Headache and Migraine in Practice

Front Cover
HEADACHE AND MIGRAINE IN PRACTICE
HEADACHE AND MIGRAINE IN PRACTICE
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Editor-in-chief
Acknowledgment
Introduction
One - Approach to a patient with headache
Introduction
ICHD classifies HA disorders into two types
History taking in patients with headache
What was your age when HA started?
What is the time course of HA?
How long have you been having HA?
How does it start and how long does it take from onset to peak?
What is the frequency and duration of episodes?
Have you experienced a recent change in the pattern of HAs?
Have you ever had similar HAs before?
Where is the location of pain and where does it radiate to?
What is the quality of pain?
How does the patient score the pain severity?
What are the accompanying symptoms with HA?
Do you have premonitory symptoms before the onset of HA?
How is the patient's behavior during the pain episode?
Do episodes of HA occur at particular times in the day or year?
Do the HA episodes awaken the patient from sleep?
Is HA related to postural change?
Has there been a change in behavior or personality?
Does the patient have a family history of migraine or neurologic disorders?
Does the patient have one or more types of HA?
Is there a history of head or neck trauma?
Is HA related to cough or Valsalva maneuver and how?
Is HA related to exertion and how?
Is HA related to sexual activity and how?
Is there history of systemic diseases?
What is the amount of analgesics the patient consumes in a week?
What are the personal habits and lifestyle?
Did the HA start during pregnancy or postpartum period?
Physical examination in patients with headache
Imaging in HA
Laboratory and other investigations in headache
References
Two - Migraine
Introduction
Red flags for aura symptoms
Important notes
Migraine with brainstem aura
Hemiplegic migraine
Retinal migraine
Periodic syndromes associated with migraine
Migraine triggers and their management
Treatment of acute migraine attack
Mild to moderate headache
Moderate to severe headache
Status migrainosus treatment
Treatment of severe headache in emergency setting
Prophylactic treatment of migraine
Key points on preventive treatment
Guidelines for stopping preventive therapy
Chronic migraine
Treatment of chronic migraine
Migraine and vertigo
Introduction
Vertigo and headache, different types
Meniere's disease and migraine
References
Three - Tension-type headache
Introduction
Classification
Pathophysiology
Signs and symptoms
TTH in children
TTH in the elderly
Aggravating factors
Diagnosis
Acute treatment
Prophylactic treatment
Nonpharmacological TTH treatments
Electromyographic biofeedback
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Relaxation training
Other physical therapies
Acupuncture
References
Further reading
Four - Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia
Introduction
Cluster headache
Paroxysmal hemicrania
Hemicrania continua
Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache
References
Five - Other primary headaches
Treatment
Introduction
Primary stabbing headache
Treatment
Primary exercise headache
Primary cough headache
Treatment
Headache associated with sexual activity
Treatment
Cold stimulus headache
External pressure headache
Nummular headache
Treatment
References
Hypnic headache
Epidemiology
Clinical manifestations
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
ICHD-3B diagnostic criteria
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Acute treatment [3,9]:
Preventive treatment
References
New daily persistent headache
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Six(a) Chapter Six(a) - Headache attributed to trauma
Six(b) Chapter Six(b) - Headache attributed to cranial and/or cervical vascular disorder
Introduction
Headache attributed to cerebral ischemia
Headache attributed to nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Headache attributed to arteriovenous malformation
Developmental venous anomaly
Headache attributed to intracranial endovascular procedures
Headache attributed to subdural hemorrhage
Headache attributed to intracerebral hemorrhage
Headache attributed to cervical carotid or vertebral artery dissection
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Headache attributed to reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment of RCVS
Prognosis
Headache attributed to cerebral venous thrombosis
Associated symptoms
Diagnosis
References
Six(c) Chapter Six(c) - Thunderclap headache
Introduction
Causes of thunderclap headache
SAH
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Management of SAH
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Vertebral and carotid artery dissection
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Primary thunderclap headache
References
Six(d) Chapter Six(d) - Headaches related to alteration in the cerebrospinal fluid pressure
Headache attributed to idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Investigations
Neuroimaging
Lumbar puncture
Treatment
Serial lumbar puncture
Follow-up
Surgical treatment
Headache attributed to low cerebrospinal fluid pressure
Clinical findings in favor of intracranial hypotension
Investigations
Treatment
References
Six(e) Chapter Six(e) - Medication overuse headache
Introduction
How it clinically manifests?
What is the pathophysiologic process causing MOH?
Are acute symptomatic medications the same in producing MOH?
Who is at more risk for MOH?
How to diagnose a patient with MOH?
What differentials should be considered before the diagnosis of MOH?
How to manage MOH?
References
Six(f) Chapter Six(f) - Headache attributed to infection
Introduction
Pathophysiology of headache
Headache attributed to intracranial infection
Headache attributed to systemic infection
Postinfectious headache
References
Six(g) Chapter Six(g) - Headache attributed to disorders of homoeostasis
Metabolic (systemic) headaches
Headache attributed to hypoxia and/or hypercapnia/hypercapnia
High-altitude headache
Airplane travel headache
Diving headache
Sleep apnea headache
Dialysis headache
Headache attributed to arterial hypertension
Headache attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia
Headache attributed to autonomic dysreflexia
Headache attributed to hypothyroidism
Cardiac cephalgia
Headache attributed to fasting
Headache and hypercalcemia
Drug-induced headaches
References
Six(h) Chapter Six(h) - Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of the cranium, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth, or ...
Introduction
Headache attributed to disorders of cranial bone
Headache related to ophthalmologic disorder
Headache attributed to disorder of the ears
Headache attributed to temporomandibular joint disorders
Treatment of TMD
Headache attributed to disorder of the nose or paranasal sinuses
Headache attributed to dental or other mouth disorders
Persistent idiopathic facial pain
Burning mouth syndrome
Differential diagnosis of BMS
Treatment of BMS
References
Six(i) Chapter Six(i) - Cervicogenic headache
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
International Headache Society criteria
Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group
Differential diagnosis of cervicogenic headache
Treatment of cervicogenic headache
Conservative management
Pharmacologic treatment
Interventional treatment
RFA versus pulsed radiofrequency
References
Seven - Headache attributed to psychiatric disorder
Introduction
Bidirectional relationship of headache and mental disorders
Neurobiological mechanisms
The relation between common types of headache and psychological factors
Migraine
Tension headache
Chronic daily headache
Headache in children and adolescents
Personality and headache
Suicide and headache
Diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies
Treatment of headache in the presence of depressive and anxiety disorders
Comorbidity of headache with bipolar disorders
Treatment strategies of headache in children and adolescents
Psychological treatments
Summary
References
Eight - Painful lesions of the cranial nerves and other facial pain
Trigeminal neuralgia
Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia
Secondary trigeminal neuralgia
Classic trigeminal neuralgia
Medical treatment
Surgical treatments
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Secondary causes of GFN
Postherpetic neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia
References
Nine - Pediatric headache
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis of primary and secondary headaches
Primary headaches
Migraine
Syndromes that may be related to migraine
Migraine is a biopsychosocial disorder presenting with epigenetic factors
Migraine variants
Familial hemiplegic migraine
Migraine with brainstem aura
Retinal migraine
Alice in wonderland syndrome
Acute confusional migraine
Tension-type headache
Cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias
Headache and comorbid disorders in children
Medication overuse headache
Management of headache
Pharmacological treatment of migraine
Symptomatic treatment
Prophylactic treatment
Pharmacological treatment of TTH
Treatment of cluster headache
Quality of life
References
Ten - Headache in women
Introduction
Migraine and menstruation
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Perimenstrual prophylaxis
Hormonal therapy
Headache and contraception
Headache and pregnancy
Important secondary headaches in pregnancy
Stroke
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Cerebral venous thrombosis
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Pituitary tumors
Brain tumors
Preeclampsia
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Primary headaches
Post dural puncture headache
Treatment of migraine in pregnancy
Nonmedical treatments
Medical treatment
Supplements
Acute medications
Preventive treatments
Procedure-based interventions
Treatment of migraine during lactation
Acute treatment
Preventive treatment
Tension-type headache during pregnancy and lactation
Cluster headache during pregnancy and lactation
Migraine and menopause
Hormone replacement therapy
Other drugs
References
Eleven - Headache in the elderly
Introduction
Sleep apnea headache
Giant cell arteritis
Neurologic manifestations
Ocular findings
Systemic features
Diagnosis of GCA
Treatment
Cardiac cephalgia
Subacute glaucoma
Cervicogenic headache
Cranial/cervical vascular disorders and nonvascular intracranial disorders
Tumors
Trigeminal neuralgia
Postherpetic neuralgia
Drugs causing headache
Parkinson's-related headache
Primary headaches
Migraine headache
Migraine comorbidities
Diagnostic interventions
Treatment
Tension headache
Hypnic headache
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Cough headache
Treatment
Cluster headache
Chronic daily headache
References
Twelve - Headaches attributed to COVID-19 infection
Introduction
Unremitting headache after recovery
Headache after vaccination for COVID-19
Headache in COVID-19 era caused by lifestyle changes
Cervical muscle spasm as a cause of headache
External compression headache
Headaches due to eye refractory errors
Other causes
Suggestions for headache management
General considerations
Drug therapy
References
Thirteen(a) Chapter Thirteen(a) - Approach to cervicogenic headache from the perspective of physical medicine
Thirteen(b) Chapter Thirteen(b) - Headache and exercise
Introduction
Other helpful exercises to relieve headaches
Wall test
Mirror test
Correct posture while working on the computer (Fig. 13b.3)
Some exercises for neck posture correction
Five simple exercises to relieve headaches [17]
Chin tuck stretch or neck retraction
Cervical extensor stretch
Lateral flexion exercise
Cervical rotation
Shoulder rolls
References
Epidemiology and pathophysiology
History and physical examination
Imaging studies
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Rehabilitation
References
Fourteen - Role of diet, food, and nutrition in prevention and treatment of headache
Introduction
Weight management
Specific food/nutrient avoidance
Elimination diet
Sodium intake restriction
Dietary patterns
Supplementation
Vitamin B groups
Magnesium
Probiotics
Vitamin D
Coenzyme Q10
Conclusion
Appendix 1
Oligoantigenic diet
Foods given up/foods eaten frequently
Meal frequency and portion size
Supplements/vitamins
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
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