The book presents a detailed look at high-lift aerodynamics, which deals with the aerodynamic behavior of lift augmentation means, from various approaches. After an introductory chapter, the book discusses the physical limits of lift generation giving the lift generation potential. It then explains what is needed for an aircraft to fly safely by analyzing the high-lift-related requirements for certifying an aircraft. The needs of an aircraft are also analyzed to improve its performance during take-off, approach, and landing. Describing methods that are used to evaluate and design high-lift systems in an aerodynamic sense, the book also briefly covers numerical, as well as experimental, simulation methods. It also includes a special chapter that is dedicated to the aerodynamic design of high-lift systems. The book is intended for graduate students in aerospace programs studying advanced aerodynamics and aircraft design. It also serves as a professional reference for practicing aerospace and mechanical engineers who are working on aircraft design issues related to take-off and landing.
Author(s): Jochen WIld
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 306
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
Nomenclature
1.1. A Short History of High-Lift Systems
1.1.1. Development of High-Lift Devices
1.1.2. Trends for Large Transport Aircraft
1.2. The Limits of Safe Flight
Note
References
Chapter 2: Limits of Lift Generation
Nomenclature
2.1. Incompressible, Inviscid Flows
2.2. Compressibility Effects
2.3. The Influence of Viscosity
2.4. Types of Wing Stall
Notes
References
Chapter 3: Airworthiness
Nomenclature
3.1. The Definition of the Stall Speed
3.2. Speed Definitions
3.2.1. Take-Off and Climb
3.2.2. Approach and Landing
3.2.3. Operating Range in High-Lift Flight
3.3. Flight Phases
3.3.1. Take-Off
3.3.2. Approach and Landing
3.4. Flight Path Slope Requirements
3.4.1. Take-Off Climb Requirements
3.4.2. Landing Climb Requirements
3.4.3. Steep Approach
3.5. Load Cases for Stress Assessment
3.5.1. Maneuver Loads
3.5.2. Gust Loads
3.5.3. Operating Loads
3.6. Noise Classification
Note
References
Chapter 4: Aircraft Performance at Take-Off and Landing
Nomenclature
4.1. General Relations
4.1.1. Phases of High-Lift Flight
4.1.2. Ground Effect
4.2. Aerodynamic Performance Indicators
4.2.1. Take-Off
4.2.2. Climb
4.2.3. Approach
4.2.4. Landing
4.2.5. Short Take-Off and Landing
Notes
References
Chapter 5: Passive High-Lift Systems
Nomenclature
5.1. Slotless Devices
5.1.1. Plain Flap
5.1.2. Split Flap
5.1.3. Gurney Flap
5.1.4. Droop Nose
5.1.5. Nose Split Flap (Krueger)
5.2. Slotted Airfoils
5.2.1 The Theory of Multi-Element Airfoil Aerodynamics
5.2.2. Slats
5.2.3. Slotted Krueger Flaps
5.2.4. Slotted Flaps
5.2.5. Fowler Flaps
5.2.6. Double and Triple Slotted Flaps
5.3. Vortex Generating Devices
5.3.1. Vortex Generators
5.3.2. Vortex Generator Arrays
5.3.3. Slat Horn
5.3.4. Nacelle Strakes
Notes
References
Chapter 6: Active High-Lift Systems
Nomenclature
6.1. Boundary Layer Control (BLC)
6.1.1. Boundary Layer Suction
6.1.2. Tangential Blowing
6.1.3. Unsteady Blowing
6.1.4. Vortex Generating Jets
6.1.5. Fluidic Oscillator.
6.1.6. Synthetic Jets
6.2. Circulation Control
6.2.1. The Coandã Effect
6.2.2. Circulation Control Airfoil
6.2.3. Coandã Flap
6.2.4. Fluidic Gurneys
6.3. Powered Lift
6.3.1. Propulsive Slipstream Deflection
6.3.2. Externally Blown Flaps
6.3.3. Upper Surface Blowing (USB)
6.4. A Remark on the Application of Active High-Lift for Civil Transport Aircraft
Notes
References
Chapter 7: Simulation of High-Lift Flows
Nomenclature
7.1. Experimental Simulation
7.1.1. Wind Tunnels
7.1.2. Wind Tunnel Model Types and Installations
7.1.3. Wind Tunnel Corrections
7.1.3.1. Corrections for Lift Interference
7.1.3.2. Corrections for Blockage
7.1.3.3. Corrections for Wake Blockage
7.1.3.4. Model Size Considerations
7.1.4. Non-Correctable Sources of Measurement
7.1.4.1. Side-Wall Separation at Two Dimensional Airfoils
7.1.4.2. Boundary Layer Influence on Half Model Testing
7.1.4.3. Model Deformation
7.2. Numerical Simulation
7.2.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
7.2.2. Panel Method
7.2.3. Lifting-Line Method
Notes
References
Chapter 8: Aerodynamic Design of High-Lift Systems
Nomenclature
8.1. The Design Process of High-Lift Systems
8.2. Geometric Description of High-Lift Systems
8.2.1. High-Lift System Layouts
8.2.2. Planform Parameters
8.2.3. Shape Parameters
8.2.4. Position Parameters
8.3. Constraints
8.3.1. Structural Constraints
8.3.2. Kinematics Constraints
8.4. Relation of Airfoil and Wing Design
8.4.1. Wing Design Section
8.4.2. Swept Wing Transformation
8.4.3. Local Sweep Transformation
8.4.4 Transformations of High-Lift Device Deflections
8.5. High-Lift Design Optimization
8.5.1. Methodology of Numerical Optimization
8.5.1.1 Second Order Derivative Deterministic Methods
8.5.1.2. First Order Derivative Deterministic Methods
8.5.1.3. Non-Derivative Deterministic Methods
8.5.1.4. Random Methods
8.5.2. Definition of the Design Problem
Notes
References
Abbreviations.
Index
