High-pressure flows occur in nature, in industrial processes and in manufactured devices but not in human personal experience which is limited to atmospheric pressure. In nature, high-pressure flows are found in petroleum reservoirs, at ocean depths, and in the atmospheres of planets such as Venus. In industry, the enhanced solubility that occurs at high pressures is used to extract certain chemical species; for example, the solubility of caffeine in supercritical carbon dioxide enables production of decaffeinated coffee and tea. Manufactured devices such as diesel engines and liquid rocket engines operate at pressures well above atmospheric pressure. How mixtures of chemical species behave under high-pressure conditions is described by thermodynamics. However, because thermodynamics cannot describe flows, thermodynamics must be coupled to concepts of motion and transport in order to construct a physical description characterizing all relevant processes in high-pressure flows. The chapters in this book describe observations and modeling of high-pressure flows encountered in aeronautics and astronautics. They have been selected to present the current understanding of high-pressure flows. By editorial intent, agreement between authors on all aspects of the high-pressure field of research was not sought as it was felt that revealing where disagreement exists on specific aspects indicates where the new research opportunities are. Experimental, theoretical and numerical studies are all represented in the chapters. Fundamental investigations are presented first, followed by practical studies. CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Microgravity Research on Quasi-Steady and Unsteady Combustion of Fuel Droplet at High Pressures
Chapter 2 - Laboratory Experiments of High-Pressure Fluid Drops
Chapter 3 - Optical Diagnostics for Sprays at High Pressure
Chapter 4 - Supercritical Coaxial Jet Disintegration
Chapter 5 - High-Pressure Experiments Relevant to Rocket Propulsion
Chapter 6 - Forced and Unforced Shear Coaxial Mixing and Combustion at Subcritical and Supercritical Pressures
Chapter 7 - Measurement of Heat Transfer in Liquid Rocket Combustors
Chapter 8 - Characterization of Droplet Nucleation Inside Supercritical Ethylene Jets Using Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Technique
Chapter 9 - Empirical Fundamental Equations of State for Pure Fluids and Mixtures
Chapter 10 - Molecular Simulations to Research Supercritical Fuel Properties
Chapter 11 - Large Eddy Simulations of High-pressure Jets: Effect of Subgrid-scale Modeling
Chapter 12 - High Pressure Flames with Multicomponent Transport
Chapter 13 - Large-Eddy Simulation of Cryogenic Jet Injection at Supercritical Pressures
Chapter 14 - Detailed Modeling of Supercritical Jets and Flames
Chapter 15 - Modeling and Simulations of High-Pressure Practical Flows
Chapter 16 - Large-Eddy Simulation of Liquid Injection and Combustion Processes in High-Pressure Systems
Chapter 17 - Simulation of the High-Pressure Combustion Process in Diesel Engines
Author(s): Josette Bellan
Series: Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 803
City: Reston
Title page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
1
Microgravity Research on Quasi-Steady and Unsteady Combustion of Fuel Droplet at High Pressures
I. INTRODUCTION
II. FUEL DROPLET EVAPORATION
III. FUEL DROPLET COMBUSTION
IV. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2
Laboratory Experiments of High-Pressure Fluid Drops
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS OF INTERFACES
III. EXPERIMENTAL TEST RIG: A HIGH-PRESSURE APPARATUS FOR FALLING DROPLETS
IV. OPTICAL TECHNIQUES: PROGRESS ON DROPLET CHARACTERIZATION AT HIGH PRESSURE
V. RESULTS
VI. ON THE LIMITS OF VLE FORMULATIONS
VII. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3
Optical Diagnostics for Sprays at High Pressure
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
III. WHITE-LIGHT IMAGING
IV. LASER IMAGING
V. TECHNIQUES THAT COULD POTENTIALLY BROADEN THE SCOPE OF MEASUREMENTS
VI. OVERVIEW
REFERENCES
4
Supercritical Coaxial Jet Disintegration
NOMENCLATURE
SUBSCRIPTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY
III. WORKING FLUID AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
IV. RESULTS
V. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
5
High-Pressure Experiments Relevant to Rocket Propulsion
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND AND PAST EXPERIMENTS IN MODEL ROCKET COMBUSTORS
III. MEASUREMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS OVERVIEW
IV. MODAL DECOMPOSITION METHODS
V. QUANTITATIVE OPTICAL COMPARISONS
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
6
Forced and Unforced Shear Coaxial Mixing and Combustion at Subcritical and Supercritical Pressures
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND: COAXIAL JET
III. EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES AND INSTRUMENTATION
IV. RESULTS
V. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
7
Measurement of Heat Transfer in Liquid Rocket Combustors
NOMENCLATURE
SUBSCRIPTS
SUPERSCRIPTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HEAT-TRANSFER MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES
III. EXAMPLES OF HEAT-FLUX MEASUREMENTS
IV. DISCUSSION OF HEAT-FLUX MEASUREMENT APPROACHES
REFERENCES
8
Characterization of Droplet Nucleation Inside Supercritical Ethylene Jets Using Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Technique
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
III. SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING
IV. DATA REDUCTION
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
VI. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9
Empirical Fundamental Equations of State for Pure Fluids and Mixtures
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EQUATIONS OF STATE
III. FITTING EQUATIONS OF STATE
IV. PERFORMANCE OF EQUATIONS OF STATE AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
V. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
10
Molecular Simulations to Research Supercritical Fuel Properties
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MOLECULAR APPROACH FOR RESEARCHING SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
III. MC SIMULATIONS OF THE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS OF
ALKANE/NITROGEN MIXTURES USING VARIOUS POTENTIALS
IV. MD SIMULATIONS OF AN
HEPTANE DROPLET VAPORIZING INTO NITROGEN AT VARIOUS AMBIENT TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
11
Large Eddy Simulations of High-Pressure Jets: Effect of Subgrid-Scale Modeling
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL METHOD
III. NUMERICAL ASPECTS
IV. CONFIGURATION, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
12
High Pressure Flames with Multicomponent Transport
I. INTRODUCTION
II. NONIDEAL FLUIDS
III. BINARY MIXING LAYERS
IV. FREELY PROPAGATING PREMIXED FLAMES
V. STRAINED FLAMES
VI. TRANSCRITICAL DIFFUSION FLAMES
VII. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
13
Large-Eddy Simulation of Cryogenic Jet Injection at Supercritical Pressures
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THERMODYNAMICS MODEL
III. CRYOGENIC SINGLE-COMPONENT INJECTION AT SUPERCRITICAL PRESSURE
IV. CRYOGENIC BINARY COMPONENT INJECTION AT SUPERCRITICAL PRESSURE
V. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
14
Detailed Modeling of Supercritical Jets and Flames
I. INTRODUCTION
II. FLUID PROPERTIES IN SUPERCRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS
III. KINETIC MODELS FOR HIGH-PRESSURE COMBUSTION
IV. METHODOLOGY FOR ROBUST AND ACCURATE SIMULATIONS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS WITH LARGE DENSITY CONTRASTS
V. ROBUST SOLVERS FOR STIFF CHEMISTRY
VI. LES OF LOX/GH2 SHEAR-COAXIAL JET FLAME AT SUPERCRITICAL PRESSURE
VII. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
15
Modeling and Simulations of High-Pressure Practical Flows
I. INTRODUCTION
II. NUMERICAL TOOLS FOR HIGH-PRESSURE REACTING FLOW SIMULATION
III. COUPLING REAL-GAS TABULATED THERMOCHEMISTRY AND COMPRESSIBLE LES SOLVER
IV. SIMULATION OF REACTING AND NONREACTING TURBULENT FLOWS
V. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPENDIX A. AEXPRESSION OF THE HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT PRESSURE (
APPENDIX B. 2-D CONVECTION OF A MIXTURE FRACTION POCKET [MIXT]
APPENDIX C. COUPLING THE REAL-GAS TABULATED THERMOCHEMISTRY WITH A LOW-MACH CODE
REFERENCES
16
Large-Eddy Simulation of Liquid Injection and Combustion Processes in High-Pressure Systems
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND SUBMODEL FORMULATIONS
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPENDIX A. THERMODYNAMIC DERIVATIVES AS FUNCTION OF COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR FOR THE CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE
APPENDIX B. DEPARTURE FUNCTIONS FOR CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE
REFERENCES
17
Simulation of the High-Pressure Combustion Process in Diesel Engines
NOMENCLATURE
SUPERSCRIPT
SUBSCRIPT
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DIESEL SPRAY MODEL
III. GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR THE FLUID PHASE
IV. COMBUSTION MODEL
V. CONSTANT-VOLUME COMBUSTION CHAMBER VALIDATIONS
VI. DIESEL ENGINE SIMULATIONS
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Index
