Many statistics texts tend to focus more on the theory and mathematics underlying statistical tests than on their applications and interpretation. This can leave readers with little understanding of how to apply statistical tests or how to interpret their findings. While the SPSS statistical software has done much to alleviate the frustrations of social science professionals and students who must analyze data, they still face daunting challenges in selecting the proper tests, executing the tests, and interpreting the test results.With emphasis firmly on such practical matters, this handbook sets forth clear guidelines for performing specific statistical tests with SPSS and interpreting the output. The author clearly explains the purpose of each test and the research designs for which they are relevant, demonstrates the execution of the tests, and explains how to interpret the results obtained. The presentation covers not only the point-and-click Windows? method of using SPSS, but also the syntax method, which provides users with the power and flexibility to deal with complex experimental designs. All chapters include the full SPSS output of the test being addressed and the step-by-step interpretation of the results. All of the data sets used in the examples along with the SPSS code are freely available for download at www.crcpress.com.Armed with the knowledge, tools, and experience this handbook provides, social scientists, both student and professional, can maximize the utility of SPSS, choose the right statistical tests with confidence, and more accurately and appropriately interpret their results.
Author(s): Robert Ho
Edition: 1
Publisher: Chapman and Hall\/CRC
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 403
1.2 Inferential Statistics......Page 17
c6021_fm.pdf......Page 0
1.2.2 Types of Hypotheses......Page 18
1.2.3 Testing Hypotheses......Page 19
1.2.5 Type I and Type II Errors......Page 20
1.3 Test Selection......Page 21
1.3.1.1 Test of Differences......Page 22
1.3.2 Levels of Measurement......Page 23
1.3.3 Choice of Test......Page 24
2.1 Introduction......Page 26
2.2.1 Preparing a Code Book......Page 27
2.2.3 Creating an SPSS Data File......Page 28
2.2.5 Saving and Editing a Data File......Page 31
2.3 SPSS Analysis: Windows Method vs. Syntax Method......Page 32
2.3.1 SPSS Analysis: Windows Method......Page 33
2.3.2 SPSS Analysis: Syntax Method......Page 34
Frequency Table......Page 36
2.3.4 Results and Interpretation......Page 38
3.2 Methods of MULT RESPONSE Procedures......Page 40
3.3.1 Data Entry Format......Page 41
3.3.2 Windows Method......Page 42
3.3.4 SPSS Output......Page 44
3.4 Example of the Multiple- Response Method......Page 45
3.4.1 Windows Method......Page 46
3.4.3 SPSS Output......Page 48
3.5.1 Windows Method......Page 49
3.5.2 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 53
3.5.3 SPSS Output......Page 54
3.5.4 Results and Interpretation......Page 55
4.2 Checklist of Requirements......Page 56
4.4.2 Windows Method......Page 57
4.4.4 SPSS Output......Page 59
4.4.5 Results and Interpretation......Page 60
5.3 Assumptions......Page 61
5.4.2 Windows Method......Page 62
5.4.4 SPSS Output......Page 63
5.4.5 Results and Interpretation......Page 64
6.3 Assumptions......Page 65
6.4.2 Windows Method......Page 66
6.4.3 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 68
Post Hoc Tests......Page 69
6.4.6 Post Hoc Comparisons......Page 70
7.2 Checklist of Requirements......Page 71
7.4.1 Data Entry Format......Page 72
7.4.2 Windows Method......Page 73
7.4.4 SPSS Output......Page 76
7.4.5.2 Interaction Effect......Page 77
7.4.6 Post Hoc Test for Simple Effects......Page 78
7.4.7.1 Windows Method......Page 79
7.4.7.2 Post Hoc Comparisons: Windows Method......Page 82
7.4.7.3 Post Hoc Comparisons: SPSS Syntax Method......Page 84
7.5 Example 2 — Three-Way Factorial (2 × 2 × 2 Factorial)......Page 85
7.5.2 Windows Method......Page 86
7.5.4 SPSS Output......Page 91
7.5.5.2 Two- Way Interactions......Page 94
7.5.5.3 Three- Way Interaction......Page 97
8.2 Checklist of Requirements......Page 99
8.4 Example 1 — GLM Multivariate Analysis: One-Sample Test......Page 100
8.4.2 Windows Method......Page 101
8.4.4 SPSS Output......Page 105
8.4.5 Results and Interpretation......Page 106
8.5.2 Windows Method......Page 107
8.5.4 SPSS Output......Page 110
8.6 Example 3 — GLM: 2 × 2 Factorial Design......Page 112
8.6.2 Windows Method......Page 113
8.6.3 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 116
8.6.4 SPSS Output......Page 117
8.6.5 Results and Interpretation......Page 120
8.6.6 Windows Method ( Profile Plot)......Page 123
8.6.8 Results and Interpretation......Page 124
8.6.9.1 Data Transformation......Page 125
8.6.9.2 Post Hoc Comparisons......Page 127
8.6.11 Results and Interpretation......Page 130
9.2 Example 1 — GLM: One-Way Repeated Measures......Page 131
9.2.2 Windows Method......Page 132
9.2.3 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 136
9.2.4 SPSS Output......Page 137
9.2.6 Results and Interpretation......Page 140
9.3 Example 2 — GLM: Two-Way Repeated Measures (Doubly Multivariate Repeated Measures)......Page 141
9.3.2 Windows Method......Page 142
9.3.4 SPSS Output......Page 147
9.3.5 Results and Interpretation......Page 153
9.4 Example 3 — GLM: Two-Factor Mixed Design (One Between-Groups Variable and One Within-Subjects Variable)......Page 155
9.4.1 Data Entry Format......Page 156
9.4.2 Windows Method......Page 157
9.4.3 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 162
9.4.4 SPSS Output......Page 163
9.4.5.1 Within- Subjects Effects......Page 168
9.5 Example 4 — GLM: Three-Factor Mixed Design (Two Between-Groups Variables and One Within-Subjects Variable)......Page 170
9.5.2 Windows Method......Page 171
9.5.4 SPSS Output......Page 181
9.5.5.1 Within- Subjects Effects......Page 192
9.5.5.2 Between- Groups Effects......Page 196
10.1 Aim......Page 197
10.3 Example 1 — Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient......Page 198
10.3.2 Scatterplot ( Windows Method)......Page 199
10.3.4 Scatterplot......Page 202
10.3.6 Pearson Product Moment Correlation ( Windows Method)......Page 203
10.3.8 SPSS Output......Page 205
10.4.1 Windows Method......Page 206
10.4.4 Results and Interpretation......Page 208
11.2 Assumptions......Page 209
11.3.1 Windows Method......Page 210
11.3.3 SPSS Output......Page 213
11.3.4.2 Evaluating the Strength of the Prediction Equation......Page 214
11.3.4.3 Identifying Independent Relationship......Page 215
12.1 Aim......Page 216
12.1.2.2 Determining the Number of Factors to Be Extracted......Page 217
12.1.4 Rotation Methods......Page 218
12.1.6 Number of Factor Analysis Runs......Page 219
12.2 Checklist of Requirements......Page 220
12.4 Factor Analysis: Example 1......Page 221
12.4.1 Data Entry Format......Page 222
12.4.2 Windows Method......Page 223
12.4.4 SPSS Output......Page 227
12.4.5.1 Correlation Matrix......Page 231
12.4.5.2 Factor Analysis Output......Page 232
12.5 Factor Analysis: Example 2......Page 234
12.5.2 Windows Method ( First Run)......Page 235
12.5.4 SPSS Output......Page 239
12.5.5.2 Factor Analysis Output......Page 245
12.5.6 Windows Method ( Second Run)......Page 246
12.5.8 SPSS Output......Page 249
12.5.9 Results and Interpretation......Page 251
13.1.2 Internal Consistency Procedures......Page 252
13.2.1 Windows Method......Page 253
13.2.2 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 255
13.2.4 Results and Interpretation......Page 256
14.2.1 Standard Multiple Regression......Page 257
14.2.3 Statistical ( Stepwise) Regression......Page 258
14.3 Checklist of Requirements......Page 259
14.5 Multicollinearity......Page 260
14.6 Example 1 — Prediction Equation and Identification of Independent Relationships (Forward Entry of Predictor Variables)......Page 261
14.6.1 Windows Method......Page 262
14.6.2 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 266
14.6.3 SPSS Output......Page 267
14.6.4.1 Prediction Equation (Predicting the Level of Responsibility from the Three Defense Strategies of PROVOKE, SELFDEF, and INSANITY)......Page 269
14.6.4.4 Identifying Independent Relationships......Page 270
14.7 Example 2 — Hierarchical Regression......Page 271
14.7.1 Windows Method......Page 272
14.7.2 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 275
14.7.3 SPSS Output......Page 276
14.7.4 Results and Interpretation......Page 278
14.8 Example 3 — Path Analysis......Page 279
14.8.1 Windows Method......Page 280
14.8.2 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 284
14.8.3 SPSS Output......Page 285
14.8.4 Results and Interpretation......Page 290
15.1 What Is Structural Equation Modeling?......Page 292
15.3 The Structural Equation Model......Page 294
15.4.1 Absolute Fit Measures......Page 295
15.4.2 Incremental Fit Measures......Page 296
15.4.4 Note of Caution in the Use of Incremental Fit Indices as “Rules of Thumb”......Page 297
15.5 Model Assessment......Page 298
15.6.1 Modification Indices......Page 299
15.7 Checklist of Requirements......Page 300
15.9 Examples of Structural Equation Modeling......Page 302
15.10 Example 1: Linear Regression with Observed Variables......Page 303
15.10.2 Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 304
15.10.3 Results and Interpretation......Page 307
15.10.3.1 Regression Weights, Standardized Regression Weights, and Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 308
15.11 Example 2: Regression with Unobserved (Latent) Variables......Page 310
15.11.1 Results and Interpretation......Page 311
15.11.1.1 Regression Weights, Standardized Regression Weights, and Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 312
15.12 Example 3: Multimodel Path Analysis with Latent Variables......Page 314
15.12.1 Evaluation of the Measurement Model: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)......Page 315
15.12.2 Results and Interpretation......Page 317
15.12.2.1 Regression Weights and Standardized Regression Weights......Page 319
15.12.4 Comparing the Original (Default) Model against the Modified Model......Page 321
15.12.5 Multimodel Analysis: Evaluation of the Direct Path Model vs. the Indirect Path Model......Page 322
15.12.6 Defining the Direct and Indirect Models......Page 325
15.12.7 Results and Interpretion......Page 327
15.12.7.1 Goodness- of- Fit Comparison: Direct Model vs. Indirect Model......Page 328
15.12.7.2 Regression Weights, Standardized Regression Weights, and Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 330
15.12.7.3 Explained Variances and Residual Variances......Page 331
15.13.1.1 Conducting Multigroup Modeling for Males and Females: The Measurement Model......Page 332
15.13.1.2 Results and Interpretation......Page 342
15.13.2 Multigroup Path Analysis......Page 348
15.13.2.1 Conducting Multigroup Modeling for Males and Females: The Path Model......Page 349
15.13.2.2 Results and Interpretation......Page 359
16.1 Aim......Page 368
16.2.2.1 Data Entry Format......Page 369
16.2.2.2 Windows Method......Page 370
16.2.3 Example 2 — Unequal Expected Frequencies......Page 371
16.2.3.1 Windows Method......Page 372
16.2.3.3 SPSS Output......Page 373
16.3.2 Windows Method......Page 374
16.3.3 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 377
16.3.5 Results and Interpretation......Page 378
16.4.1 Assumptions......Page 379
16.4.3 Windows Method......Page 380
16.4.5 SPSS Output......Page 382
16.5.1 Assumptions......Page 383
16.5.3 Windows Method......Page 384
16.6 Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Two Related Samples......Page 386
16.6.3 Windows Method......Page 387
16.6.4 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 388
16.7 Friedman Test for Several Related Samples......Page 389
16.7.3 Windows Method......Page 390
16.7.4 SPSS Syntax Method......Page 391
16.7.6 Results and Interpretation......Page 392
References......Page 393
Multiple Response Analysis (Chapter 3)......Page 395
Factorial ANOVA (Chapter 7)......Page 396
GLM Multivariate ANOVA (Chapter 8)......Page 397
GLM Repeated Measures Analysis (Chapter 9)......Page 399
Linear Regression (Chapter 11: CORR.SAV)......Page 400
Multiple Regression (Chapter 14)......Page 401
Chi-Square ( χ 2 ) Test for Single Variable Experiments — Unequal Expected Frequencies (EX16a.SAV)......Page 402
Friedman Test for Several Related Samples (EX16e.SAV)......Page 403
HANDBOOK OF UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION WITH SPSS......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
About the Author......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
