Headache Disorders in Pandemic Conditions

Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1: Clinical Update on the COVID-19 Pandemic
1.1 Structure of Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2
1.2 Clinical Presentation of COVID-19
1.2.1 CNS-Associated Sign and Symptoms
1.2.2 PNS-Associated Signs and Symptoms
References
Chapter 2: One Health: Lessons from 2 Years’ Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Increasing Threat of Species Jump of Zoonotic Infections
2.3 The COVID-19 Pandemic
2.3.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
2.3.2 Epidemiology
2.3.3 Transmission
2.3.4 Declaration of a Pandemic
2.3.5 Virus Mutations
2.3.6 Infodemic and Politics
2.3.7 Health Impact
2.3.8 Socioeconomic Impact
2.3.9 Vaccination
2.4 Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic
2.5 One Health
2.5.1 The Concept
2.5.2 Implementation
2.5.3 Challenges to One Health and Their Solutions
2.6 Headache Medicine, COVID-19, and One Health
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Historical Lessons from the Pandemics
3.1 The Rise of Plague and Black Death
3.2 Pneumonic Plague of Manchuria and COVID-19: Important Lessons About Humiliation
3.3 Effects of Colonization, North and South America Examples
3.4 The Emergence of Smallpox
3.5 Measles
3.6 The World After Black Death
3.7 Cadavers from Victims of Cholera in the Unyielding Studies of Anatomy
3.8 The Birth of Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare
3.9 World War II, Opening the Doors of Hell
3.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Nervous System Involvement and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Clinical Findings
4.3 Pathophysıology
4.4 Treatment
References
Chapter 5: Clinical Pictures and Diagnostic Features of COVID-19 Headache
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of COVID-19 Headache
5.3 Phenotypes of COVID-19 Headaches
5.4 Patients with a Preexisting Primary Headache Disorder
5.5 Triggers of Headache
5.6 Course of Headache in COVID-19 Patients
5.7 The Need for New Criteria to Focus on COVID-19-Related Headache in the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3
References
Chapter 6: Secondary Headache Disorders Attributed to COVID-19 Complications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Primary Headache Subtypes Observed in COVID-19 Patients
6.3 Other Primary Headache Subtypes
6.3.1 Primary Cough Headache
6.3.2 New Daily Persistent Headache (NPDH)
6.3.3 External-Pressure Headache/Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) Headache
6.4 Secondary Headache Subtypes Observed in COVID-19 Patients
6.4.1 Systemic Viral Infection and Headache
6.4.2 Hypoxia/Hypercapnia and Headache
6.4.3 Psychiatric Disorders and Headache
6.4.4 Substance Withdrawal and Headache
6.4.5 Encephalopathy and Headache
6.4.6 Viral Meningitis/Encephalitis and Headache
6.4.7 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/Reversible Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Headache
6.4.8 Stroke/Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis and Headache
6.4.9 Pituitary Apoplexy and Headache
6.4.10 Metabolic or Systemic Disorders and Headache
6.4.11 Other Complications and Headache
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Headache
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanisms of Headache Related to Vaccination
7.3 Frequency of Headache Related to COVID-19 Vaccines
7.4 Clinical Features of Headache Following Vaccination with COVID-19 Vaccines
7.5 Comorbidities and Immunization History
7.6 Gender Differences and Headache Characteristics in Specific Subpopulations
7.7 Treatment
7.8 Secondary Headaches
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Pathophysiology and Inflammatory Mechanisms of COVID-19 Headache
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Inflammatory Response to SARS-CoV-2
8.3 COVID-19 Headache and Inflammation
References
Chapter 9: COVID-19 Microbiome Alterations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Gut Microbiome
9.3 The Gut Microbiome Compositional Changes in COVID-19
9.3.1 The Gut Bacterial Microbiome in COVID-19
9.3.2 The Gut Mycobiome in COVID-19
9.3.3 The Gut Virome in COVID-19
References
Chapter 10: Gender Susceptibility and Comorbidities in COVID-19 Headache
10.1 Comorbidities in COVID-19 Headache
10.2 Gender Susceptibility in COVID-19 Headache
References
Chapter 11: Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 and ICU on Headache Disorders
11.1 Introduction
11.2 COVID-19 and Headache
11.3 Neurological Manifestations: Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Post-ICU Syndrome
11.4 Post-ICU Syndrome
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Nociplastic Pain in COVID-19
12.1 Background and Objective
12.2 Pain in COVID-19
12.3 Pain Mechanism in COVID-19
12.4 Treatment of Nociplastic Pain in COVID-19
12.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Effect of Personal Protective Equipment on Headache Disorders
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Epidemiology
13.1.2 Phenotype and Clinical Characteristics
13.1.3 The Effect on Patients with Pre-existing Headache Disorders
13.1.4 Aetio-pathogenesis
13.2 Investigations and Management
13.3 Implications on Quality of Life and Work
13.4 Potential Strategies
13.5 Future Directions
13.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Management of Headache Related to COVID-19
14.1 Background
14.2 Acute Treatment
14.3 Preventive Treatment
14.3.1 Amitriptyline
14.3.2 Steroids
14.3.3 Local Treatments
14.3.4 Other Treatments
14.3.5 Anti-calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Therapies
14.4 Non-pharmacological Treatment
14.5 Outlook and Future Directions
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Headache Features in Children and Adolescents with COVID-19
15.1 Neurological Signs of COVID-19 Infection in Children
15.2 Headache and COVID-19 Infection in Children
15.2.1 Epidemiology
15.2.2 Pathophysiology
15.2.2.1 Systemic Inflammation
15.2.2.2 Local Inflammatory Process, Direct Viral Injury, and Vascular Inflammation
15.2.3 Clinical Characteristics
15.3 Social Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Headache Disorders
15.3.1 Trend of Headache Disorders During the Pandemic in Children
15.3.2 Social Impact
15.3.2.1 School Activities and Socialization
15.3.2.2 The Use of Face Masks
15.3.2.3 Additional Factors
15.4 Vaccination Against SARS-COV-2 and Headache
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Changes in Migraine in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Migraine in the Early Pandemic
16.2.1 Factors Leading to Improvement in Migraine
16.2.2 Factors Contributing to Migraine Exacerbation
16.3 Disruptions in Migraine Management
16.4 Impact of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination on Migraine
16.5 Late Pandemic Observations
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: NSAIDs, CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies, and COVID-19
17.1 Introduction
17.2 NSAIDs, Paracetamol, and COVID-19
17.3 NSAIDs, Paracetamol, and COVID-19-Related Headaches
17.4 CGRP and COVID-19
17.5 CGRP and COVID-19-Related Headaches
References
Chapter 18: COVID-19 Headache Manifestations in the Elderly
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Current Status of COVID-19 Infections in the Elderly
18.1.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health and Aging
18.1.3 Headache in the Natural Course of COVID-19
18.1.4 Cognitive Dysfunction on Primary or Secondary Headache Disorders in the Elderly
18.1.5 Effects of Lockdown on the Headache and Mental Health in the Elderly
18.1.6 Short- and Long-Term Effect of ICU and Severe Pulmonary Disease in Elderly Headache
18.1.7 Effect of COVID-19 Vaccines on Headache in the Elderly
18.1.8 Long-Term Neurocognitive Consequences of COVID-19 Including Dementia
18.1.9 Unusual Presentations of Headache in Dementia
18.1.10 Emergency Room Tips and Traps for Elderly Cases with COVID-19
18.1.11 Social and Medical Aspects of Pain Disorders in Nursing Homes in the Pandemic Era
18.1.12 Telemedicine-Based Tools, Artificial Intelligence, and Suggestions for Physicians
18.1.13 Frailty as a Hidden Factor of Dementia and Headache Disorders
18.1.14 Management of Headache Disorders in the Elderly with COVID-19
18.1.15 Future Directions and Unanswered Questions
References
Chapter 19: COVID-19 Headache During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Lockdown and Headache
19.1.2 Vaccination and Headache During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
19.1.3 Headache and COVID-19 Infection During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
References
Chapter 20: The Changing Nature of Headache Practice in the Pandemic Era
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Pandemic and Headache
20.3 Telemedicine and Headache
20.4 Benefits and Concerns About Telemedicine and Headache
20.5 Cost-Effectiveness of Telemedicine
20.6 Non-pharmacological Telemedicine Techniques
20.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: New Trends in Headache Education and Telehealth During the COVID-19 Pandemic
21.1 Telehealth During the COVID-19 Pandemic
21.2 Tele-education of Health Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
References
Chapter 22: Interventional Management Strategies of Pain for the Pandemic Era
22.1 COVID-19 and Healthcare in the Pandemic Era
22.2 Chronic Pain and Pain Medicine in the Pandemic Era
22.3 Interventional Pain Management (IPM) in the Pandemic Era
22.3.1 Procedural Precautions and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements
22.3.2 Interventional Pain Management Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic
22.3.2.1 Steroid Injections and COVID-19
22.3.2.2 Local Anesthetics and COVID-19
22.3.2.3 Regenerative Medicine and COVID-19
22.3.2.4 Ozone Injections and COVID-19
22.3.2.5 Radiofrequency and COVID-19
22.3.2.6 Intrathecal Drug Delivery System (IDDS) and COVID-19
22.3.2.7 Neurostimulation and COVID-19
22.3.3 How Was Interventional Pain Practice Affected in the Pandemic Era?
22.4 Conclusion
References