Handbook on ICT in Developing Countries: Next Generation ICT Technologies

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1: The Evolution of Universal Service in Vietnam and Its Implication for 5G
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of the Vietnamese Telecoms Policy and Market
1.2.1 A Snapshot on the Evolution of the Telecom Marketin Vietnam
1.2.2 A Snapshot of Vietnamese Telecom Policy Approach
1.3 The Evolution of Universal Service Policies in Vietnam
1.3.1 Before 2005
1.3.2 From 2005–2010: Program on Provision of Public Telecommunications Services Until 2010
1.3.3 Key Stakeholders in Implementing Program 74
1.3.3.1 The Stakeholders Carried Out the Provision of Universal Services
1.3.3.2 The Initiatives Implemented in Vietnam
1.3.4 From 2010–Now: Program on the Provision of Public Telecommunications Services until 2020
1.3.4.1 Overview of Program 1168
1.3.5 The Stakeholders Carried Out the Provision of Universal Services for Program 1168
1.4 Vietnamese Approach towards Developing the Telecoms Market
1.4.1 On the Supply Side
1.4.1.1 Subsidies for Development of Infrastructure –The Broadb and Connection Plan
1.4.1.2 Subsidies for Development and Maintenance Public Internet Access Centres – The Public Connection Plan
1.4.2 On the Demand Side
1.4.2.1 Subsidies for Demand – The Institutes Connection Plan
1.5 The Implication of the Vietnamese Approach to the Development of 5G Infrastructure and Services
1.6 Conclusion
2: Regulatory Challenges Affecting ICT Development in Ukraine
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of Policies and Regulations Governing ICT in Ukraine
2.3 The National ICT Sector
2.3.1 Mobile Communication Technologies
2.3.2 Mobile Broadband – 3G Introduction
2.3.3 Broadband Access Technologies
2.4 The Transformation of Regulatory Policy in Ukraine
2.4.1 1991–2000 Post Soviet Transformation, The Monopoly of the Dominant Operator
2.4.2 2001–2008 The Regulatory Authority, Inefficient Regulatory Intervention
2.4.2.1 Regulatory Initiatives Adopted By NCCIR
2.4.2.2 Emerging Outcome to Telecom Regulations in the Ukraine
2.4.3 2009–2016 Decisive and Pro-Investment Regulatory Intervention
2.4.3.1 The Promotion of Competition
2.4.3.2 The Privatization of Ukrtelecom
2.4.4 Regulation. The EU – Ukraine Cooperation
2.4.4.1 ICT Benefits from the EU-Ukraine Cooperation
2.5 E-Government Implementation in Ukraine
2.5.1 Regulations and E-Government Implementation
2.5.2 The Role of Civil Society in E-Government Reforms
2.6 Conclusion
3: The Will to Innovate in Colombia: ICT Policies as a Means for Improving Education
3.1 Introduction: ICT Policies as a Will to Improve
3.1.1 Overview of National ICT for Education Policies
3.1.2 The Will to Improve
3.2 Innovating in Higher Education: The Colombian Case
3.3 Enacting the Will to Innovate
3.3.1 The Will to Innovate by Virtualising
3.3.2 The Will to Innovate by Training
3.3.3 The Will to Innovate by Planning
3.3.4 The Will to Innovate by Producing Digital Resources
3.3.5 The Will to Innovate by Researching
3.3.6 Summary on the will to Innovate in Colombia
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
4: The Role of Zero-Rating and Free Data in Promoting Next Generation Networks in Emerging Countries
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Debate
4.3 Adoption
4.3.1 Affordability
4.3.2 Relevance
4.3.3 Readiness
4.4 Reasons to Use Differential Pricing, Zero-Rating and Free Data
4.4.1 Improve the Economics for Capital Investment
4.4.2 Support Competition in the Market for Mobile Subscription, Content and Advertising
4.4.3 Supporting App and Content Development
4.4.3.1 Free Basics
4.5 Strategies for Building the Digital Economy of Developing Countries
4.6 Five Questions for Regulators to Adjudicate
4.6.1 What Perfect or Very Close Substitutes Would the Zero-Rating Offer Foreclose?
4.6.2 Does the Usage of Zero-Rated Application Cost to the Operator Less Than Equivalent Usage of Non-Zero-Rated Applications?
4.6.3 Is Zero-Rated Access to a Subset of Applications Intended to Increase the Number of Individuals Using the Internet?
4.6.4 Which Party Makes the Zero-Rating Complaint?
4.6.5 Is Zero-Rating Being Used to Access a Site for Which the User Then Pays a Fee?
5: Digital Divide: The Case of Africa
5.1 Introduction
Part 1 – Historical and Theoretical Overview on Digital Divide
5.2 Historical Overview of Digital Divide
5.3 Perspectives on Digital Divide
5.3.1 What Is Digital Divide?
5.3.2 Digital Dividend and Digital-Divide
5.3.3 The Internet and Digital Divide
5.3.4 Why Discuss Digital Divide?
5.3.5 Nature of the Divide
5.3.6 Previous Studies on the Digital Divide
5.4 Overview of Factors Influencing the Digital Divide
5.4.1 Economic Variables
5.4.2 Demographic Variables
5.4.3 Telecommunication Pricing Measures
5.4.4 Policy and Operational Barriers
5.5 Disadvantaged Groups in the Digital Divide in Africa
5.5.1 Gender Issues in the Digital Divide
5.5.2 The Elite Versus the Poor
Part 2 – Mobile Telephony and Digital Divide in Africa
5.6 Cellular Mobile Communications
5.6.1 Cellular Architectures
5.6.2 Impact of the Wireless Technologies on Digital Divide in Africa
Part 3 – Current Policy Solutions
5.7 Enabling Policies
5.7.1 Case Studies
5.7.2 Why the Problem Still Exists in Africa
5.8 Author’s Views on Digital Divide
5.9 Conclusion
6: M-Health in Africa: A Situation Analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of M-Health
6.3 mHealth State in Africa
6.4 Case Studies
6.4.1 cSTOCK
6.4.2 MomConnect
6.4.3 U-Report
6.4.4 mHero
6.4.5 RapidSMS Rwanda
6.4.6 Airtel/MicroEnsure
6.5 Challenges and Way Forward
6.6 Conclusion
7: Leveraging TV White Spaces as a Tool for Improved Rural Broadband Connectivity in Developing Countries: An Operational Perspective
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.3 TVWS Network Setup at Case Study Location-Koforidua Polytechnic
7.4 Operational Feasibility Analysis
7.4.1 Signal Strength and Throughput Test
7.4.2 Ping Test
7.5 Cost Comparison of Deploying TVWS Broadband and 3G Broadband
7.6 Conclusions
7.6.1 Policy Recommendation for Digital Inclusion-Northern Ghana
7.6.2 Ghana Landscape and Line of Sight Communication
8: Towards Smart Farming? Mobile Technology Trends and Their Potential for Developing Country Agriculture
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mobile Technology Trends
8.2.1 Diversity of Personal Mobile Devices and Delivery Channels
8.2.2 Internet of Things
8.2.3 Capitalizing on Networks and a Large User Base
8.3 Scenarios for the Evolution of Technology Trends and M-Services
8.3.1 Implications for Agricultural M-Services
8.3.2 Diverse Devices
8.3.3 Internet of Things
8.3.4 Capitalizing on Networks
8.4 Conclusion
References
9: How Africa Can Gain Benefits from Next Generation Networks
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background on ICT for Development in Africa
9.3 Development Agenda and ICT
9.3.1 From Past to Present
9.3.2 Present
9.3.3 Future
9.4 Issues and Challenges
9.4.1 Drawback of ICT4D
9.4.2 Drawbacks of New Technologies
9.4.2.1 IoT
9.4.2.2 AI
9.4.2.3 3D Printing
9.4.3 Negative Impact of Digital Development
9.5 Platform Enclosure by Huge Companies
9.5.1 Enclosure of Lot Market
9.5.2 Enclosure of the Internet Service
9.5.3 Sharing Economy
9.5.4 The Future of Africa (Worst-Case Scenario)
9.6 ICT Policy for the Digital Development Era
9.6.1 Reconsideration of ICT Policy Intervention
9.6.2 Encouragement of Business Ecosystem
9.6.4 Promotion of Local and Intrinsic Market (Original Marketin the Flattening World)
9.6.5 Coordination and Cooperation with Stakeholders
9.7 Conclusion
10: Rural Broadband in Developing Regions : Alternative Research Agendasfor the 5G Era
10.1 Introduction
Section 1
10.2 Rural Flashbacks
10.2.1 Rural 5G: The Truly Disruption?
10.2.2 The Third Century of an Unaccomplished Development Effort
10.2.3 Rural Broadband and Development
10.2.4 International Cooperation in 5G
10.2.5 The Long-Lasting Nature of Rural Telecommunications Research
10.2.6 Horizontal and Vertical Research
10.2.7 Bottom-Up and Neutral Research
Section 2
10.3 Alternative Research Agendas
10.3.1 Research Policies: Feedback from The Missing Link?
10.3.1.1 Lifecycle Management and Cost Engineering
10.3.1.2 Utility Cooperatives
10.3.1.3 Rural Demand
10.3.1.4 Marginal Impact
10.3.1.5 Feasibility From the Demand Side
10.3.1.6 Data Granularity
Section 3
10.4 Examples of Promising Directions for Rural 5G
10.4.1 Channel Modelling for Millimeter Wave: Unexpected Findings?
10.4.2 Big Data and Geospatial Analysis
10.4.3 MU-MIMO-OFDM in Rural UHF Macro Cells
10.5 Concluding Remarks
11: Public-Private-Community Organizational and Financial Strategy for Developing 5G Infrastructure and Servicesin Rural Asia: The Case of Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines
11.1 Introduction
Part 1
11.2 Introduction to the PPC Concept
11.2.1 What Is and What Is Not a PPC
11.2.2 Types of PPCs
11.2.3 Core Characteristics of PPCs
11.2.3.1 Intention to Initiate
11.2.3.2 Expected Incentives
11.2.3.3 Expected Stakeholder Functions
11.3 The Rationale for PPC
11.3.1 The Rapid Evolution of Mobile Technology
11.3.2 The Failure of Competition
11.3.3 The Need for PPC and Opportunity for PPCs in Asia
11.4 The Potential of PPC in the Delivery of 5G in Rural Areas in Developing Countries
11.4.1 Potential Community and Potential Demand
11.4.2 Potential Supply Possibilities
11.4.3 Potential PPC Organizational and Financial Strategy
Part 2
11.5 Inspiration for the Organizational Framework for Supplying Telecom Infrastructure
11.5.1 Background for the Organizationaland Financial Strategy
11.5.2 Municipality Action
11.5.3 Description of the Organizational and Financial Strategy
11.6 Demand Assessment for Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand
11.6.1 Overview of the Adoption of Broadband in Indonesia,Thailand and the Philippines
11.6.2 The Existence of Huge Rural Commercial Cooperativesin the Three Countries
11.6.3 The Need for ICT by the Cooperatives
11.6.4 The Potential for Network Effect
11.7 Potential Supply Possibilities
11.7.1 The Infrastructure to Be Supplied
11.8 The Role of the Stakeholders in the PPC Organizational and Financial Strategy
11.8.1 The Public Sector Stakeholders
11.8.1.1 Public Sector Stakeholders Involved in the Central Coordination of the PPC
11.8.1.2 Public Sector Stakeholders Needed in the Facilitation of the Service Platform
11.8.1.3 Public Sector Stakeholders Needed for the Facilitationof the 5G Network Infrastructure
11.8.1.4 Public Sector Stakeholder Needed to Facilitatecapacity Building
11.8.2 The Private Network/Service Stakeholders
11.8.2.1 Private Sector Stakeholder Needed for 5G Infrastructure Delivery
11.8.2.2 Private Sector Stakeholder Needed for the Deliveryof the Service Infrastructure
11.9 Financial Design
11.10 Discussion
11.11 Conclusion
References
Index
About the Editors
About the Authors