Hazardous Waste Management: Advances in Chemical and Industrial Waste Treatment and Technologies

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
About the Editor
Chapter 1: Introduction to Hazardous Waste Management and Control
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hazardous Waste
1.2.1 Definitions
1.2.2 Listed Wastes
1.2.3 Hazardous Waste Identification
1.2.4 Hazardous Waste Generators
1.2.5 Hazardous Waste Sites (Superfund Sites)
1.2.6 Toxicology
1.2.7 Environmental Chemistry
1.2.8 Physical–Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes
1.2.9 Fate and Transport of Hazardous Wastes
Processes in the Subsurface
Transport in the Subsurface
Transport in the Air
1.3 Hazardous Waste Regulations
1.3.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
1.3.2 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
1.3.3 Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act (SARA)
1.3.4 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
1.3.5 Other Environmental Regulations Related to Hazardous Wastes
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Clean Air Act
Basel Convention-Hazardous Wastes Transport Between Countries
1.4 Hazardous Waste Management Methods
1.4.1 Pollution Prevention
1.4.2 Environmental Audit
Compliance Audit
Management Audit
Waste Minimization Audit
Liability Definition Audit
Waste Contractor Audit
Risk Definition Audit
1.4.3 Product Life Cycle
1.5 Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies
1.5.1 Physical and Chemical Methods
1.5.2 Thermal Methods
1.5.3 Biological Methods
1.6 Summary
References
Chapter 2: Hazardous Waste Accidents: From the Past to the Present
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Industrial Case Studies
2.2.1 Minamata Methylmercury Poisoning
2.2.2 Seveso Disaster
2.2.3 Love Canal Disaster
2.2.4 Sydney Tar Ponds
2.2.5 Times Beach Evacuation
2.2.6 Bhopal Gas Tragedy
2.2.7 Hinkley Groundwater Contamination
2.2.8 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
2.2.9 DuPont C8 Lawsuit
2.2.10 Ivory Coast Toxic Waste Dump
2.2.11 Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Spill
2.2.12 Mayapuri Radiological Accident
2.2.13 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
2.2.14 Ajka Alumina Plant Accident
2.2.15 X-Press Pearl Disaster
2.3 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Conventional and Emerging Practices in Hazardous Waste Management
3.1 Introduction to Solid Waste
3.2 Types of Solid Waste
3.2.1 Nonhazardous Waste
3.3 Hazardous Waste
3.3.1 Hazardous Waste Classification
F List
K List
P and U Lists
3.3.2 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste
Ignitibility
Corrosivity
Reactivity
Toxicity
3.4 Hazardous Waste Generators
3.5 Hazardous Waste Sources
3.6 Effects of Hazardous Waste on Human Health and Environment
3.7 Hazardous Waste Management
3.7.1 Hazardous Waste Minimization
Case Study 1: Waste Minimization Strategies in Industrial and Manufacturing Facilities
Case Study 2: Waste Minimization Strategies in a Scientific Research Institution
3.7.2 Transport of Hazardous Waste
3.7.3 Conventional and Emerging Practices for Hazardous Waste Treatment
Adsorption Via Activated Carbon
Emerging Practices
Neutralization
Emerging Practices
Chemical Precipitation
Emerging Practices
Solidification and Stabilization
Emerging Practices
Biological Treatment
Emerging Practices
3.7.4 Conventional and Emerging Approaches for Hazardous Waste Disposal
Landfills
Emerging Practices
Sea Dumping
Emerging Practices
Incineration
Emerging Practices
3.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Pollution Prevention Methods and Related Regulations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pollution Prevention Methods
4.2.1 Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
4.2.2 Source Reduction
4.2.3 Waste Elimination
4.2.4 Material Substitution
4.2.5 Process Modifications
4.2.6 Waste Minimization Audit
4.2.7 Life Cycle Analysis
4.2.8 Recycling, Reuse, and Reduce
4.3 Pollution Prevention Regulations
4.3.1 Clean Air Act (CAA)
4.3.2 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
4.3.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
4.3.4 Clean Water Act (CWA)
4.3.5 Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)
4.4 Case Studies
4.4.1 Sydor Optics to Recover Cerium
4.4.2 Waste Reduction of Polypropylene Bags Using Six Sigma Methodology
4.4.3 LMDS: Safer Alternative to Solvent Degreasing
4.4.4 Plastic Pollution Prevention Measures During the 2019 COVID-19 Pandemic
4.5 Cost of Pollution Prevention
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Medical Waste Management and Treatment Technologies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Categories of Medical Wastes
5.3 Quantities of Medical Wastes
5.4 Regulations Related to Medical Wastes
5.5 Medical Waste Management
5.5.1 Collection, Storage, and Transportation
5.5.2 Segregation, Labeling, and Separation
5.5.3 Medical Waste Management in Different Countries: Case Studies
Iran: Medical Waste Management Practices
Jordan: Medical Waste Collection, Segregation, and Disposal Practices
Myanmar: Application of Multi-Criterial Decision Analysis
The United States: Lean and Green Surgery Project
The United States: Reuse of Anesthetic Equipment, Training, and Regulatory Requirement
5.6 Medical Waste Disposal, Disinfection, and Treatment Methods
5.6.1 Landfilling
5.6.2 Chemical Disinfection
5.6.3 Incineration
5.6.4 Autoclaving
5.6.5 Microwave Disinfection
5.6.6 Plasma Gasification
5.6.7 Pyrolysis
5.7 Medical Waste Management and Treatment During COVID-19
5.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Advances in Waste Collection, Storage, Transportation, and Disposal
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hazardous Waste Collection and Storage
6.2.1 Area-Specific Requirements
6.2.2 Labeling
6.2.3 Segregation
6.2.4 Storage Systems
6.2.5 Inventory Management
6.2.6 Safety Requirements
6.3 Hazardous Waste Transportation
6.3.1 Transport Vehicles
6.3.2 Radioactive Wastes
6.3.3 Transport Modeling and Risk Analysis
6.4 Advances in Hazardous Waste Disposal Techniques
6.4.1 Incineration
Liquid Injection Incinerators
Rotary Kiln Incinerators
Fluidized Bed Incinerators
Starved Air Incinerators
Multiple Hearth Incinerators
Emission Control and Heat Recovery
Particulate Control
Acid Gas Control
NOx Control
6.5 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Advances in Land, Underground, and Ocean Disposal Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Landfill Disposal
7.2.1 Landfill Restrictions
7.2.2 Landfill Site Selection
7.2.3 Landfill Design
Landfill Capacity
Disposal Method
Leachate Control
Leachate Treatment
Landfill Gas Control
Final Cover
Environmental Monitoring
Post-Closure Care and Remediation
7.2.4 Miscellaneous Landfill Considerations
7.3 Deep Well Injection
7.3.1 Site Selection
7.3.2 Waste Characteristics
7.3.3 Deep Well Injection Design
7.3.4 Monitoring Requirements
7.3.5 Modeling of Deep Well Injection
7.4 Underground Geologic Repositories
7.4.1 Site Selection
7.4.2 Repository Design
7.5 Ocean Disposal
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Waste-to-Energy Technologies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Technologies
8.2.1 Incineration
Simple Incinerators
Rotary Kiln Incinerators
Fluidized Bed Incinerators
Multiple Hearth Incinerators
Fixed Grate and Moving Grate Incinerators
Liquid Injection Incinerators
Catalytic Combustion Incinerators
8.2.2 Gasification
Fluidized Bed Gasifier
Variations in the Fluidized Bed Gasifiers
Plasma Gasifiers
Fixed Bed Gasifier
Rotary Hearth Gasifiers
Entrained Flow Gasifiers
8.2.3 Pyrolysis
Entrained Downflow Pyrolysis Reactor
Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis Reactor
Fixed Bed Pyrolysis Reactor
Tubular Pyrolysis Reactor
Plasma Pyrolysis Reactor
Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis Reactor
8.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Gaseous and Solid Waste Management in Waste-to-Energy Processes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Major Air Pollution Control (APC) Units in WtE Plants
9.2.1 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
9.2.2 Baghouse Filter
9.2.3 Scrubbers for Acid Gas Removal
Types of Acidic Scrubbers
Dry Scrubbers
Semidry Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
Scrubber Configurations
Spray Towers
Packed and Plate Bed Scrubbers
Venturi Scrubber
9.2.4 Selective Catalytic Reactor (SCR) and Selective Non-Catalytic Reactor (SNCR)
An Overview of SCR and SNCR
Selective Catalytic Reactor (SCR)
Catalysts in SCR
Limitations of SCR
9.2.5 Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Methods to Remove VOCs
Catalytic Oxidizers
Catalyst in Catalytic Oxidizer
Factors that Affect the Catalytic Process
9.3 Placement of APC Units
9.3.1 APC Units in Combustion Process
Process Overview
Removal of Air Pollutants
Power Generation
Managing Generated Solid Wastes
9.3.2 APC Units in Gasification Process
9.3.3 APC Units in Pyrolysis Process
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Advances in Hazardous Waste Treatment Methods
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Key Technologies
10.2.1 Waste Treatment Methods for Liquid Waste
Adsorption
Sand Filtration
Membrane Technology
Fenton Process
Ozone-Based Technology
Lagooning
Biological Aerated Filter
10.2.2 Waste Treatment Methods for Gaseous Waste
Adsorption
Liquid Solvent Absorption (Scrubbing)
Membrane Separation
Photoelectrochemical Oxidation
Nonthermal Plasma
Photocatalysis
VOC Removal Technologies from Recent Studies
10.2.3 Treatment Methods for Solid Waste
Waste Management
Thermal Plasma Technology
Treatment of Electronic and Electronic Equipment Waste
Accelerated Carbon Treatment
10.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Hazardous Waste Transport in the Environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Transport of Pollutants in the Air
11.2.1 Case Studies Related to Pollutants in the Air Phase
Pollutants from Fossil Fuel Combustion
Emissions from Lagoons and Landfills
Emissions from Industrial Hazardous Waste Incinerators (IHW)
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxin and Dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) Emissions
Emissions from Co-Processing of Hazardous Waste in a Cement Kiln
Emissions of Heavy Metals from Hazardous Waste Incineration
11.3 Transport of Hazardous Waste Through Surface Water
11.3.1 Major Surface Water Pollutants
Oil Spills
Pharmaceutical Waste
Micro- and Nanoplastics
11.3.2 Case Studies Related to the Transport of Pollutants in the Surface Water
Prediction of Oil Spill
Cyanide Toxic Contaminant Transport
Transport of Industrial Wastewater Sludge
Illegal Dumping
11.4 Transport Through the Subsurface
11.4.1 Major Pollutants in the Subsurface
Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs)
Nuclear Wastes
11.4.2 Case Studies Related to the Transport of Subsurface Pollutants.
Nuclear Waste
Landfill Leachate
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
Electronic Waste (E-Waste)
Pharmaceuticals
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Application of Internet of Things (IoT) in Waste Management
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
12.3 IoT Technology in Waste Collection
12.3.1 Hardware and Sensors Used in IoT Waste Collection
Ultrasonic Sensors
Load Sensors
GPS Module
Other Sensors
12.3.2 Communication Networks in IoT of Waste Management Systems
12.4 IoT Technology in the Sorting of Waste
12.4.1 Solid Waste Sorting and Separation Methods
12.4.2 IoT Technology Application in Solid Waste Sorting
12.4.3 Combined IoT Technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Solid Waste Sorting
12.5 IoT Technology in the Management of Wastewater
12.5.1 Wastewater Management
12.5.2 IoT Technology in Wastewater Management
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Hazardous Petroleum Wastes and Treatment Technologies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Petroleum Contaminant Biodegradability and Toxicity
13.3 Physical and Chemical Methods for Petroleum Sludge Treatment Oil Recovery
13.4 Biodegradation and Bioremediation
13.5 Biorefining of Petroleum Oil
13.6 Conclusions
References
Index