Handbook of Water Treatment

Photo 11.23 Geotrichum sp. (fungi) (x 400)......Page 0
Contents......Page 4
1. Introduction to Water Treatment......Page 43
1.2.1 Reduction of Total Cost Performance......Page 44
Table 1.1 Kinds of toxicity tests for water treatment chemicals......Page 45
Table 1.2 Amount of water on the earth......Page 46
Table 1.4 Thermodynamic properties of water, ethylalcohol and acetone......Page 47
Fig. 1.6 Names of electron orbits and the numbers of acceptable electrons......Page 48
Table 1.5 Periodic table of the elements......Page 49
Table 1.7 Solubilities of popular water treatment chemicals......Page 51
2. Water Treatment and Chemicals for Boiler Water Systems......Page 58
Table 2.1 Examples of raw water qualities......Page 60
Table 2.2 Troubles in the operation of boiler systems and their causes......Page 61
Table 2.3 Thermal conductivities of scale components and metals......Page 63
Fig. 2.13 Relationship between the carbon content of scale and the allowable scale amount......Page 67
Table 2.7 Analysis of a scale accumulated in a superheater by the carryover problem......Page 74
Fig. 2.30 Distribution ratio (Dsi) of silica between boiler water and steam......Page 76
Fig. 2.33 Structure of a spray-tray type deaerator......Page 79
Table 2.9 Relationship between boiler pressure and the condensate treatment equipments......Page 80
Table 2.10 Kinds, functions and typical chemical names of boiler treatment chemicals......Page 81
Photo 2.15 Distorted calcium silicate crystals by adding polymer D......Page 87
Table 2.14 Oxygen scavengers......Page 91
2.4.5 Corrosion Inhibitors for the Feedwater and Condensate Lines......Page 94
Table 2.17 Typical boiler scale analyses......Page 99
Fig. 2.70 Effect of an antifoaming agent against carryover......Page 100
Table 2.18 Corrosion rates of carbon steel test coupons in the water tube of a mini-circulation boiler......Page 101
Fig. 2.74 Positions of test coupons in a water tube of a mini-circulation boiler......Page 102
Table 2.23 Required amounts of desiccants for the dry preservation of boilers......Page 104
2.7.2 Control of Boiler Water Blowdown......Page 109
2.7.3 Control of Chemical Injection......Page 111
2.8.1 Recovery of Condensate......Page 114
Fig. 2.81 Relationship between the condensate recovery ratio, and the saving of fuel and water costs in A company......Page 116
Fig. 2.84 Heat transfer in boiler......Page 117
Table 2.28 Boiler operational conditions of C company......Page 119
Table 2.29 Boiler operational conditions of D company......Page 120
3. Cooling Water Treatment......Page 123
Fig. 3.4 Types of cooling towers......Page 124
Table 3.3 Flows of cooling water in tubular heat exchangers and their characteristics......Page 127
Fig. 3.10 Relationship among make-up water, blowdown water and cycles of concentration......Page 130
Table 3.8 Frequency of trouble occurrence in each type of cooling water systems......Page 131
Photo 3.1 Element distributions in a protective film (a polyphosphate-zinc polymer treatment)......Page 135
Photo 3.7 Chloride concentration in the pit of a stainless steel......Page 138
Fig. 3.27 Influence of chloride and sulfate ion concentration on the effects of various corrosion inhibitors against carbon steel......Page 142
3.3.1 Kinds of Scales and Their Solubilities......Page 144
Fig. 3.36 Influences of water temperature, calcium hardness and sulfate ion concentration on calcium sulfate (CaSO4·2H2O) deposition......Page 150
Photo 3.11 Crystal distortion and dispersion by sacle inhibitors......Page 152
Table 3.18 Kinds of effetive inhibitors on various scale components......Page 153
Fig. 3.42 Relationship among the critical pH of calcium phosphate deposition, calcium hardness and the dosage of a scale inhibitor (polymer)......Page 154
Fig. 3.46 Relationship between the heat flux and skin temperature of heat exchanger tube......Page 156
Table 3.20 Places soiled with biofouling and the types of fouling......Page 157
Table 3.21 Types and characteristics of microorganisms producing biofouling......Page 158
Table 3.23 Energy sources and nutrients of microorganisms growing in cooling water systems......Page 159
Fig. 3.55 Schematic process of slime adhesion......Page 162
3.4.6 Factors Influencing the Effects of Biofouling Control Agents......Page 163
3.4.7 Kinds and Effects of Biofouling Control Agents......Page 164
Fig. 3.66 Inhibition effect of a polymer dispersant against ferric hydroxide precipitation......Page 168
Fig. 3.67 Relationship between the turbidity of cooling water and the side stream filtration rate......Page 169
Table 3.31 Outline of chemical treatments for closed recirculating cooling water systems......Page 173
Table 3.35 Fatigue strength of cast iron and the effect of a nitrite......Page 175
Fig. 3.72 Effect of a nitrite based corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel in 30% ethylenglycol brine......Page 176
3.6.1 Control of Cooling Water Quality and Chemical Injection......Page 177
3.6.2 Monitoring of Water Treatment......Page 181
Fig. 3.79 Schematic diagram of the monitoring and diagnosing system of the KURITA MOBILE LABORATORY......Page 184
Table 3.40 Damage of metals by a high pressure water-jet cleaning*......Page 186
Table 3.41 Inhibition effect of a pretreatment on the pitting corrosion of new carbon steel tubes......Page 188
Table 3.44 Relationship between the designed fouling factor of heat exchanger and the allowable thickness of corrosion product......Page 190
Table 3.47 Water cost saving by applying a chemical water treatment in the model cooling water system......Page 192
Table 3.49 An example of the operational cost saving of the model cooling water system by applying water treatment chemicals (comparison with the case of no chemical treatment)......Page 193
4. Coagulants, Flocculants and Sludge Dewatering Agents......Page 195
Fig. 4.2 Classification of chemical water and wastewater treatment methods......Page 196
Fig. 4.3 Classification of biological wastewater treatment methods......Page 197
Fig. 4.4 Example of wastewater treatment processes and chemicals to be applied......Page 198
Fig. 4.5 Structure of a solid-contact type clarifier......Page 199
Fig. 4.7 Schematic model of coagulation and flocculation process......Page 200
Table 4.2 Kinds and features of inorganic coagulants......Page 203
Table 4.3 Kinds and structures of typical organic coagulants......Page 204
Table 4.5 COD removal effect of KURIDECODE L-101 against a wastewater from a dye work......Page 208
Fig. 4.27 Handy disperser of powder flocculants......Page 212
Fig. 4.28 Processes of sludge treatment and disposal......Page 213
Fig. 4.39 Relationship between the VSS/SS ratio of sludge and the appropriate cationized ratio of polymer dewatering agent for the dewatering by a belt press dehydrator......Page 219
Table 4.14 Reduction of unpleasant odors by KURINCAKE......Page 224
4.4 Safety of Polymer Flocculants......Page 226
5. Water Treatment for Air Conditioning Systems......Page 228
Fig. 5.4 Types of cleaning for heat exchangers of refrigerating machines (without chemical treatment)......Page 229
Fig. 5.6 Relationship among the cycles of concentration, make-up water and total blowdown in a cooling tower system......Page 230
Table 5.1 Standard control range of cooling water quality for a Non-P multi-chemical treatment......Page 231
Fig. 5.12 Flow diagram of an automatic operation control system utilizing data communication system for multi-cooling-tower systems......Page 234
Fig. 5.13 An example of side-stream filter installation for a cooling tower system......Page 235
Table 5.5 Relationship between the LTD and fouling condition of heat exchangers......Page 237
Fig. 5.21 Corrosion inhibition effect of a nitrite based inhibitor on copper......Page 240
Fig. 5.23 Corrosion inhibition effect of a food additive grade inhibitor on carbon steel in hot water......Page 241
Table 5.9 Effects of a corrosion inhibitor for high temperature water systems......Page 243
Table 5.10 Types and characteristics of electric power generators for cogeneration systems......Page 244
Table 5.11 Corrosion inhibition effect of a phosphonate-zinc-polymer based inhibitor in a heat accumulation system with ice......Page 245
Table 5.12 Effect of a formulated corrosion inhibitor for a propylene glycol antifreeze......Page 246
Fig. 5.32 Inhibition effect of a polyphosphate on ferric hydroxide precipitation......Page 248
Table 5.14 Types and features of humidifiers......Page 250
Fig. 5.37 Flow diagram of a small size reverse osmosis unit......Page 251
Fig. 5.42 Reduction of the LTD of a refrigerating machine condenser by removing the calcium carbonate scale......Page 254
Table 5.17 Ministerial ordinance on water quality......Page 255
Fig. 5.47 Fouling adhesion on the aluminum fins of a heat exchanger......Page 257
6. Chemicals for Pulping and Papermaking Processes......Page 260
Table 6.2 Chemicals using for deinking process......Page 261
Fig. 6.4 Flow-sheet of a pulp conditioning system......Page 262
Fig. 6.6 Typical wire-arrangements of twin-wire formers......Page 263
Fig. 6.8 A high-speed cylinder-type paper machine (ultra former)......Page 264
Fig. 6.12 Change in the whiteness of DIP in each point of a DIP manufacturing plant under the treatment with an EO-PO addition product of higher alcohol......Page 266
Table 6.5 Effect of a retention aid in a coat base paper manufacturing using a twin wire machine......Page 270
Table 6.7 Relationship between the kinds of pulps and their sizing efficiencies......Page 272
Fig. 6.26 Relationship between the appropriate HLB of self-emulsifying type antifoaming agents and white water temperature......Page 275
Fig. 6.28 Flow diagram of white water recovery and recycling system in a paperboard making plant......Page 276
6.4.3 Places of Deposit Generation and Kinds of Deposits......Page 278
Table 6.12 Cleaning effect of EDTA on barium sulfate scale......Page 280
Table 6.19 Troubles caused by the putrefaction of starch......Page 287
Fig. 6.38 Effect of a preservative on a starch glue liquid in the storage tank......Page 288
Table 6.20 Size-fixing effect of a retention......Page 289
7. Chemicals for Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes......Page 292
Table 7.1 (2) Properties of typical crude oils imported to Japan (Data of Petroleum Association of Japan)......Page 293
Fig. 7.1 Typical petroleum refining processes......Page 294
Fig. 7.3 Flow diagram of an ethylene and propylene production process (Lumus method)......Page 295
7.3.2 Fouling in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes, and Antifouling Agents......Page 298
Table 7.5 Saturated dissolved oxygen concentrations in crude oil fractions......Page 302
Table 7.7 Typical test conditions of up-down test apparatus for evaluating filming inhibitors......Page 309
7.3.5 The Other Chemicals......Page 311
8. Water Treatment for Iron and Steel Making Plants......Page 314
Fig. 8.1 Iron and steel making processes......Page 315
8.2.5 Steel Making Process (Converters and Continuous Casting Plants)......Page 316
8.3.1 Blast Furnace Body Cooling Systems......Page 317
Fig. 8.5 Structure of a tuyere......Page 319
Fig. 8.6 Structure of a hot blast valve and the box......Page 320
Table 8.2 Causes and countermeasures of spray nozzle clogging......Page 322
Fig. 8.10 Water flow diagram of a hot rolling mill......Page 323
Table 8.6 Chemical compositions of a limestone and a quicklime......Page 327
Table 8.11 Effect of the combined treatment of a scale inhibitor and a water quality modifica-tion against a converter gas cleaning water of the B-II type......Page 329
Fig. 8.15 Sprinkling methods of dust blow-away preventives......Page 331
Fig. 8.19 Flow sheet of a pulverization process of quicklime......Page 332
9. Cleaning of Plants and Equipments......Page 335
Table 9.1 Thermal conductivities of metals and boiler scales......Page 336
Photo 9.2 Spheroidized pearlite structure of a carbon steel due to a high temperature......Page 337
9.3.2 Nuclear Power Plants......Page 338
Table 9.4 Cleaning methods and their cleaning objects......Page 339
Fig. 9.4 Relationship among the deposition rate of iron oxide, iron concentration in boiler water and heat flux......Page 340
Table 9.8 Kinds of main cleaning agents......Page 343
9.5.3 Cleaning Methods......Page 348
9.5.4 Cleaning Processes and Their Procedures......Page 349
Fig. 9.13 Typical procedures for the chemical cleaning of a boiler......Page 353
Table 9.11 Typical qualities of wastewaters from various cleaning processes......Page 360
Fig. 9.15 Relationship between pH and the solubilities of metallic ions......Page 361
9.6.2 Examples of Mechanical Cleaning......Page 365
Fig. 9.22 Recoveries in the vacuums of steam condensers after their high pressure water jet cleanings......Page 367
Table 9.14 Wastewater qualities of a boiler furnace cleaning with a high pressure water jet......Page 368
9.7.2 Mechanical Cleaning......Page 369
10. Miscellaneous Specialty Chemicals...........................Page 371
Fig. 10.2 Influence of drinking water qualities on the growth and health of rats......Page 373
Fig. 10.4 A typical flow diagram of ultra-pure water production system (2)......Page 374
Table 10.5 Comparative prevension effects of KURIBERTER EC-700 and sodium hydrogen sulfite on the deterioration of a RO membrane system by chlorine......Page 375
Table 10.6 Effect of a chemical treatment on the copper wire destruction of a portable spot-welding machine......Page 376
Photo 10.5 Comparative microstructures of broken copper wires with and without a chemical treatment......Page 377
Fig. 10.7 Flow diagram of a continuous refuse incineration plant and the places in which scales are formed.......Page 378
Table 10.8 Problems caused by over-spray paint in painting plants......Page 379
Fig. 10.10 Functions of paint killers and improvements in paint booth operations under the paint killer treatments......Page 380
Table 10.10 Classification of antifoaming agents based on their appearances......Page 382
10.7.5 Processes Applying Antifoaming Agents......Page 383
Table 10.11 Recognized threshold values of eight substances causing offensive odors......Page 384
Table 10.13 Nine-stage comfortable and discomfortable indexes......Page 385
Fig. 10.14 Classification of measuring methods for odor strengths......Page 386
Fig. 10.19 Effects of deodorants on hydrogen sulfide generation from a sludge......Page 388
Table 10.14 Effects of a ferric salt addition on hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan generations from a mixed sludge......Page 389
Table 10.16 Effect of an essential oil type deodorant in a refuse incineration plant......Page 390
Fig. 10.21 A flow diagram for the cleaning of a spiral element type RO membrane system......Page 392
Table 10.20 Effects of a cleaning agent on fouled cationic exchange resins......Page 393
10.10.1 Features of Synthetic Zeolites......Page 394
Fig. 10.25 Adsorption-desorption cycle of T.S.A. method......Page 397
Table 10.25 Effect of a dust blow-away preventive on a soil washed-away by raining......Page 400
Fig. 10.34 A schematic model of the film formation by a dust blow-away preventive on the surface area of land......Page 401
11. Analyses for System Operation Control and Trouble Shooting......Page 403
Table 11.1 Analytical items and methods for water quality control in boiler systems......Page 404
11.1.4 Automatic Analysis Systems......Page 405
Fig. 11.2 Flow chart of a data transmission and reporting system......Page 407
Table 11.3 Kinds of chemical cleaning solutions for various metals......Page 408
Table 11.4 Principles and uses of surface analyzers......Page 409
Table 11.5 Kinds of metals and their suitable etching solutions......Page 410
Appendices......Page 415
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 12
Table 1.6 Electron configurations and valences of the principal elements......Page 50
Table 1.8 Solubilities* of air, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide......Page 52
Fig. 1.10 Change in the dissociation degree of water with temperature......Page 55
Table 1.10 Dissociation degrees of various acids and bases for their 0.1 N solutions at 25C......Page 56
Fig. 2.4 Typical structure of small to medium size water-tube boilers......Page 59
Table 2.4 Scale analyses of low pressure boilers......Page 64
Fig. 2.11 Relationship between the iron oxide scale thickness and inner skin temperature of a boiler tube......Page 66
Fig. 2.14 Influence of temperature on carbon steel corrosion in water including dissolved oxygen......Page 68
Fig. 2.17 Influence of chloride and sulfate ions on carbon steel corrosion......Page 69
Fig. 2.20 Influence of dissolved oxygen on the corrosion of carbon steel in a condensate line......Page 70
Table 2.6 Relationship between the injection points of an oxygen scavenger and the total iron of feedwater......Page 71
Fig. 2.23 Influence of pH and oxygen on the corrosion of carbon steel in a high pressure and high temperature water......Page 72
Fig. 2.25 Relationship between alkali concentration and the corrosion of carbon steel......Page 73
Fig. 2.27 Solubility of silica in superheated steam......Page 75
Table 2.8 Causes and their countermeasures of hardness leakage from softeners......Page 77
Fig. 2.32 Demineralization treatment (2-beds and 1-degasifier type)......Page 78
Table 2.11 Phosphates used for boiler compounds......Page 82
Table 2.12 Typical analyses of scales in a boiler......Page 83
Fig. 2.40 Relationship among pH, phosphate ion concentration and the Na/PO4 mole ratio of boiler compound......Page 84
Photo 2.11 Normal crystal shape of calcium carbonate (calcite)......Page 85
Photo 2.13 Perfectly distorted calcium carbonate crystals by adding a sufficient amount of polymer A......Page 86
Fig. 2.46 Dispersing effects of various sludge dispersants against hydroxyapatite......Page 88
Photo 2.20 Precipitate of hydroxyapatite distorted under the polymer E treatment......Page 89
Photo 2.25 Particles of magnetite dispersed by polymer I treatment......Page 90
Fig. 2.53 Influences of pH and temperature on the oxygen removal reaction of sodium sulfite......Page 92
Fig. 2.56 Thermal decomposition of sodium sulfite......Page 93
Fig. 2.58 Relationship between copper corrosion and condensate pH......Page 95
Table 2.15 Neutralizing effects and dissociation constants of neutralizing agents......Page 96
Fig. 2.64 Influence of dissolved oxygen in condensate on the corrosion inhibition effect of ODA on carbon steel......Page 97
Table 2.16 Effectiveness of the combined use of a neutralizing amine and a filming amine......Page 98
Table 2.25 Control items of boiler water quality and their purposes......Page 107
Fig. 2.76 Influence of silica concentration on the relationship between the pH and P-alkalinity of boiler water......Page 108
Fig. 2.77 Relationship between the sodium sulfate concentration and electrical conductivity of boiler water......Page 110
Fig. 2.78 Relationship between water temperature and the saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen (atmospheric pressure)......Page 112
Fig. 2.80 Injection point for sodium sulfite based oxygen scavengers and boiler compounds in case of a boiler equipped with a desuperheater......Page 113
Fig. 2.86 Change of combustion gas temperature under a fixed boiler water temperature......Page 118
Fig. 3.5 A typical small size cooling tower (counter flow type)......Page 125
Fig. 3.7 Typical structures of tubular heat exchangers......Page 126
Table 3.4 Metals used for pipings and heat exchangers......Page 128
Fig. 3.12 Mechanism of carbon steel pitting corrosion under fouling......Page 132
Table 3.9 Classification of corrosion inhibitors......Page 133
Fig. 3.14 Schematic structure of protective film formed by a phosphate-polymer treatment......Page 134
Fig. 3.16 Influnce of chloride ion concentration and process fluid temperature on the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels (SUS 304, 304L, 316, 316L and 405).......Page 137
Fig. 3.19 Relationship between the corrosion inhibition effect of a phosphonate on carbon steel and calcium hardness......Page 139
Fig. 3.22 Corrosion inhibition effect of a low molecular weight water soluble polymer on carbon steel......Page 140
Fig. 3.25 Corrosion inhibition effect of benzotriazole on copper and aluminum brass......Page 141
Fig. 3.30 Relationship between the effect of a polyphosphate based corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel and water flow rate......Page 143
Table 3.10 Temperature dependence of calcium carbonate saturation conditions......Page 145
Table 3.17 Phosphate factor for tricalcium phosphate......Page 148
Fig. 3.35 Solubilities of calcium sulfate and carbonate......Page 149
Photo 3.10 Growth of calcium carbonate crystals in the absence of scale inhibitor (optical microscopic photographs)......Page 151
Fig. 3.44 Influence of water flow rate on the scaling rate of calcium carbonate and the effect of a scale inhibitor......Page 155
Fig. 3.51 Influence of pH on the growth rate of bacteria......Page 160
Fig. 3.52 Relationship between the number of bacteria in cooling water and the frequency of biofouling troubles in heat exchangers under intermittent chlorination......Page 161
Fig. 3.59 Inhibition effect of a chlorine keeping agent against copper corrosion caused by chlorine......Page 165
Table 3.24 Effect of an organic bromine compound on slime adhesion (field test)......Page 166
Table 3.25 Biostatic effect of a quaternary ammonium salt......Page 167
Table 3.33 Effect of a biocide on the consumption of nitrite by nitrification bacteria......Page 174
Fig. 3.74 Effect of an initial treatment with a zinc-phosphate based inhibitor on carbon steel......Page 178
Fig. 3.75 Illustration of a chemical concentration control during from an initial to maintenance treatment period......Page 179
Fig. 3.77 Flow diagram of a test heat exchanger......Page 182
Fig. 3.81 Effect of a chemical flushing with a polyphosphate, polymer and surfactant based chemical in a new cooling tower system......Page 187
Table 3.45 Relationship between the designed fouling factor of heat exchanger and the allowable scale thickness (calcium phosphate)......Page 191
Fig. 4.9 Change of a zeta potential by coagulant dosing......Page 201
Table 4.1 C values of various coagulants for the coagulation of a suspended aqueous solution of coal......Page 202
Fig. 4.14 Comparative effects of an inorganic coagulant and the combined use with an organic coagulant for a wastewater treatment in an automobile factory......Page 205
Fig. 4.16 Case 2, wastewater treatment of a toilet paper factory......Page 206
Table 4.4 Removal effects of various coagulants against organic compounds (COD) in water......Page 207
Fig. 4.23 Influence of coagulant dosage on the effects of nonionic and anionic polymer flocculants......Page 210
Fig. 4.25 Effects of a sulfonated polymer and a conventional polymer flocculants for a wastewater treatment in a pulp and paper mill......Page 211
Fig. 4.29 Relationship between the SS content of sludge and the moisture content of dewatered cake......Page 214
Table 4.7 Types of dehydrators and their characteristics......Page 215
Table 4.9 Relationship between the operational conditions and dewatering effect of belt press dehydrators......Page 216
Fig. 4.35 Sludge dewatering mechanism of a filter press dehydrator......Page 217
Table 4.10 Correlation coefficients among sludge properties and the cake moisture content......Page 218
Table 4.11 Typical polymer based dewatering agents......Page 220
Fig. 4.42 Comparison of sludge dewatering effects of the CSA system and a conventional treatment (mixed sewage sludge)......Page 221
Table 4.12 Reduction of fuel consumption for cake drying and incineration by the application of the CSA system......Page 222
Table 4.13 Typical application results of amphoteric polymers for sludge dewatering by centrifugal dehydrators......Page 223
Fig. 4.49 A sludge dewatering test for belt press dehydrators......Page 225
Table 5.2 Corrosion inhibition effect of a Non-P multi-chemical......Page 232
Table 5.3 Inhibition effect of a Non-P multi chemical on L. pneumophila growth......Page 233
Table 5.4 Increase in the electricity consumption of a refrigerating machine by the scaling of condenser......Page 236
Table 5.6 Energy saving effect of a chemical water treatment for a 400 RT centrifugal refrigerating machine......Page 238
Table 5.8 Corrosion inhibition effect of a polyphosphate-zinc-polymer treatment in a closed water recirculating system with heat accumulation tank......Page 239
Fig. 5.25 Effects of a corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel and copper in high temperature water......Page 242
Table 5.13 Kinds of corrosion inhibitors for water and hot water supply systems......Page 247
Fig. 5.35 Corrosion potential of copper tube under a polyphosphate based corrosion inhibitor treatment......Page 249
Table 5.15 Compatibility of cleaning agents with structural materials......Page 252
Table 5.16 KURITA’s standard specifications for the chemical cleaning of air conditioning cooling water systems......Page 253
Table 5.18 Investigation results of the tap water qualities of buildings in Tokyo and Osaka......Page 256
Table 5.19 Comparison of the performances of a refrigerating machine before and after cleaning......Page 258
Photo 5.16 A small size spray type cleaning machine......Page 259
Fig. 6.10 Relationship between the HLB of surfactants and their deinking effects......Page 265
Fig. 6.13 Functional mechanisms of retention aids......Page 267
Table 6.3 Types and effects of retention aids on the retention and drainage of pulp......Page 268
Fig. 6.18 Canadian standard freeness tester......Page 269
Table 6.9 Problems caused by foaming in papermaking processes......Page 273
Fig. 6.24 Comparison of the influences of an advanced and a conventional antifoaming agents on sizing degree......Page 274
Table 6.11 Kinds and dosages of additives using for neutral papermaking process......Page 277
Fig. 6.30 Places of deposit generation and the kinds of deposits......Page 291
Table 6.13 Kinds of pitches......Page 281
Fig. 6.33 A typical relationship between bacteria accounts and dosing points of biocides in a pulp and paper mill......Page 283
Table 6.16 Relationship among paper qualities, the types of slime and the kinds of slime troubles......Page 284
Table 6.18 Comparison of bacterial growth conditions between acidic and neutral papermaking processes......Page 286
Fig. 7.2 Petroleum refining processes and the chemical injection points......Page 312
Fig. 7.5 Water separation in an electrical desalter......Page 296
Fig. 7.6 Influence of Maya crude blending ratio to the other crudes on the desalting effect......Page 297
Table 7.2 Types and functions of antifouling agents......Page 299
Table 7.3 Conventional evaluation methods for the effects of antifouling agents in the site......Page 300
Fig. 7.9 Reduction in crude oil temperature at a heating furnace inlet by the preheater fouling and the effect of an antifouling agent......Page 301
Fig. 7.12 An analysis of carboxylic acids in the drain of overhead line in an atmospheric distillation unit ............................................................................................... 7-12......Page 303
Fig. 7.14 Relationship between condensation ratio and the drain pH......Page 304
Fig. 7.16 Relationship between the condensation ratio and the pH of condensed water under different neutralizing treatments......Page 305
Fig. 7.17 Relationship between the effect of a filming inhibitor on carbon steel and the condensate pH in the overhead line of an atmospheric distillation unit......Page 306
Fig. 7.18 Flow diagram of a fluid catalytic cracking unit......Page 307
Table 7.6 Typical testing conditions of neutralizers for the overhead lines of distillation units......Page 308
Table 7.8 Corrosion monitoring methods applied for refineries and petrochemical plants......Page 310
Fig. 8.2 Flow diagram of iron and steel making processes, and the use points of water treatment chemicals......Page 334
Table 8.1 Classification of indirect cooling water systems in iron and steel works......Page 318
Fig. 8.9 Outline of a continuous casting plant......Page 321
Table 8.3 Yield and composition of blast furnace gas......Page 324
Fig. 8.13 Effect of a scale inhibitor and the influence on the scale composition......Page 326
Table 8.14 Effect of a bulk density improving agent in a coke oven......Page 333
Table 9.6 Critical scale thickness or amount requiring a boiler cleaning......Page 341
Table 9.7 Standard chemical cleaning intervals for oil-burning boilers......Page 342
Fig. 9.7 Relationship between temperature and the decomposition rate of sulfamic acid to sulfuric acid......Page 344
Fig. 9.9 Acceleration of carbon steel corrosion by ferric ion and the effect of a reducing agent......Page 346
Fig. 9.11 Effect of a silica dissolving agent on a scale containing silica......Page 347
Fig. 9.12 An example of acid cleaning solution analysis......Page 352
Fig. 9.14 Flow-diagram of a boiler cleaning......Page 356
Table 9.12 CODMn and BOD of the 0.1% solutions of various chemical cleaning agents......Page 362
Fig. 9.19 Relationship between the abrasing amounts of metals and the blasting time......Page 364
Fig. 9.20 A typical procedure for the high pressure water jet cleaning of a boiler furnace......Page 366
Table 10.3 Distilled water drinking conditions of crews receiving blood tests......Page 372
Table 10.9 Case studies of paint killer (KURISTUCK) treatments......Page 381
Fig. 10.16 Relationship between pH and the dissociation of hydrogen sulfide......Page 387
Table 10.21 Chemical resistances of filter cloth materials using for sludge dehydrators......Page 395
Fig. 10.28 Changes in the water adsorption capacities of adsorbents against the times of regeneration in a naphtha cracked gas drying process......Page 398
Fig. 10.31 Operation principle of oxygen production by P.S.A. method......Page 399
Fig. 10.35 Effect of a dust blow-away preventive on sand blow-away under various wind velocities......Page 402
Table 11.2 Analytical items and methods for water quality control in cooling water systems......Page 406
Fig. 11.5 Schroetter’s alkalimeter......Page 413
LIST OF TABLES......Page 28
Table 1.9 The equivalent electrical conductivities of ions at the infinite dilution......Page 54
Table 1.12 Ionization series of metals and their reactivities......Page 57
Table 2.5 Scale analyses of medium or high pressure boilers......Page 65
Table 2.21 Preservation methods of boilers by using a saccharide during short period (within 10 days)......Page 103
Table 2.24 Control items of feedwater quality and their purposes......Page 106
Table 2.27 Data for fuel and water cost estimation......Page 115
Table 2.30 Boiler operational conditions of E company......Page 121
Table 3.6 Relationship between actual and calculated evaporation losses in each season in Japan......Page 129
Table 3.14 Relationship between M-alkalinity and D in the equation (3.32)......Page 146
Table 3.15 pH-temperature factor for tricalcium phosphate......Page 147
Table 3.26 Example of a high hardness water treatment (alkaline treatment)......Page 170
Table 3.28 Example of a high salinity water treatment (zinc-phosphonate-polymer treatment)......Page 171
Table 3.30 Example of a non-phosphorous corrosion inhibitor treatment (2) (all polymer treatment)......Page 172
Table 3.38 Items and frequencies of water analysis for closed recirculating cooling water systems......Page 180
Table 3.43 Estimated operational cost of the model cooling water system (without chemical treatment)......Page 189
Table 4.6 Kinds and features of nonionic and anionic polymer flocculants......Page 209
Table 6.6 Profits obtained by using a retention aid in a white board manufacturing......Page 271
Table 6.15 Kinds of microorganisms forming slime in pulp and papermaking processes......Page 282
Table 6.17 Typical slime control agents using for pulp and paper-manufacturing processes......Page 285
Table 6.21 Relationship among paper qualities, the causes of deposits and additives for deposit control......Page 290
Table 8.5 Qualities of blast furnace gas cleaning waters and the scale compositions......Page 325
Table 8.9 Classification of the qualities of converter gas cleaning waters......Page 328
Table 8.13 Advantages of an organic coagulant treatment for an oily wastewater in a cold rolling mill......Page 330
Table 9.9 Typical cleaning processes and the specifications......Page 350
Table 9.10 Decontamination methods and the applicable objects......Page 359
Photo 9.8 Wet sand jet cleaning apparatus and its nozzles......Page 363
Table 10.17 Analyses of foulings adhering to filter media......Page 391
Table 10.23 Molecular diameters of various substances......Page 396
Table 11.6 Conversion factors calculating metallic oxide concentrations from the ion concentrations......Page 411
Table 11.7 Identification for the types of biofouling (slime) from the chemical analysis......Page 414
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS......Page 36
Photo 3.6 Pitting of aluminum brass and the concentration of chloride in the pit......Page 136
Photo 9.3 Measurement of scale thickness on a boiler tube by the microscopic observation......Page 354
LIST OF APPENDICES......Page 41
A1.4 Units of weight......Page 416
A1.7 Units of flow rate......Page 417
A1.11 Units of thermal conductivity......Page 418
A2 Atomic weights of elements......Page 419
A3 Saturation state steam table (temperature base)......Page 420
A4 Saturation state steam table (pressure base)......Page 421
A5 Compressed water and superheated steam table (1)......Page 422
A5 Compressed water and superheated steam table (2)......Page 423
A6 Constants of saturated water and steam......Page 424
A7 Constants of water......Page 425
A8 Solubilities of gasses in water......Page 426
A9 Solubility of oxygen in pure water......Page 427
A10 Relationship among the pH, free CO2 and alkalinity of water......Page 428
A13 Specific gravity of sodium hydroxide solution......Page 429
A16 Relationship between the pH and concentration of HCl, H2SO4 or NaOH solution......Page 430
A18 Relationship among the pH, concentration and Na/PO4 ratio of sodium phosphate solution......Page 431
A19 Relationship between the electrical conductivity and concentration of HCl, H2SO4, NaOH or NaCl solution......Page 432
A21 Freezing points of organic brines......Page 433
A22 Nomogram for converting flow rate into flow velocity (flow velocity into flow rate) in piping......Page 434
A23 Properties of pure metals......Page 435
A24 Properties of alloys......Page 436
A25 Chemical resistant materials for tank, pump and piping......Page 437
A26 Chemical resistant lining materials......Page 438
A27.2 Steel pipes and tubes (1)......Page 439
A27.2 Steel pipes and tubes (2)......Page 440
A29 Compositions and calorific values of various fuels......Page 441
A30 Relationship between the temperatures and viscosities of various fuel oils......Page 442
A32 Typical seawater analysis......Page 443
A33 Typical qualities of Japanese industrial waters......Page 444
A34.1 Feedwater and boiler water qualities for cylindrical boilers (JIS B8223-1989)......Page 445
A34.2 Feedwater and boiler water qualities for water tube boilers (JIS B8223-1989)......Page 446
A34.3 Feedwater qualities for once-through boilers (JIS B8223-1989)......Page 447
B......Page 448
C......Page 449
E......Page 452
G......Page 453
K......Page 454
O......Page 455
P......Page 456
S......Page 457
T......Page 458
Z......Page 459