation Frequency......Page 118
6.5 Spectral Representations of Rain-Top Height......Page 120
6.6 Summary......Page 124
References......Page 126
7.1 Introduction......Page 128
7.2.1 Models......Page 130
7.3.1 Change in Tropical Cyclones......Page 131
7.3.2 Change in Baiu Rain Band......Page 135
7.4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks......Page 140
References......Page 141
8.1 Introduction......Page 144
8.1.1 Forecast Mode: JPCZ and the Formation Mechanism of T-Modes......Page 145
8.1.2 Climate Mode: Changes in the Baiu Frontal Activity in the Future Warming Climate from the Present Climate......Page 149
8.2 Summary......Page 153
References......Page 154
9.1 Introduction......Page 156
9.2 Description of CReSS......Page 157
9.3 Optimization for the Earth Simulator......Page 159
9.4 Localized Heavy Rainfall......Page 160
9.5 Typhoons and the Associated Heavy Rainfall......Page 161
9.6.1 Idealized Experiment of Snow Cloud Bands......Page 165
9.6.2 Snowstorms Over the Sea of Japan......Page 169
9.7 Summary......Page 170
References......Page 171
10.1 Introduction......Page 172
10.2 Model Description......Page 174
10.3.1 Variations of Global Mean Values......Page 175
10.3.2 Global Upper-Layer Ocean Circulations......Page 177
10.3.3 Improvements over the Spin-Up Integration......Page 178
10.3.4 Remaining Problems......Page 180
10.4.1.1 Thermocline Movements in the Equatorial Pacific......Page 181
10.4.2.1 El Niño/La Niña Events......Page 183
10.4.2.2 Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Events......Page 186
10.4.2.3 The Antarctic Circumpolar Current......Page 189
10.4.3 Decadal Variability......Page 190
10.4.3.1 The Pacific Decadal Oscillation......Page 191
10.4.3.2 The Pan-Atlantic Decadal Oscillation......Page 194
10.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 195
References......Page 197
11.1 Introduction......Page 202
11.2 Jets......Page 203
11.3 Waves......Page 205
11.4 Impact on the Transport of Tracers......Page 208
11.5 Conclusions......Page 209
References......Page 210
12.1 Introduction......Page 212
12.2 GM Parameterization......Page 214
12.3 Model Description......Page 215
12.4.1 The Distribution of the EBFC......Page 216
12.4.2 The Distribution of the Thickness Diffusivity......Page 218
12.5 Summary and Discussion......Page 219
References......Page 221
13.1 Introduction......Page 224
13.2.1 Numerical Model......Page 226
13.2.3 Surface Forcings......Page 229
13.2.4 Observational Data......Page 231
13.2.5 Data Assimilation......Page 233
13.2.6 Quality Control......Page 238
13.2.7 Incremental Analysis Update......Page 239
13.3.1 Case for April to June 2003......Page 241
13.3.2 Case for May to July 2004......Page 243
13.3.3 Sensitivity of the Forecast to Parameters......Page 244
13.4 Toward the Kuroshio Forecast Downscaling for Coastal Oceans and Bays......Page 246
13.5 Summary......Page 249
References......Page 251
14.1 Introduction......Page 256
14.2.1 Atmospheric Component: AFES 2......Page 257
14.2.3 Coupling Method......Page 258
14.3.1 Simulation Setting......Page 260
14.3.2 Global View of Snapshots......Page 261
14.3.3 Local View Around Japan......Page 262
14.3.4 Annual-Mean Surface Climatologies......Page 263
14.3.5 Seasonal Cycle of Tropical SST and Polar Sea-Ice Extent......Page 269
14.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 271
References......Page 273
15.1 Introduction......Page 276
15.2.1 MSSG-A Non-hydrostatic Atmosphere Global Circulation Model......Page 277
15.2.2 MSSG-O; Non-hydrostatic/Hydrostatic Ocean Global Circulation Model......Page 278
15.2.3 Grid System Configuration......Page 279
15.2.4 Differencing Schemes......Page 280
15.2.5 Regional Coupled Model, Coupling and Nesting Schemes......Page 281
15.3.1 Validation of the MSSG-A......Page 282
15.3.2 Preliminary Validation Results of the MSSG-O......Page 285
15.3.3 Physical Performance of the MSSG......Page 286
References......Page 287
Color Plates......Page 290
