Originally published in 1987 this textbook is a comprehensive introduction to the rapidly developing field of medical geography. It illustrates the ideas, methods and debates that inform contemporary approaches to the subject, demonstrating the potential of a social and environmental approach to illness and health. The central theme is the need to reject an exclusively biological approach to health. The authors examine both the geography of health care and outline a selection of health service planning initiatives in both North America and Europe.
Author(s): Kelvyn Jones, Graham Moon
Series: Routledge Library Editions: Health, Disease & Society
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 395
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Title Page
Original Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
1 The Social Context of Disease, Health and Medicine
Introduction: Medical Geography
Social Construction
Biomedical Knowledge
Social Knowledge
Social Control
A Social History of Western Medicine
Greek, Roman and Dark Age Medicine
Bedside Medicine
The Mechanisation of the World Picture
Hospital Medicine
Sanitary Reform
Laboratory Medicine
Allopathy Gains Hegemony: The Flexner Report
Worldwide Industrial Medical Complex: Modern Medicine
The Biomedical Model and Its Critics
The 'Radical Doctors'
Illich
Doyal
Chapter Organisation
Guided Reading
References
2 The Collection of Epidemiological Information
Routine Sources
Mortality Statistics
Broken Down by Age and Sex
Temporal Trends
Geographical Variations
Occupational and Social Class Variations
Morbidity Statistics
General Household Survey
Notifiable Disease Statistics
Cancer Registries
Hospital Discharge Data
Routine Sources: A Summary
Epidemiological Survey Methods
Cross-Sectional Designs
Case-Comparison Designs
Cohort Designs
A Comparison of Three Basic Designs
Record Linkage
Conclusions
Guided Reading
References
3 The Causal Analysis of Epidemiological Data
Cause and Effect
Causal Models
Extraneous Variables
Suppressor and Distorter Variables
Control by Design
Experimental Control
Clinical Trials
Validity of Experimental Research
Control by Analysis
Cross-Tabulation
Multiple Regression
Validity of Statistical Research
Making Causal Inferences
Natural Experiments
Criteria for Evaluation
Strength of Relationship
Dose-Response Relationship
Consistency
Coherence with Biological Plausibility
Specificity
Water Hardness: A Health Risk?
The Water Story
Assessing the Validity of the Relationship
Consistency
Strength of Relationship
Specificity
Coherence with Biological Plausibility
Natural Experiments
Conclusions
Guided Reading
References
4 Communicable Diseases
Introduction
The Biology of Infectious Diseases
Organisms
Modes of Transmission
The Process of Infection
Disease Ecology Tradition
Swimmer's Itch
Regularities, Forecasting and Control
Regularities Over Time
A Simple Mathematical Model
Regularities Over Space
Cholera in the USA
Measles in Cornwall
Measles in Iceland
Forecasting
Alternative Perspectives: The Importance of the Host
Diseases From Space?
The Emotional Host
The Social Context
Health and Underdevelopment
Vaccinations
Conclusions: The Case of TB
Guided Reading
References
5 Concepts and Issues in Mental Illness
Introduction
Defining Mental Illness
The Social Model
The Medical Model
Causality and Mental Illness
The Social Context of Mental Illness
A Spatial Perspective on Mental Illness
The Individual Mental Patient in Context
Society and Treatment
Conclusion
Guided Reading
References
6 Inequalities in Health Care
Introduction
Equality and Inequality
Developing the Spatial Perspective
Perspectives on International Inequality
Regional Inequality
Local Inequality
Secondary Care
Primary Care
Conclusion
Guided Reading
References
7 Explaining Health Care Inequality
Introduction
Non-Explanation and Partial Explanation
Society and Health Care Inequality
Capitalist Health Care
Local Explanations?
Conclusion
Guided Reading
References
8 Planning, Policy and the Health Services
Introduction
Reorganising the System
Directed Financial Resource Allocation
Directed Manpower Allocation
Workload Indices
Location-Allocation Modelling
Impact Studies
Health Education
Conclusion
Guided Reading
References
9 Critical Perspectives
Positivist Epidemiology
Realist Science
Critical Epidemiology
What Is to Be Explained?
What Should the Unit of Analysis Be?
How Will the Explanation Proceed?
A Materialist Epidemiology
Cigarette Consumption
Hypertension
Teenage Drinking
And Geography?
The Politics of Change
The Free-Market Approach
A Welfarist Approach
A Marxist Approach
Conclusions
Guided Reading
References
Author Index
Subject Index
