Handbook of Transnational Families Around the World

Contents
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
Transnational Families: Entangled Inequalities and Emerging Challenges on the Global Scale
1 Introduction
2 Transnational Families and Care Configurations
3 Entangled Inequalities, Cross-Border Assemblages, Family Life Course, and Mobility Regimes
3.1 Entanglements and Intersectional Inequalities
3.2 Cross-Border Assemblages
3.3 Historical and Family Life-Course Perspective
3.4 (Im)Mobility Regimes
4 Emerging Challenges Affecting Transnational Families
4.1 Climate Change
4.2 Conflicts and Rising Refugee Population
4.3 Covid-19 Pandemic
5 About this Book
References
Part II: Coming into Being: Historical and Cultural Precedents Embedded in Migration and Transnational Family Formation
Reference
Central American Transnational Families Headed by Single Women: Coloniality and Subjectivity in Nicaragua and Costa Rica
1 Introduction
2 Family and Women: The Socio-Historical Context
3 Migration Dynamics in Central America
4 Conceptual Framework: Subjectivity as a Performative Process
5 Methodology
6 Performative Practices to Support the Family at Home
6.1 Daughters, Grandmothers and ex Mothers-in-Law Reproducing Family Support
6.2 Family Reunification in Costa Rica
6.3 Double Workload for Family Survival: Exhausted Working Women
6.4 Providing Affection in Costa Rica
7 Geographic Mobility to Provide Affection and Care
8 Use of Communication Technologies
9 Performance Practices for Family Support Away from Home
9.1 Search for Job Sources
9.2 Third-Party Economic Aids
9.3 Sending Remittances
10 Tracing Trajectories of Female-Headed Transnational Families
11 Conclusion
References
Transnational Families and Complex Gender Relations: Zimbabwean Migrant Women Living in the United Kingdom
1 Introduction
2 The Concept of Musha Mukadzi
3 Methodology
4 Forced Separation Case Study
4.1 Decision to Migrate and the Role of Extended Family Members
5 Challenges Imposed by the UK Immigration Laws and the Impact on Women´s Ability to Maintain Gendered Roles and Expectations
6 Maintaining Gender Cultural Norms in the Family Case Study
6.1 Women´s Experiences in the Diaspora and the Challenges of Negotiating Gender Roles
7 The Role of Transnational Family Members in Settling Disputes
8 Conclusion
References
Jamaican Female Migration to the USA: Brain Drain, Left-behind Families, and `Barrel Children´
1 Introduction
2 The Historical Centrality of Labour Migration and the Emergence of Jamaica´s Present Transnational Families
2.1 Remittance Dependent Society in Neo-Liberal Jamaica
3 The Barrel Society: Voices of Migrant Mothers and Barrel Children
4 Case Study Methodology of Jamaican Mothers/US Teachers and Barrel Children
5 The Emotional Issues Faced by the Migrant Mothers/Teachers and Barrel Children
6 Voices of the Migrants Reminiscing about Being Barrel Children
7 Conclusion
References
Part III: Communicating: Bridging Physical Distance to Share Information and Relational Support Within Transnational Families
Reference
Preserving a Sense of Family: Parents´ and Children´s Ritualized Transnational Family Practices amongst Colombian Migrants to ...
1 Introduction
2 Colombian Families in International Migration Contexts: Poverty, Inequality, and Violence
3 Theoretical Background: From ``Being´´ to ``Doing Family´´
3.1 Kinship: Beyond Borders, Blood, and Co-Residence
4 Continuity and Creativity of Family Practices: Routines that Perpetuate the Parent-Child Bond from a Distance
4.1 Rituals of Family Life: Routines in Contexts of Maternal or Paternal Migration
5 Stories of Colombian Families with Migrant Mothers and Fathers
5.1 Between Learning and Feeling Happy: School Homework and Playing Routines
5.2 Conversational Rituals and Visual Exchange: The Present, the Quotidian, and the Memorable
6 Final Thoughts
References
Transnational Relationships between Romanian Grandparents and Grandchildren: Materiality, Cultural Identity, and Cosmopolitani...
1 Introduction
2 Emerging Interest in the Materiality of Zero: Second-Generation Transnational Relationships
3 Theoretical Background
4 Methodology
5 Types of Materiality Circulating between Transnational Family Members
5.1 Food Items
5.2 Traditional Clothing and Religious Items
5.3 Items Thematically Related to Language and Culture
5.4 Special Foreign Products
5.5 Crafted Products, Photographs, and Written Messages
5.6 Limited Circulation of Material Objects
6 Reconstructing Meanings Expressed through Materiality
6.1 New Actors: The New Significance of Objects
6.2 Circulation and Directional Material Movement
6.3 Specific Meanings Transmitted through Materiality
6.4 Absent Presences
6.5 Rights
7 Final Remarks: The Role of Materiality in Extended Family Relations
References
Sustaining Ghanaian Transnational Parent-Child Relationships through WhatsApp: A Youth-Centric Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Communication Technologies and Transnational Parent-Child Relationships
3 Participant Characteristics and Methodology
4 Contextualising Stayer youth´s Agency in Transnational Communication
4.1 The Media Ecology of Young Ghanaians in Transnational Families
5 Youth Agency in WhatsApp-Mediated Interactions
5.1 Technical Abilities
5.2 The Timing of Communication
5.3 Content of Communication
5.4 Connecting through Siblings
5.5 Silence and Brevity
6 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Shaping Transnational Families: Care Links, Conjugal Ties, Childbearing and Class Differentiation
Reference
Revisiting Global Care Chains: Power Inequalities in Filipino Transnational Families´ Caregiving Arrangements
1 Introduction
2 Maternal Migration and Shared Mothering
3 Fieldwork and Methodology
4 Filipino Migrant Mothers in France and their Relationship with their Employers
5 The Key Role of Caregivers in Filipino Migrant Mothers´ Households
6 The Three-Fold Effects of Shared Caregiving Arrangements
6.1 Facilitated Versus Hampered Mobility
6.2 Increased Family Obligations
6.3 Emotional Proximity Versus Distance
7 Discussion and Conclusion
References
International Marriage, Migration, and Transnational Family Life in Asia: Japanese-Filipino Families
1 Introduction
2 ``Transnational´´ and ``Transnationalizing´´ Families in Asia
2.1 Left-Behind-to-Reunited Families
2.2 Circulating Families
3 Distinguishing Stratified Social Reproduction Among Transnational Japanese-Filipino Families
3.1 Bi-/Multicultural Parenthood
3.2 New Mobilities, Multiple Affinities
4 Conclusions
References
Transnational Professional Mothers and Family Care Dilemmas in Santiago and Berlin
1 Introduction
2 Inequalities: A Broad Stage in the Understanding of Transnational Families
2.1 Entangled Experiences Between Migration and Family: A Mirror for Inequalities
2.2 Family Struggles and Reconciliation Strategies: Various Perspectives
3 Problems, Inequalities, and Reconciliation in the Transnationality of Skilled Migration
3.1 Methodology and Research Context
3.1.1 Germany and Chile
4 Accounts of Globalisation
5 Stress Points and Strategies
6 Conclusions: Transnational Emotional Inequalities
References
Part V: Ageing: Generational Change, Reconfiguring Family Care for the Elderly and Repositioned Family Belonging
The Elderly in Transnational Family Configurations: Migration, Inter-Generational Relations and Care Support in Switzerland
1 Introduction
2 Constructing a Typology of Inter-generational Transnational Family Configurations
3 Older Generation´s Support for Their Offspring Predominates
3.1 A.1 Care Flow from Distant Elders to Their Offspring
3.2 A.2 Temporary Visits to Support Offspring in the Country of Emigration
3.3 A.3 Temporary Visits to Enable Migrants to Maintain Contact with Their Elders in the Home Country
3.4 A.4 Inter-generational Family Reunification to Support Offspring in the Sending Country
3.5 A.5 Inter-generational Family Reunification Supported by Elders in the Country of Origin
3.6 A.6 Prolonged Distancing of the Elderly with Regard to Their Offspring
3.7 A.7 Prolonged Distancing of the Offspring from Their Parents
4 Offspring´s Support for Their Elders
4.1 B.1 Offspring Delegation of the Care of Their Elders at a Distance to Third Parties
4.2 B.2 Temporary Displacement in Order to Be Supported by Offspring in Their Host Country
4.3 B.3 Temporary Return to Support an Elderly Parent in the Country of Origin
4.4 B.4 Inter-generational Family Reunification to Support Elders in the Country of Emigration
4.5 B.5 Family Reunification of One or More Offspring to Support Elders in the Country of Origin
4.6 B.6 Distancing of the Older Person from His/Her Offspring
4.7 B.7 Distancing of the Offspring from Their Elders
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Transnational Ageing, Intergenerational Family Ties and the Social Embedding of Older Italian Migrants in Australia
1 Introduction
2 Concepts of Ageing in Place, Social Embedding and Care from a Transnational Perspective
3 A Biographical and Social Network Approach to Older Migrants´ Social Embedding
4 Case Studies: Transnational Ageing and Sense of Belonging of Older Italian Migrants in Perth
4.1 Anna Castano
4.2 Rita Biasi
5 Nostalgia, Social Embedding, Transnational Family Ties and Virtual Mobility
6 Conclusion
References
Caring from a Distance: Ageing Migrants in Japan and Elderly Kin in the Philippines
1 Introduction
2 Data and Method
3 Ageing Migrants in Japan´s Ageing Society
4 Growing Old as a Migrant: Filipino Women´s Experiences of Ageing
5 Inter-generational Relationships and Transnational Care
6 Transnational Loss
7 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Encountering the State: Migrant Border Crossing and Family Reunification
The Migration-Kinship Nexus: Mobilising Kinship During Fragmented Afghan and Iraqi Journeys to European Union Countries
1 Introduction
2 Kinship as Being, Doing and Becoming in Migration Journeys
3 Methods and Data from Two Multi-sited Ethnographies
4 Mobilising Kinship Before and After the Journey: Kinship as Being, Doing and Becoming
5 Doing Kinship Flexibly During the Journey
6 Kinship as Becoming During the Journey
7 Conclusion
References
Uneven Borders: Family Reunification Regulations and Their Implications in Europe
1 Introduction
2 Family Migration in Europe: A Brief Statistical Overview
3 The Regulation of Family Migration in the EU: A Review of Main Trends
3.1 Defining Legitimate (and Verifiable) Families
3.2 Borders as Classed Filters: Material Requirements and Integration Proofs
3.3 Conditional Legalities: The (Legal) Status and Rights of the Reunited Relative
4 A Complex Geometry of Stratified Rights: Old and Newly Emerging Divides
4.1 Nationality and Skills
4.2 Inside the Refugee Label: Differentiated Access to Family Rights Among Beneficiaries of Protection Status
4.3 Producing Stratification Through Bureaucratic Obstacles: The Specific Case of Beneficiaries of Protection Status
5 Conclusions
References
Gendered Dimensions of African Transnational Couples´ Reunification in the Netherlands
1 Introduction
2 The Construction of Transnational Marriages
2.1 Gender in the Application Process
2.2 Bi-national Transnational Couples
2.3 Co-national Transnational Couples
2.4 Non-reunification Experiences of Stay Behinds
2.5 Reunification Experiences of Reunified Spouses
2.6 Research Gaps on the Gendered Impact of Family Reunification
3 Dutch Family Reunification Policy and the Reunification Potential of Angolan and Nigerian Transnational Couples
3.1 Dutch Family Reunification Policy Context
4 Family Reunification Potential Among Angolans and Nigerians in the Netherlands
4.1 Migration Context of Angolans and Nigerians in the Netherlands
4.2 Reunification Conditions
5 Gender and the Double Work Burden
6 Conclusions
References
Part VII: Returning Home: Voluntary Return and Forced Deportation Rupturing Transnational Families
Return Migration of Romanian Transnational Families: Care and Remittance Concerns
1 Introduction
2 Transnational Care Practices and Migratory Projects
2.1 Gender and Migration: The ``Global Care Chains´´ and ``Care Drain´´ Theories
2.2 The Transnational Paradigm: Transnational Ageing and the Circulation of Care
3 The Organisation of Care in Emigration
4 The Woes of Caring
5 The Relationship Between Care Organisation and Unfolding Development of the Migration Project
6 Conclusions
References
Causes, Consequences and Complications of Return Migration from Spain: Bolivian Women´s Transnational Family Reunification in ...
1 Introduction
2 Transnational Families and Return Migration
2.1 Psycho-social Well-Being
2.2 Structural Vulnerabilities
2.3 The Family Life Cycle
3 Context and Research Findings of Returned Bolivian Transnational Families from Spain
3.1 Study Context and Research Methodology
3.2 Quantitative Survey Findings
4 Qualitative Interview Findings: Migration and Return Trajectories of Two Bolivian Female-Headed Transnational Families
4.1 Petronela´s Trajectory
4.2 Ingrid´s Trajectory
4.3 Overview of Case Study Narratives
5 Conclusions
References
Vulnerability and (Im)mobilities: US Deportation and Post-deportation Lives Among Ecuadorian Transnational Families
1 Introduction
2 Ecuadorian Indigenous Migration to the United States
3 Revisiting Transnational Families in the Age of Deportation
3.1 Transnational Families Today: Agency Within Structural Constraints and Global Inequalities
3.2 Racial Politics in the Age of Deportation
3.3 A Transnational Approach to Deportation and Families
4 Effects of Deportation on Transnational Families in Cañar, Ecuador
4.1 Gendered Reconfiguration of a Transnational Family: Benjamin´s Engaging Care and Fatherhood at Home
4.2 Becoming the Left Behind and the Temptation of Re-migration: Pedro´s Transnational Families in Transition
4.3 The Fragility of Transnational Families and the Struggle to Keep Moving in the Face of Immobility
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Part VIII: Conclusion
Past, Present and Future Uncertainties Acting on Transnational Familyhood
1 Introduction
2 Recent Past and Present Uncertainties
2.1 Global Labour Displacement: The Downside of Labour-Saving Technological Development
2.2 Global Environmental Countdown
2.3 Pulling Apart: Neo-liberalism, Populist Politics and Conflict of `One-Nation´ Nationalism
2.4 Pulling together: COVID, the Uneven Global Distribution of Vaccines, Travel Bans and the Contradictions of Being Human
3 Doomsday or Potential for an Epochal Leap Forward: Tracing our Evolutionary Ancestry
3.1 The `Upright´ Homo erectus species adapting to Climate Variation with Large Brain and Wider Social Network
3.2 Sexual Dimorphism and Reproductive Patterns
4 And then Us: The `Wise´ Homo sapiens
4.1 The Second Outward Wave of Migration
4.2 Accelerating Revolutions in Production: Agriculture, Industrial and Information Epochs
5 The Anthropocene, the Information Revolution and the Future of Transnational Familyhood
5.1 Debatable Trends: The Anthropocene and Information Revolution
5.2 Arguing for the Resilience of Transnational Familyhood
6 Conclusion
References