This work provides those involved in water purification research and administration with a comprehensive resources of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from contaminants, both natural and human-caused. The book first provides an overview of major water-related issues in developing and developed countries, followed by a review of issues of sampling for water analysis, regulatory considerations and forensics in water quality and purity investigations. The subsequent chapters cover microbial as well chemical contaminations from inorganic compounds, radionuclides, volatile and semivolatile compounds, disinfectants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals including endocrine disruptors as well as potential terrorist-related contamination. The last chapter describes the Grainger prize-winning filter that can remove arsenic from water sources and sufficiently protect the health of a large number of people. - Covers the scope of water contamination problems on a worldwide scale. - Provides a rich source of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from natural and deliberate contaminants. - Describes filter that won the million dollar Grainger price and thereby highlighting an important approach to remediation.
Author(s): Satinder Ahuja
Edition: 1st ed
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 435
City: New York, NY
Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
Preface
......Page 3
Contributors
......Page 5
Introduction......Page 7
Water Pollution Worldwide......Page 9
Developed Countries......Page 11
Monitoring Contaminants......Page 12
Delineation of a Major Problem of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater......Page 13
Water Quality in Eastern Africa......Page 15
Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic in Groundwater in Bangladesh and India......Page 16
Regulatory Considerations......Page 17
Monitoring Inorganic Compounds......Page 18
Monitoring Disinfectants......Page 19
Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Effluents......Page 20
Groundwater Arsenic-Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents......Page 21
References......Page 22
Introduction......Page 23
Investigations into the Problem......Page 25
Toxicity of Various Arsenic Species......Page 27
Impact of Arsenic-Laced Irrigation Water on the Food Chain......Page 29
Weathering of Arsenopyrite......Page 30
Role of Microbes in the Release of Arsenic into Groundwater......Page 31
Arsenic Mobilization and Sequestration......Page 32
Analytical Methods......Page 33
Test Kit Reliability......Page 34
Arsenic-Free Water Supplies......Page 37
Flocculation of Arsenic......Page 38
Iron Oxide–Coated Coal Ash......Page 39
Wellhead Arsenic-Removal Units......Page 40
Reasons for Slow Progress......Page 41
Viable Solutions......Page 42
References......Page 43
Climate Change in Eastern Africa Affects Water Availability......Page 45
Drastic Water Quality Changes in East Africa......Page 48
Challenges Facing Lake Victoria......Page 50
Human Waste Disposal: An Ignored Factor......Page 51
Polychlorinated Biphenyls......Page 56
Pesticide Residues in the Tropical Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems......Page 62
Water Samples......Page 63
Water Samples......Page 65
Sediment Samples......Page 66
Water Samples......Page 67
Sediment Samples......Page 68
Conclusions......Page 69
References......Page 70
Introduction......Page 72
Impacts of Land Clearing on Receiving Waters......Page 73
Agriculture and Water Pollution......Page 74
Human Health Pollutants from Agriculture......Page 75
Ecosystem Pollution from Agriculture......Page 76
Impacts of Nutrient Loading on Receiving Waters......Page 77
Critical Nutrient Concentrations in Receiving Waters......Page 78
Agriculture and Pesticides......Page 79
Urban Pollution—On-Site Wastewater Treatment Issues......Page 80
Septic Systems and Fecal Microbial Pollution......Page 82
Septic Systems and Nutrient Pollution......Page 83
Urban and Suburban Stormwater Runoff......Page 84
Impacts of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 85
Urban Stormwater Runoff and Human Health......Page 86
Stormwater Runoff Solutions......Page 90
Summary and Conclusions......Page 94
References......Page 95
Introduction......Page 100
Collection, Preservation of Water Samples, and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Total Arsenic......Page 103
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Program......Page 107
Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of West Bengal......Page 108
Arsenic Contamination Situation of Deep Tube Wells (Above 100m) in West Bengal......Page 112
Murshidabad......Page 113
A Study on Variation of Arsenic Concentration with Depth in Murshidabad......Page 115
North 24-Parganas......Page 116
Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of the Jalangi—One of the Highly Arsenic Affected Blocks in Murshidabad, West Bengal......Page 117
Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of the Sagarpara—One of the Highly Arsenic Affected GP in Murshidabad, West Bengal......Page 118
Arsenic in Hand Tube Wells in All 64 Districts of Bangladesh......Page 119
Tableland Region......Page 122
Floodplain Region......Page 123
Hill Tract Region......Page 124
Results on Arsenic in Tube-Well Water Samples: Comparison Between Our Data and Other International Data......Page 125
Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 127
References......Page 131
Introduction......Page 136
Quality Assurance/Quality Control......Page 137
Basic Site Research......Page 138
Working with the Laboratory......Page 140
Types of Evidence......Page 141
Legal Tools to Obtain Evidence......Page 143
Witnesses......Page 144
Photography......Page 146
Quantitative Reasoning......Page 147
Presentation of Findings......Page 148
References......Page 149
Appendix B: Freedom of Information Acts......Page 150
Introduction......Page 151
EPA Strategic Goals for “Clean and Safe Water”......Page 152
The Rulemaking Process......Page 153
Clean Water Act......Page 155
Drinking Water Compliance Issues......Page 156
Lead and Copper Rule......Page 157
Total Coliform Rule......Page 158
Toxicokinetics......Page 159
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential......Page 160
Risk Assessment......Page 161
Drinking Water Research......Page 162
Source Water Management......Page 163
Urban Watershed Management......Page 164
Best Available Technologies......Page 165
Treatability of Water Supplies......Page 166
Chlorine and Disinfection By-products......Page 167
Sorption Technologies (Chemical Treatment)......Page 168
Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Applications......Page 169
Research Questions......Page 170
Direct Discharge of Liquids......Page 171
Radioactive Residuals......Page 172
Research Questions......Page 173
Contamination Events......Page 174
SCADA Systems......Page 175
Physical Monitors......Page 176
Contamination Warning Systems......Page 177
Threats and Risks to the Water Supply......Page 178
Current Research Priorities......Page 179
References......Page 180
Introduction......Page 184
Quantification Methods......Page 187
Microbial Contamination Indicators......Page 188
Microbial Source Tracking......Page 189
Sampling Issues......Page 192
References......Page 193
Monitoring Inorganic Compounds......Page 200
Techniques to Identify and Quantify Inorganic Constituents in Water
......Page 201
The Basics of AAS......Page 204
Relating Light Absorbed to Concentration: Beer’s Law......Page 205
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry......Page 206
Basic Hardware......Page 207
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry......Page 208
Flow Injection Analysis......Page 209
Fluoride......Page 210
Nitrate......Page 211
Long-term monitoring network for atmospheric deposition......Page 212
References......Page 214
Radioactive Compounds and Radioactivity......Page 216
Radioactive Decay......Page 217
Exposure to Radiation......Page 218
Primary Radioactive Contaminants: Sources, Uses, and Disposal......Page 222
Mill Tailings......Page 223
Radon Emissions from Soil Minerals and Groundwater......Page 224
High-Level Waste......Page 225
Analysis of Radioactive Compounds in Water......Page 226
Examples of Radionuclide Contamination in Groundwater......Page 229
Biogeochemical Processes Controlling Uranium Fate Transport......Page 230
Uranium(VI) Reduction......Page 231
Remediation Technologies......Page 232
In Situ Techniques......Page 233
Field-Scale Application of In Situ Bioremediation......Page 234
Conclusions......Page 235
References......Page 236
Boiling points of some VOCs......Page 240
Sources of Contamination of VOCs and Their Health Effects......Page 241
Semivolatile Compounds
......Page 244
Monitoring VOCs and SOCs......Page 249
Chemistry of Static Headspace GC......Page 250
EPA Methods for VOCs......Page 253
EPA Methods for SOCs......Page 255
Conclusions......Page 259
References......Page 260
Introduction......Page 262
Theory of Disinfection
......Page 263
Mechanisms of Disinfectants......Page 264
Factors Influencing the Action of Disinfectants......Page 265
Disinfection with Chlorine (Free and Combined)......Page 267
Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide......Page 270
Disinfection with UV Light......Page 271
Regulations Governing Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products Monitoring......Page 273
Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rules......Page 274
Sampling and Monitoring for D/DBPs......Page 276
Using Ct Values for Monitoring Disinfectants......Page 277
Disinfection By-products Control......Page 281
Using Chlorine......Page 284
Using Chlorine Dioxide......Page 286
Using Ozone......Page 287
Conclusions
......Page 288
References......Page 289
Introduction......Page 292
Commonly Used Herbicides......Page 294
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry......Page 296
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry......Page 297
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay......Page 298
Water-Quality Studies......Page 299
Midcontinent Herbicide Reconnaissance, 1989–1990; 1994–1995; 1998; 2000......Page 300
Reservoirs, 1992–1993......Page 302
Perry Lake, 1992–1993......Page 303
Comparison of Fate and Transport of Isoxaflutole to Atrazineand Metolachlor in 10 Iowa Rivers, 2004......Page 304
Midwestern United States Groundwater Reconnaissance Network, 1991–1994; 1995–1998......Page 305
Herbicides in Rainfall Across the Midwestern and Northeastern United States, 1990–1991......Page 307
Conclusions......Page 309
References......Page 310
Introduction......Page 317
Sampling......Page 323
Sample Preparation......Page 329
Instrumental Analysis......Page 333
Analytical Quality Controls......Page 337
Other Techniques......Page 338
References......Page 339
Introduction......Page 345
What Is the Terrorist Threat to Water?......Page 346
What is a Backflow Attack?......Page 347
What Should an Early Warning System Look Like?......Page 348
What Should a Monitoring System Detect?......Page 349
Water Analysis Presents Many Problems......Page 350
Fish-Based Systems......Page 352
Daphnia and Other Invertebrate-Based Systems......Page 354
Bacterial Luminescence-Based Methods......Page 356
Bacterial Respiration-Based Methods......Page 357
Inhibition of Chemiluminescence......Page 358
Problems with Toxicity Testing......Page 359
Sensor Arrays and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies......Page 360
Bulk Parameter Monitoring......Page 362
Other online technologies......Page 366
Particle Counting and Characterization with Optical Methods......Page 367
Technologies Currently More Suited for Field Confirmatory Analysis......Page 368
Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology......Page 369
Rapid Tests for Cholinesterase Inhibiting Substances (Nerve Agents and Pesticides)......Page 371
Multiparameter Handheld Devices......Page 372
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy......Page 373
Ion Mobility Spectroscopy......Page 374
Summary and Conclusions......Page 375
References......Page 377
Groundwater Arsenic Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents: Field Applications and Sustainability......Page 380
Introduction......Page 381
Speciation of Arsenic in Water......Page 383
Surface-Complexation Reactions......Page 384
Kinetic Models for the Evaluation of the Sorption Data......Page 386
Arsenic Removal Processes......Page 389
Zero-Valent Iron......Page 391
Iron Oxides and Iron Oxide Amended Materials......Page 394
Arsenic Removal Technologies Tested in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India......Page 397
SONO Filter Based on Composite Iron Matrix......Page 401
Oxide India (P) Based on Activated Alumina......Page 402
Sustainability and Management of Spent Material......Page 403
Filter Evaluation Through Environmental Technology Verifications......Page 407
Conclusion and Outlook......Page 409
References......Page 410
A......Page 419
B......Page 420
C......Page 421
D......Page 422
F......Page 423
G......Page 424
I......Page 425
L......Page 426
N......Page 427
O......Page 428
P......Page 429
R......Page 430
S......Page 431
T......Page 432
U......Page 433
W......Page 434
Z......Page 435
