Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
About the Editor
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Exploring Important Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees for Their Traditional Knowledge, Chemical Derivatives, and Potential Benefits
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 General Importance of Medicinal Plants
1.1.2 Significance of Medicinal Plants at the Global Level
1.1.3 Important Chemical Constituents and Uses
1.2 Descriptions
1.2.1 Morphological Descriptions of Some Important Herbs
1.2.2 Morphological Descriptions of Some Important Shrubs
1.2.3 Morphological Descriptions of Some Important Trees
1.3 Traditional Knowledge of Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees
1.4 Chemical Derivatives (Bioactive Compounds – Phytochemistry) of Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees
1.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses of Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees
1.5.1 General Overview
1.5.2 Uses and Bioactive Constituents of Herbs
1.5.3 Parts of the Plants, Uses, and Bioactive Constituents of Shrubs
1.5.4 Uses and Bioactive Constituents of Trees
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Andrographis paniculata (Creat or Green Chiretta) and Bacopa monnieri (Water Hyssop)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees
2.2.1 Morphology
2.2.2 Distribution and Common Names
2.2.3 Bioactive Compounds
2.2.4 Pharmacological Activities
2.2.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity
2.2.4.2 Anti-neurodegenerative Activities
2.2.4.3 Antifertility Activities
2.2.4.4 Anti-HIV and Cytotoxic Activity
2.2.4.5 Clinical Trials of Therapeutic Agents
2.2.4.6 Analgesic Activity
2.2.4.7 Antidiabetic Activity
2.2.4.8 Antioxidant Activity
2.3 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell
2.3.1 Morphology
2.3.2 Distribution and Common Names
2.3.3 Bioactive Compounds
2.3.4 Pharmacological Activities
2.3.4.1 Sedative and Tranquilizing Properties
2.3.4.2 Antidepressant and Antianxiety Effects
2.3.4.3 Antiepileptic Effects
2.3.4.4 Anti-ulcerative Activity
2.3.4.5 Antidiabetic Activity
2.3.4.6 Anticancer Activity
2.3.4.7 Antimicrobial Activity
2.3.4.8 Cardiovascular Activities
2.3.4.9 Analgesic Activities
2.3.4.10 Cognitive Activities
2.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Chlorophytum borivilianum (Musli) and Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plant Description
3.2.1 Chlorophytum borivilianum
3.2.2 Cimicifuga racemosa
3.3 TraditionalKnowledge
3.3.1 Chlorophytum borivilianum
3.3.2 Cimicifuga racemosa
3.4 Chemical Derivatives (Bioactive Compounds – Phytochemistry)
3.4.1 Chlorophytum borivilianum
3.4.2 Cimicifuga racemosa
3.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
3.5.1 Chlorophytum borivilianum
3.5.1.1 Antioxidant Effect
3.5.1.2 Immunomodulatory Effect
3.5.1.3 Antidiabetic Effect
3.5.1.4 Anticancer Effect
3.5.1.5 Anti-UlcerativeEffect
3.5.1.6 Analgesic Effect
3.5.1.7 Antimicrobial Effect
3.5.1.8 Anti-Stress Effect
3.5.1.9 Anthelmintic Effect
3.5.1.10 AntidyslipidemicEffect
3.5.1.11 Larvicidal Effect
3.5.1.12 Aphrodisiac Effect
3.5.1.13 Anxiolytic Effect
3.5.1.14 HepatoprotectiveEffect
3.5.1.15 Toxicity
3.5.2 Cimicifuga racemosa
3.5.2.1 Anti-Allergic Effect
3.5.2.2 Antiestrogenic and Estrogenic Effect
3.5.2.3 Antihyperglycemic Effect
3.5.2.4 Antimicrobial Effect
3.5.2.5 Anti-Osteoporosis Effect
3.5.2.6 Antioxidant Effect
3.5.2.7 Anticancer Effect
3.5.2.8 Antidiabetic Effect
3.5.2.9 Anti-Inflammatory Effect
3.5.2.10 Anxiolytic Effect
3.5.2.11 GABA Receptor Modulating Effect
3.5.2.12 Menopause Effect
3.5.2.13 Neuroprotective Effect
3.5.2.14 Serotonin Receptor Effect
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4 Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhpushpi) and Erythroxylum coca (Coca plant)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Description of the Plant
4.2.1 Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy
4.2.2 Erythroxylum coca Lam.
4.3 Traditional Knowledge
4.3.1 Convolvulus pluricaulis
4.3.2 Erythroxylum coca
4.4 Phytochemistry
4.4.1 Convolvulus pluricaulis
4.4.2 Erythroxylum coca
4.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
4.5.1 Convolvulus pluricaulis
4.5.1.1 Enhances Memory
4.5.1.2 Reduces Hypertension
4.5.1.3 Reduces Body Cholesterol and Acts as an Antidiabetic
4.5.1.4 Improves the Reproductive System
4.5.1.5 Antiulcer and Anti-catatonic Properties
4.5.1.6 Effects on the Thyroid Gland
4.5.1.7 Enhances Beauty
4.5.2 Erythroxylum. coca
4.5.2.1 Treats Gastrointestinal Disorders, Oral Sores, and Toothaches
4.5.2.2 Relieves Environmental Stress
4.5.2.3 Alleviates Hunger
4.5.2.4 Relieves Altitude Illness
4.5.2.5 Fast-Acting Antidepressant
4.5.2.6 Other Uses
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) and Dioscorea villosa (Wild yams)
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Asparagus racemosus
5.1.2 Dioscorea villosa
5.2 Description
5.2.1 Asparagus racemosus
5.2.2 Dioscorea villosa
5.3 Traditional Knowledge
5.3.1 Asparagus racemosus
5.3.2 Dioscorea villosa
5.4 Phytochemicals
5.4.1 Asparagus racemosus
5.4.2 Dioscorea villosa
5.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Pharmacological Activities
5.5.1 Asparagus racemosus
5.5.2 Dioscorea villosa
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Embelia ribes (False Black Pepper) and Gymnema sylvestre (Sugar Destroyer)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Description of Embelia ribes
6.3 Description of Gymnema sylvestre
6.4 Phytochemical Constituents of Embelia ribes
6.5 Formulations of Embelia ribes
6.6 Application in Ayurveda
6.7 Application in Traditional Uses
6.8 Pharmacological Uses
6.8.1 Antibacterial
6.8.2 Anthelmintic
6.8.3 Antidiabetic
6.8.4 Hepatoprotective
6.8.5 Antifertility
6.8.6 Antitumor
6.9 Toxicological Effect of E. ribes
6.10 Chemical Constituents of Gymnema sylvestre
6.11 Traditional Use
6.12 Pharmacological Actions
6.12.1 Application in Diabetes Mellitus
6.12.2 Anticancer Activity
6.12.3 Lipid-Lowering Activity
6.12.4 Antimicrobial Activity
6.12.5 Antioxidant Activity
6.12.6 Antiarthritic Activity
6.12.7 Immunomodulating Effect of G. sylvestre
6.12.8 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
6.12.9 Hepatoprotective Activity
6.13 Toxicological Effect of Gymnema sylvestre
6.14 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) and Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
7.2.1 Ethnobotanical Description
7.2.1.1 Macroscopic
7.2.1.2 Microscopic
7.2.1.3 Ethnobotanical Uses of G. glabra
7.2.1.4 Chemical Constituents
7.2.1.5 Scientific Studies
7.2.2 Clinical Studies
7.3 Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.
7.3.1 Ethnobotanical Description
7.3.1.1 Macroscopic
7.3.1.2 Microscopic
7.3.1.3 Ethnobotanical Uses
7.3.1.4 Chemical Constituents
7.3.1.5 Pharmacological Activities
7.3.2 Clinical Studies
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) and Lawsonia inermis (Henna)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Description
8.2.1 Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)
8.2.2 Lawsonia inermis (Henna)
8.3 Traditional Knowledge
8.3.1 Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)
8.3.2 Lawsonia inermis (Henna)
8.4 Chemical Derivatives of H. canadensis (Goldenseal) and L. Inermis (Henna)
8.5 Potential Benefits of H. canadensis (Goldenseal)
8.5.1 Antibacterial Effect
8.5.2 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection and Colds
8.5.3 Diabetes
8.5.4 Chlamydia and Herpes
8.5.5 Acne and Psoriasis
8.5.6 Oral Health
8.5.7 Cardiovascular Effects
8.5.8 Immune Modulation
8.6 Potential Benefits of L. inermis (Henna)
8.6.1 Anti-Aging Properties
8.6.2 Wound Healing
8.6.3 Memory Enhancement
8.6.4 Antibacterial Activity
8.6.5 HypoglycemicActivity
8.6.6 Immunomodulatory Effect
8.6.7 Abortifacient Activity
8.6.8 Hepatoprotective Activity
8.6.9 Antioxidant Activity
8.6.10 Antifungal Activity
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Nardostachys jatamansi (Spikenard) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Description
9.2.1 Nardostachys jatamansi
9.2.2 Ocimum tenuiflorum
9.3 Traditional Knowledge
9.4 Chemical Derivatives (Bioactive Compounds – Phytochemistry)
9.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
9.5.1 Hepatoprotective Activity and Cardioprotective Activity
9.5.1.1 Nardostachys jatamansi
9.5.1.2 Ocimum tenuiflorum
9.5.2 Neuroprotective Activities
9.5.2.1 Nardostachys jatamansi in Cerebral Ischemia
9.5.2.2 Ocimum tenuiflorum in Cerebral Ischemia
9.5.2.3 Nardostachys jatamansi in Parkinson’s Disease
9.5.2.4 Nardostachys jatamansi in Alzheimer’s Disease
9.5.2.5 Ocimum tenuiflorum in Alzheimer’s Disease
9.5.3 Nootropic Activity
9.5.3.1 Nardostachys jatamansi
9.5.3.2 Ocimum tenuiflorum
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Panax quinquefolium (American Ginseng) and Physostigma venenosum (Calabar Bean)
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Description
10.2.1 American Ginseng
10.2.2 Calabar Bean
10.3 Traditional Knowledge
10.3.1 American Ginseng
10.3.2 Calabar Bean
10.4 Bioactive Compounds
10.4.1 Bioactive Components of American Ginseng
10.4.2 Bioactive Components of Calabar Bean
10.5 Potential Benefits
10.5.1 Health Benefits of American Ginseng
10.5.1.1 Neuronal Protection
10.5.1.2 Cardioprotective Activity
10.5.1.3 Anticancer Activity
10.5.1.4 Antidiabetic Activity
10.5.1.5 Prevention of Obesity
10.5.1.6 Antiaging Properties
10.5.1.7 Multiple Sclerosis Prevention
10.5.1.8 Antimicrobial Activity
10.5.2 Health Benefits of Calabar Bean
10.5.2.1 Neuronal Protection
10.5.2.2 Antidote Agent
10.5.2.3 Glaucoma Treatment
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Phytolacca dodecandra (African Soapberry) and Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Phytolacca dodecandra
11.2.1 General Description
11.2.2 Botanical Aspects and Habitat
11.2.3 Traditional Knowledge
11.2.4 Bioactive Compounds and Phytochemistry
11.2.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
11.2.5.1 Molluscicidal Property
11.2.5.2 Anthelminthic Property
11.2.5.3 Antimicrobial Property
11.2.5.4 Antimalarial Property
11.2.5.5 Antiviral Property
11.2.5.6 Hepatoprotective Property
11.3 Picrorhiza kurroa
11.3.1 General Description
11.3.2 Botanical Aspects and Habitat
11.3.3 Traditional Knowledge
11.3.4 Bioactive Compounds and Phytochemistry
11.3.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
11.3.5.1 Nephroprotective Activity
11.3.5.2 Antioxidant Activity
11.3.5.3 Anti-Inflammatory and Antiallergic Activities
11.3.5.4 Immunostimulatory Activity
11.3.5.5 Anticarcinogenic and Antineoplastic Activity
11.3.5.6 Antidiabetic Activity
11.3.5.7 Potential Production of Secondary Metabolites for Medicinal or Commercial Purposes
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Piper longum (Long Pepper or Pipli) and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy or Heart-Leaved Moonseed)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Description
12.2.1 Piper longum, or Long Pepper
12.2.2 Tinospora cordifolia, Giloy, or Heart-Leaved Moonseed
12.3 Traditional Knowledge
12.3.1 Piper longum
12.3.2 Tinospora cordifolia
12.4 Chemical Derivatives
12.4.1 Phytochemicals of P. longum
12.4.2 Phytochemicals of T. cordifolia
12.5 Potential Benefits
12.5.1 Uses of P. longum
12.5.1.1 Antiulcer Activity
12.5.1.2 Insecticidal Activity
12.5.1.3 Antiplatelet Activity
12.5.1.4 Anti-Snake Venom Activity
12.5.1.5 Coronary Vasodilation and Cardioprotective Activity
12.5.1.6 Anti-amebic and Antihelminthic Activity
12.5.1.7 Antimicrobial Activity
12.5.1.8 Anti-obesity and Hypocholesterolemic Activity
12.5.1.9 Antidepressant Activity
12.5.1.10 Anticancer and Antitumor Activity
12.5.1.11 Radioprotective Activity
12.5.1.12 Immunomodulatory and Activity Against COVID-19
12.5.1.13 Hepatoprotective Activity
12.5.1.14 Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity
12.5.1.15 Anti-apoptotic and Antioxidant Activity
12.5.1.16 Antiasthmatic and Analgesic Activity
12.5.1.17 Antidiabetic activity
12.5.1.18 Melanin-Inhibiting and Antifertility Activity
12.5.1.19 Antiepileptic and Therapeutic Activity for Alzheimer’s Disease
12.5.1.20 Antiparkinsonian Activity
12.5.2 Uses of T. cordifolia
12.5.2.1 Anti-ulcer Activity
12.5.2.2 Anticancer and Antitumor Activity
12.5.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity
12.5.2.4 Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Stress Activity
12.5.2.5 Immunomodulatory and Activity against COVID-19
12.5.2.6 Hepatoprotective and Anti-Amebic Activity
12.5.2.7 Anti-arthritic and Anti-osteoporotic Activity
12.5.2.8 Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Activity
12.5.2.9 Anti-HIV and Wound-Healing Activity
12.5.2.10 Antioxidant and Antitoxic Activity
12.5.2.11 Antiparkinsonian and Memory-Enhancing Activity
12.5.2.12 Against Urinary Calculi and Uremia
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Description and Distribution
13.2.1 Plantago ovata
13.2.2 Rauvolfia serpentina
13.3 Traditional Knowledge
13.3.1 Plantago ovata
13.3.2 Rauvolfia serpentina
13.4 Chemical Derivatives
13.4.1 Plantago ovata
13.4.2 Rauvolfia serpentina
13.5 Therapeutic Benefits, Applications, and Side Effects
13.5.1 Plantago ovata
13.5.1.1 Gastrointestinal Functions
13.5.1.2 Antibacterial Activity
13.5.1.3 Immunomodulatory Actions
13.5.1.4 Hypolipidemic Activity
13.5.1.5 Anti-obesity Activity
13.5.1.6 Anticancer Activity
13.5.1.7 Coagulation Activity
13.5.1.8 Antileishmanial Effect
13.5.1.9 Natural Super Disintegrant
13.5.1.10 Anticorrosive Activity
13.5.1.11 Used for Making Natural Eye Drops
13.5.1.12 Activity as Lead Biosorbent
13.5.1.13 Anti-ulcer Activity
13.5.1.14 Hepatoprotective Activity
13.5.1.15 Antidiabetic Activity
13.5.1.16 Anti-inflammatory Activity
13.5.1.17 Bioedible Films
13.5.1.18 Antioxidant Activity
13.5.1.19 Anti-nematode Activity
13.5.1.20 Against Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases
13.5.1.21 Wound-Healing Activity
13.5.1.22 Against Industrial Pollution
13.5.1.23 Uses in the Food Industry
13.5.1.24 Other Uses
13.5.1.25 Side Effects
13.5.2 Rauvolfia serpentina
13.5.2.1 Antidiarrheal Activity
13.5.2.2 Anti-Ulcer Activity
13.5.2.3 Antidiabetic Activity
13.5.2.4 Anti-Alzheimer’s Activity
13.5.2.5 Antibacterial Activity and Herbal Gels
13.5.2.6 Anticancer and Antitumor Activity
13.5.2.7 Hypolipidemic Activity
13.5.2.8 Anti-SARS Activity
13.5.2.9 Anti–Larvicidal Activity
13.5.2.10 Anticorrosive Activity
13.5.2.11 Anti-oxidative Activity and Anti-Heavy Metal Toxicity
13.5.2.12 Nanoparticle Formations
13.5.2.13 Associated Microbes
13.5.2.14 Side Effects
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Saussurea costus (Kust) and Senna alexandrina (Senna)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Saussurea costus (Kust)
14.2.1 Description
14.2.1.1 Taxonomic Hierarchy
14.2.1.2 Botanical Description
14.2.1.3 Traditional Knowledge
14.2.2 Phytochemistry
14.2.2.1 Bioactive Phytoconstituents of Costus Roots
14.2.2.2 Costus Oil
14.2.3 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
14.2.3.1 Anti-Inflammatory
14.2.3.2 Anticancer and Antitumor
14.2.3.3 Hepatoprotective
14.2.3.4 Anti-Ulcerogenic and Cholagogic Activity
14.2.3.5 Immunomodulatory Activity
14.2.3.6 Respiratory Diseases and Asthma
14.2.3.7 Miscellaneous Activities
14.2.3.8 Other Uses
14.3 Senna alexandrina Mill.
14.3.1 Description
14.3.1.1 Botanical Description
14.3.1.2 Traditional Knowledge
14.3.2 Chemical Derivatives (Bioactive Compounds – Phytochemistry)
14.3.3 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
14.3.3.1 Senna as a Laxative Drug
14.3.3.2 Antibacterial Activity
14.3.3.3 Antifungal Activity
14.3.3.4 Antioxidant Activity
14.3.3.5 Antihelminthic Activity
14.3.3.6 Anticancer
14.3.3.7 Anti-Obesity and Antidiabetic Activities
14.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Swertia chirata (Chirata) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Swertia chirata
15.2.1 Botanical Features and Habitat
15.2.2 Importance and Uses
15.2.3 Functional in Mild to Moderate Cases of COVID-19
15.2.4 Traditional Knowledge of S. chirata
15.2.5 Chemical Constituents
15.2.6 Pharmacological Activity of S. chirata
15.3 Withania somnifera
15.3.1 Botanical Description
15.3.2 Habitat and Cultivation
15.3.3 Traditional Knowledge
15.3.4 Chemical Constituents Present in W. somnifera
15.3.5 Potential Benefits, Applications,and Uses of W. somnifera
15.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Vinca rosea (Madagascar Periwinkle) and Adhatoda vesica (Malabar Nut)
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Vinca rosea
16.1.2 Adhatoda vasica
16.2 Description
16.2.1 Vinca Rosea
16.2.2 Adhatoda vasica
16.3 Traditional Knowledge
16.3.1 Vinca rosea
16.3.2 Adhatoda vasica
16.4 Chemical Derivatives
16.4.1 Vinca rosea
16.4.2 Adhatoda vasica
16.5 Potential Benefits, Application, and Uses
16.5.1 Vinca rosea
16.5.1.1 Antioxidant Effect
16.5.1.2 Anticancer Effect
16.5.1.3 Cytotoxic Effect
16.5.1.4 Antidiabetic Effect
16.5.1.5 Antidiarrheal Effect
16.5.1.6 Antihelminthic Effect
16.5.1.7 Hypolipidemic Effect
16.5.1.8 Anti-HIV Effect
16.5.1.9 Antihypertensive Effect
16.5.1.10 Antimicrobial Effect
16.5.1.11 Antimycobacterium Tuberculosis Effect
16.5.1.12 Neuroprotective Effect
16.5.1.13 Antiplatelet Aggregation Effect
16.5.1.14 Anti-Ulcer Effect
16.5.1.15 Wound-Healing Effect
16.5.1.16 Other Effects
16.5.1.17 Safety Aspects
16.5.2 Adhatoda vasica
16.5.2.1 Antioxidant Effect
16.5.2.2 Antibacterial Effect
16.5.2.3 Antimicrobial Effect
16.5.2.4 Anti-Inflammatory Effect
16.5.2.5 Antitussive Effect
16.5.2.6 Hepatoprotective Effect
16.5.2.7 Antiviral Effect
16.5.2.8 Thrombolytic Effect
16.5.2.9 Uterine Effect
16.5.2.10 Antifungal Effect
16.5.2.11 Anthelmintic Effect
16.5.2.12 Antidiabetic Effect
16.5.2.13 Antituberculosis Effect
16.5.2.14 Anticestodal Effect
16.5.2.15 Hepato-Protective Effect
16.5.2.16 Radio-Modulatory Effect
16.5.2.17 Immunomodulatory Effect
16.5.2.18 Effect on Reproductive Organs
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17 Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Annona squamosa (Sugar Apple)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Traditional Knowledge
17.2.1 Nutritional
17.2.2 Medicinal
17.2.3 Commercial
17.3 Chemical Derivatives of Aegle Marmelos and Annona Squamosa
17.3.1 Phytochemicals Associated with Aegle marmelos
17.3.2 Phytochemicals Associated with Annona squamosa
17.4 Potential Benefits of Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Annona squamosa (Custard apple or Sugar apple)
17.4.1 Antioxidant Activity
17.4.1.1 Aegle marmelos
17.4.1.2 Annona squamosa
17.4.2 Antimicrobial Activity
17.4.2.1 Aegle marmelos
17.4.2.2 Annona squamosa
17.4.3 Anticancer Agents
17.4.3.1 Aegle marmelos
17.4.3.2 Annona squamosa
17.4.4 Antimalarial, Antidiabetic Activities
17.4.4.1 Aegle marmelos
17.4.4.2 Annona squamosa
17.4.5 Hepatoprotective and Cardioprotective Activities
17.4.5.1 Aegle marmelos
17.4.5.2 Annona squamosa
17.4.6 Antipyretic, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities
17.4.6.1 Aegle marmelos
17.4.6.2 Annona squamosa
17.5 COVID-19 Perspective of Aegle marmelos and Annona squamosa
17.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Berberis aristata (Indian Barberry)
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Description
18.3 Traditional Knowledge
18.4 Chemical Derivatives (Bioactive Compounds – Phytochemistry)
18.5 Potential Benefits, Applications and Uses
18.5.1 Neem
18.5.1.1 Medical Applications
18.5.1.2 Agronomic Applications
18.5.1.3 Food
18.5.2 Berberis aristata
18.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Corylus avellana
19.2.1 Botanical Aspects
19.2.2 Taxonomy
19.2.3 Habitat and Ecology
19.2.4 Importance and Usage
19.2.5 Uses of Hazelnuts in Traditional Medicine
19.2.6 Chemical Composition of C. avellana
19.2.6.1 Phenolics
19.2.6.2 Flavonoids
19.2.6.3 Tannins and Proanthocyanidins
19.2.6.4 Diarylheptanoids
19.2.6.5 Lignans
19.2.6.6 Taxanes
19.2.6.7 Volatile Compounds
19.2.7 Biological Activities
19.3 The Genus Cinchona
19.3.1 Botanical Description
19.3.2 Etymology and Common Names
19.3.3 History
19.3.4 Taxonomy
19.3.4.1 Cinchona calisaya Wedd
19.3.4.2 Cinchona ledgeriana Moons
19.3.4.3 Cinchona officinalis Linn.
19.3.4.4 Cinchona pubescens Vahl. (syn. Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex klotzsch)
19.3.5 Cultivation
19.3.6 Medicinal Uses
19.3.7 Chemical Constituents of Cinchona
19.3.8 Toxicology of Cinchona
19.3.9 COVID-19 Treatment with Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
19.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 20 Crataegus laevigata (Midland Hawthorn) and Emblica officinalis (Indian Gooseberry)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Description
20.3 Traditional Knowledge
20.4 Chemical Derivatives (Bioactive Compounds – Phytochemistry)
20.5 Potential Benefits, Applications, and Uses
20.5.1 Antioxidant Effects
20.5.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects
20.5.3 Cardiac and Vascular Effects
20.5.4 Antimicrobial
20.5.5 Immunomodulatory Effects
20.5.6 Hepatoprotective Effect
20.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalypts) and Ficus religiosa (Sacred Fig)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Eucalyptus spp.
21.2.1 Morphological Description
21.2.2 Distribution
21.2.3 Chemical Composition and Derivatives
21.2.4 Potential Benefits of Eucalyptus
21.2.4.1 For Hair
21.2.4.2 For Skin
21.2.4.3 For Diabetes
21.2.4.4 For Fever
21.2.4.5 For Teeth
21.2.4.6 Relief from Stomach Worms
21.2.4.7 Hair Lice Removal
21.2.4.8 Relief of Muscle Pain
21.2.4.9 Use in Pneumonia
21.2.4.10 Relief from Kidney Stones
21.2.4.11 Plant Protection
21.2.5 Disadvantages of Eucalyptus Oil
21.3 Ficus religiosa
21.3.1 Morphological Description
21.3.2 Distribution
21.3.3 Common Names of F. religiosa in Different Languages
21.3.4 Phytochemistry of F. religiosa
21.3.4.1 Constituents of the Leaves
21.3.4.2 Constituents of the Bark
21.3.4.3 Constituents of the Fruits and Seeds
21.3.5 Potential Benefits of F. religiosa
21.3.5.1 Beneficial for the Lungs
21.3.5.2 Use as an Immunity Booster
21.3.5.3 Beneficial for the Liver
21.3.5.4 Relief from Phlegm
21.3.5.5 Dental Disease Treatment
21.3.5.6 Jaundice Treatment
21.3.5.7 Controlling Diabetes
21.3.5.8 Treat Urinary Disease
21.3.5.9 Importance in Infertility Problems
21.3.5.10 Benefits in Cracked Heel Problem
21.3.5.11 Benefits in Skin Disease Treatment
21.3.5.12 Curing Boils
21.3.5.13 Benefit in Blood Disorders
21.3.5.14 Uses in Fighting Fever
21.3.5.15 Uses in Typhoid
21.3.5.16 Beneficial in Impotency
21.3.5.17 Benefits in Snakebite
21.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 22 Garcinia indica (Kokum) and Ilex aquifolium (European Holly)
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Botanical Description of the Plants
22.3 Traditional Knowledge of the Plants
22.3.1 Garcinia indica
22.3.2 Ilex aquifolium
22.4 Phytochemistry of the Plants
22.4.1 Garcinia indica
22.4.2 I. aquifolium
22.5 Pharmacological Properties of G. indica and Its Major Compound Garcinol
22.5.1 Anticancer Activity
22.5.2 Neuroprotective Activity
22.5.3 Antidiabetic and Anti-Obesity Activity
22.5.4 Hepatoprotective Activity
22.5.5 Cardioprotective activity
22.5.6 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
22.5.7 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity
22.6 Medicinal Properties of I. aquifolium and Its Major Compound Ursolic Acid
22.6.1 Anticancer Activity
22.6.2 Neuroprotective Activity
22.6.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
22.6.4 Hepatoprotective Activity
22.6.5 Antimicrobial, Antiviral Activity
22.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 23 Alnus glutinosa (Alder) and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick Tree)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Description
23.3 Traditional Knowledge
23.4 Chemical Derivatives
23.5 Potential Benefits, Applications and Use
23.5.1 A. glutinosa
23.5.1.1 Antibacterial Activity
23.5.1.2 Antioxidant Activity
23.5.1.3 Anticancer Activity
23.5.1.4 Chemoprotective Agent
23.5.1.5 Anti-inflammatory Activity
23.5.1.6 Nitrogen Fixation
23.5.1.7 Insecticidal Activity
23.5.1.8 Dyeing Property
23.5.2 M. oleifera
23.5.2.1 Moringa in Water Treatment
23.5.2.2 Antidiabetic Activity
23.5.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity
23.5.2.4 Anti-Obesity Activity
23.5.2.5 Anticancer Activity
23.5.2.6 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
23.5.2.7 Anti-Asthmatic Property
23.5.2.8 Neuroprotective Property
23.5.2.9 Hepatoprotective Property
23.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 24 Madhuca longifolia (Mahuwa) and Santalum album (Indian Sandalwood)
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Description
24.2.1 Traditional Knowledge
24.2.2 Geographical Distribution
24.2.3 Morphological Description
24.2.4 Phytochemistry: Bioactive Compounds
24.2.5 Therapeutic Benefits/Traditional Applications
24.3 Santalum album
24.3.1 Traditional Knowledge
24.3.2 Geographical Distribution
24.3.3 Morphological Description
24.3.4 Phytochemistry: Bioactive Compounds
24.3.5 Therapeutic Benefits/Traditional Applications
24.4 Conclusion
References
Index