Handbook of the Changing World Language Map

Preface......Page 5
Introduction......Page 8
The Present: The Contents of This Handbook......Page 9
Topics for Potential Future Research......Page 12
References......Page 14
Recent Research on Language, Culture, and Geographic Space......Page 16
Contents......Page 40
About the Editors......Page 59
About the Managing Editor......Page 61
Contributors......Page 62
Part I: Geography, Language, and Mapping......Page 79
1 Towards ``Mapping´´ a Complex Language Ecology: The Case of Central Asia......Page 80
1 Globalization and Language......Page 84
2 Central Asia as a Nexus of Interchange......Page 85
3 Post-Soviet Demographic Change in Central Asia......Page 87
4 Changing Demographics of Contemporary Tajikistan......Page 89
5 Multilingualism and Plurilingualism in Demographic Change: The Case of Tajikistan......Page 92
6 Promotion of International Languages in Central Asia......Page 95
7.1 Central Asian Students Abroad......Page 102
7.2 International Students in Central Asia......Page 105
8 Discussion......Page 107
9 Globalization in Central Asia: Multiple Language-Based Social Networks......Page 108
10 Theorizing Language and Globalization Processes......Page 110
References......Page 112
2 Austronesian Archipelagic Linguistic Diversity Amid Globalization in the Philippines......Page 119
2 Philippine Languages as Austronesian Languages......Page 120
3 The Languages of the Philippines......Page 122
4 Spanish in the Philippines......Page 126
5 English in the Philippines......Page 128
6 How Languages Demonstrate Power Relations in Society......Page 131
7 The Impact of Globalization upon languages of the Philippines......Page 132
References......Page 133
3 Mapping the World´s Languages: From Data via Purpose to Representation......Page 136
2 Linguistic Diversity......Page 137
3 The WALS Project......Page 140
4 Relatives and Neighbors......Page 146
References......Page 150
4 Expanding the Map of the Literary Canon Through Multimodal Texts......Page 152
1 Introduction......Page 153
2 Multimodality......Page 156
3 Challenging Canonical Genres......Page 157
4 Graphic Novels and Comics......Page 158
5.1 Ten Visual Texts......Page 161
6 Future Research Possibilities......Page 162
References......Page 163
5 Transforming Narratives of a Caribbean Downtown Neighborhood: Community Mapping and ``No Man´s Land´´ in Kingston, Jamaica......Page 165
1 Rose Town: A Neighborhood Carved in Two......Page 166
2 Mapping Community Assets and the Changing Urban Landscape......Page 169
3 Mapping and Vocalizing ``Uplift´´: The Community as One......Page 173
References......Page 175
6 Language Mapping Worldwide: Methods and Traditions......Page 177
2 Purposes of Language Maps......Page 178
2.1 Visualization of the Geography of Linguistic Features......Page 179
2.2 Visualization of the Geography of Languages......Page 180
2.3 Visualization of Linguistic Distances Between Varieties......Page 181
2.4 Visualization of Language Classification......Page 184
2.5 Visualization of Processes in Language History......Page 185
2.6 ``Mental Maps´´......Page 186
2.7 Correlations of Linguistic and Non-linguistic Features......Page 187
3.1.1 Point-Related Maps......Page 190
3.1.2 Area-Related Maps......Page 191
3.1.3 Line-Related Maps......Page 192
3.1.4 Surface Maps......Page 193
3.2 Topographically Unfaithful Language Maps......Page 194
4 Traditions of Language Mapping in the World......Page 196
4.2 Japan and China......Page 197
4.3 North and South America......Page 198
4.5 Australia and Oceania......Page 199
5 Conclusion: Computerization......Page 200
References......Page 201
7 Dialect Typology: Recent Advances......Page 204
2.1 World Region and Geography......Page 205
2.2 Exposure to Language and Dialect Contact......Page 209
2.3 Variety Type......Page 211
3 Dialect Universals, Implications, and Related Notions......Page 213
4.1 Analyticity Versus Syntheticity......Page 218
4.2 Complexity Versus Simplicity......Page 219
5 Concluding Remarks......Page 222
Appendix: Abbreviations of Varieties......Page 223
References......Page 224
8 Study of Linguistic Areas: Evidence from Cultural Words, Semantic Maps, and Spatial Reference in Southeast Asia......Page 230
1 Introduction......Page 231
2.2 MSEA as a Prime Example of a Linguistic Area......Page 232
3.1.1 Sociocultural Aspects of Conceptualization......Page 233
3.1.2 The Distinction Between Linguistic and Conceptual Content......Page 234
3.2 Semantic Transfer Versus Conceptual Transfer......Page 236
4.3 Space and Its Representation in MSEA Languages......Page 237
5.1.2 Frames of Reference......Page 238
5.1.3 Basic Locative Construction......Page 240
5.1.4 Semantic Maps......Page 242
5.1.5 Cultural Words......Page 245
5.2 Arguing for a ``Conceptual´´ Area: Mainland Southeast Asia......Page 247
6 Conclusions and Prospects......Page 249
References......Page 251
9 Preparing a National Sociolinguistic Map for Equatorial Guinea......Page 254
2.1 Official Languages......Page 255
2.3 Island Bantu Languages......Page 257
3 Sociolinguistic Survey of Languages......Page 258
4 Community-Based Language Development Initiatives, and the Work of SIL International......Page 259
5 The Unique Challenges of Making a Sociolinguistic Map......Page 260
References......Page 261
10 Visualizing Dialect Variation on a 3-D Interpolated Map: A Case Study in Chiang Mai, Thailand......Page 262
1 Introduction......Page 263
2.1 Study Area......Page 265
3 Methods......Page 267
4 Results......Page 268
5 Conclusion and Discussions......Page 270
References......Page 271
11 Mapping Cantonese: The Pro-Cantonese Protest and Sina Weibo in Guangzhou......Page 274
1 Introduction......Page 275
2 Language, Power, and Digital Media......Page 276
3 Tuipu, Spatial Politics and the Pro-Cantonese Protest......Page 278
4 Discussion......Page 282
5 Conclusion......Page 284
References......Page 285
12 Revising the Language Map of Korea......Page 287
1 The Changing World Language Map......Page 288
2 Language and Dialect......Page 289
3 The Language of Jeju Island......Page 290
3.2 Materials......Page 292
3.3 Method......Page 294
3.5 Discussion......Page 295
4 Dutch and Norwegian......Page 296
4.4 Results and Discussion......Page 297
5 Conclusion......Page 298
References......Page 300
13 Characterizing the Language Boundaries of the Arab Middle East and North Africa: A Geolinguistic Analysis......Page 302
1 Introduction......Page 303
2 The Relationship Between Language Community, Territoriality, and the State......Page 304
3 The Significance of the Arabic Language in History......Page 305
4 The Role of Language in the Setting of International Borders of the Arab States......Page 307
5 Significance of the Arabic Language Since Emergence of the Arab States......Page 309
6 Comparing the Linguistic and Political Boundaries......Page 312
7 Conclusion......Page 314
References......Page 315
Part II: The Language of Maps......Page 317
14 Symbolics, Syntactics, and Semantics: Teaching a Language of Maps......Page 318
1 Wake-Up Call: Remembering a Map of Africa......Page 319
2 Mapping as Language......Page 320
3 Encoding a Location on a Treasure Map......Page 321
5 Putting a Rug in a Classroom Model......Page 323
6 Parallel Networks for Processing Spatial Relationships......Page 325
7 Models of Cartographic Communication......Page 328
8 Kuhnian Revolutions in Academic Geography......Page 330
10 Map Comparison: Using Maps to Discern/Describe Spatial Associations......Page 332
11 Conclusion: Becoming an Expert Map Reader......Page 338
12 One Last Example, from a 2018 Geography Journal......Page 339
13 One Last Point, Do Map Projections Cause Misperceptions?......Page 340
References......Page 341
15 Map Design for the Color Vision Deficient......Page 344
1 Color Blindness......Page 345
2 Universal Design and Color Universal Design......Page 347
3 The Perception of Color by the Color Vision Deficit Audience......Page 348
4 Map Design Recommendations and Tools......Page 351
5 Summary......Page 354
References......Page 355
16 The Map´s Changing Role: A Survey of the Annals of the Association of American Geographers......Page 357
1 Introduction......Page 358
2 Selecting Articles to Survey......Page 361
3.1 Cartography......Page 362
3.3 Remote Sensing......Page 365
3.4 Quantitative Methods......Page 366
4 Evaluating the Overall Appearance of Articles......Page 367
5 Evaluating the Use of Various Geographic Techniques......Page 369
5.1 Cartography......Page 370
5.2 GIS......Page 374
5.3 Remote Sensing......Page 375
5.4 Quantitative Methods......Page 376
5.5 Qualitative Methods......Page 379
6 Conclusions......Page 381
References......Page 383
17 Language of Maps for Blind and Partially Sighted People: Expressive and Perceptive Skills......Page 387
1 Expressive Considerations for Tactual Readers......Page 388
2 Processes and Materials......Page 391
4 Receptive Considerations for Tactile Maps......Page 394
5 Expressive Considerations for Low-Vision Readers......Page 395
6 Receptive Factors for Low-Vision Readers......Page 397
References......Page 399
18 Maps as Language/the Language of Maps......Page 400
References......Page 405
19 Maps/Language......Page 407
1 Precedent Existential Proposition......Page 409
2 Postings......Page 410
3 Tools for Governing......Page 415
4 Talk on and Around the Map......Page 417
References......Page 418
Part III: Language Mapping and Documentation......Page 419
20 Linguistic Geography´s Role in Clarifying the Linguistic Situation in Specific Language Regions in Southeast Europe......Page 420
1 Conclusion......Page 436
References......Page 437
21 Slovene Nouns and Adjectives: Non-standard Use of Dual Number from 1925 to 2015......Page 439
1 Slovene Language: Standard Slovene, Colloquial Varieties, and Dialects......Page 440
3 Colloquial Variety......Page 441
5 The Dual......Page 442
6 The Dual in Slovene Varieties......Page 445
8 Linguistic Materials on the Dual......Page 446
9 Dual Nouns in Slovene Dialects......Page 447
10 Statistics on Dual Use of Nouns......Page 448
11.2 Feminine Nouns......Page 449
12 Dual Adjectives in Slovene Dialects......Page 450
13 Statistics on Dual Use of Adjectives......Page 451
16 Conclusions......Page 452
16.2 The Geography of Dual Loss and Preservation......Page 453
References......Page 454
22 Exploring Linguistic Diversity in India: A Spatial Analysis......Page 455
1 Introduction......Page 456
2 Research Methodology......Page 458
3 Linguistic Diversity in India......Page 460
4 Diversity Analysis of Indian Languages: 1971-2001......Page 461
5 Conclusion......Page 465
References......Page 466
23 Historical Dialectology: West Frisian in Seven Centuries......Page 468
1 Introduction......Page 469
1.1 Informants......Page 471
1.2 Age of Dialects......Page 472
1.3 The Source and Directions of Changes in Dialects......Page 473
1.4 The (Lacking) Availability of Information on Older Dialects......Page 474
1.5 Contradictions in the Estimation of Dialect Change......Page 475
1.6 Seven Centuries of West Frisian Dialects......Page 476
2.1 Case 1 ``Saturday´´......Page 478
2.2 Case 2 ``What´´ (Pronoun)......Page 481
2.3 Case 3 ``Flesh/Meat´´ (Noun)......Page 482
2.4 Case 4 Past Tense and Past Participle of ``to Buy´´......Page 483
2.5 Case 5 ``Come´´ (Past Participle)......Page 484
2.6 Case 6 ``To Have´´ Paradigm: Vowel and Consonant Reshuffling......Page 487
2.8 Case 8 ``Goose: Geese´´......Page 491
2.9 Case 9 ``Days´´ (Plural)......Page 493
2.10 Case 10 ``House(s)/DIM/at Home´´......Page 495
3 Interpretations......Page 497
3.1 Sources of Change......Page 499
3.2 Archaic Dialects?......Page 500
4 Conclusions......Page 501
References......Page 502
24 Linguistic Geography of the Nostratic Macrofamily......Page 506
1 The Theorization of the Nostratic Macrofamily......Page 509
2 Evidence for Nostraticism......Page 515
3 Geographies of Nostratic Languages......Page 516
4 Concluding Thoughts......Page 519
References......Page 520
25 Mapping Language Variation and Change in the USA and Canada......Page 522
1 Introduction......Page 523
2.1 European Atlas Projects......Page 524
3 The Linguistic Atlas of New England and American Regional Atlas Projects......Page 525
3.2 Statistical Methods and Quantitative Mapping......Page 526
3.3 Contributions of the Regional Atlas Projects......Page 527
4 Automation and Thematic Mapping in Language Variation and Change......Page 528
5 Changing Priorities and New Technologies......Page 529
6 Conclusions......Page 530
References......Page 531
Part IV: Language and Identity......Page 533
26 Language and Pain in the Landless Workers´ Movement (MST) in Brazil......Page 534
2 Pragmatics, Cultural Grammar, and Language-Games......Page 535
3 Campesino Movement of Resistance......Page 537
4 Agency and Pain in MST Toponyms......Page 542
5 The Decolonial Turn and the Grammar of Resistance......Page 548
6 Final Considerations......Page 549
References......Page 550
27 Linguistic Marketplace of Osh, Kyrgyzstan: From Bazaar to Bizarre......Page 552
1 Monumental Erasure......Page 556
2 Our Common Cosmopolitan Tongue......Page 561
3 Vanishing Signs......Page 563
4 Teaching (In)Tolerance......Page 566
5 Conclusion......Page 568
References......Page 570
28 Immigration, Language, and Conflicting Ideologies: The Czech in Texas......Page 572
1 Introduction: Languages, Maps, and Identities......Page 573
2 Language, Distance, and Cooperation......Page 575
3 The Politics of Non-integration......Page 577
4 Changing the Maps and Creating a Speech Community......Page 578
5 Mapping Czech onto the Ideological Space of the American Nation......Page 579
6 Language Contact......Page 580
7 Changing Texas Czech Identity: Displacing the Language and Land......Page 584
References......Page 587
29 Northern Ireland and the Union ``Fleg´´: Linguistic Associations in a Disputed Geographical Area......Page 589
1 Ulster as ``Ireland´´ and ``the United Kingdom´´......Page 591
2 Dialect as Ideological Code......Page 593
4 Dialect Regions and Associated Pronunciations......Page 594
5 The ``Good Friday Agreement´´ and a New Situation......Page 596
6 The ``Flag Protest´´ and Associated Linguistic Features......Page 597
8 The Irish Language and Ulster-Scots......Page 598
9 The Present Day: The ``Fleg´´ Dispute......Page 599
10 Conclusion......Page 600
30 Languages and Space-Related Identity: The Rise and Fall of Serbo-Croatian......Page 601
2 Language as a Community Builder and Its Association with Space-Related Identity......Page 603
3 Main Types of Relations between Language and Space-Related Identities......Page 606
3.1.1 Nation-Building Based on an Already Existing Language......Page 607
3.1.2 Languages Developed as an Identity Marker Based on an Already Existing National Idea or Parallel to It......Page 608
3.1.3 Larger Space-Related Identities Not Supported by a Symbolic Language......Page 615
3.2.1 Standard Languages as Regional Identity Markers......Page 617
3.2.2 Dialects as Regional Identity Markers......Page 618
4 Conclusion......Page 619
References......Page 620
31 Spatial Distribution of Regional Dialects: Interplay of Language, Community, and Action......Page 622
1 Introduction......Page 623
2 The Speech Community as a Community of Aligned Acting......Page 624
3.1 Background in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Primacy of the Linguistic Area......Page 627
3.2 A Change of Perspective in the Twenty-First Century: Primacy of Both the Speakers and the Speech Community......Page 631
4.1 Language Areas, Attitudes, and Political Actions in the USA......Page 632
4.2 Language Geography, Mobility, and Economic Behavior in the Federal Republic of Germany......Page 634
5 Concluding Remarks......Page 637
References......Page 638
32 ``Spanish Languages´´ as a Polysemic Expression: Territories, Borders, and Geopolitical Identities......Page 641
1 Introduction......Page 642
2 Spain, a Multicultural Country: Rich in Languages......Page 644
3 The Mother Tongues of the Spanish Territories......Page 649
4 Languages and the Territorial Issue in Spain: A Geopolitical Reading......Page 653
5 Conclusion......Page 656
References......Page 657
33 Cultural Wisdom in Design and Planning: Linguistic Terms from Japan......Page 659
1.1 Theoretical Frames......Page 660
2.1 Japan and Japanese View of Nature......Page 662
2.2 Concepts About the Environment......Page 666
3 Concepts Regarding Japanese Values, Views, Way of Life, Preferences, and Social Relations......Page 667
4 Concepts Concerning People and Built Environment......Page 670
5 Conclusion......Page 681
References......Page 682
34 Food, Language, and Identity in Singapore´s Hawker Centers......Page 687
1 Introduction......Page 688
2 Identity in Singapore......Page 690
3.1 Humble Beginnings......Page 693
3.2 Hawker Centers Today......Page 696
4 Research Methodology......Page 699
5.1 Banal Representations of Nations and Geographical Territories in Hawker Food......Page 700
5.2 Multiracial Hawker Centers......Page 708
5.3 Racial-Language Mixing......Page 710
5.5 Hawking Histories: Role of Place......Page 712
6 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 717
References......Page 719
35 Aztln and Mexican Transnationalism: Language, Nation, and History......Page 724
1 Aztln and Nahuatl: An Imagined Nation and Its Language......Page 725
2 Homelands: Nahuatl, Uto-Aztecan Languages, and the US Southwest......Page 726
3 Aztecs and Aztlan: Mythology, History, and Metahistory......Page 729
4 Nahuatl as a Language of Colonialism and Nationalism......Page 732
5 Nahuatl and Aztln in the Chicano Movement......Page 735
6 Conclusion: Language, Territory, and Identity......Page 739
References......Page 740
36 Place Names and Kazakh Song Making in the Western Mongolian Steppes......Page 742
1 Place Names and Language......Page 746
2 Music and Place......Page 747
3 Song Paths......Page 749
4 Conclusion......Page 760
References......Page 761
37 Practicing Language: The Dynamic Language Geographies of Young Migrants´ Talk in London and Glasgow......Page 763
1.2 Language, Identity, and Integration......Page 764
2.1.1 Social Geographies of Language......Page 765
2.1.2 Performance and Practice......Page 766
2.1.3 Linguistic Communities......Page 767
2.2 Migrant Children Geographies......Page 768
2.2.1 Identity......Page 769
3 Introducing Study Sites......Page 770
4.1 Language as a Shared Identity......Page 771
4.2 Dialect Acquisition and Humor......Page 774
4.4 Language and Integration......Page 776
5.1 Language, Identity, and Integration......Page 777
References......Page 778
38 Hebrew in the Daily Life of Israelis......Page 781
1 Prologue and Introduction......Page 782
2 Language Revival, Jews, and Hebrew......Page 786
3 The Revival Begins......Page 789
4 Where Am I?......Page 790
5 What Language Should I Speak?......Page 794
7 Hebrew in the Diaspora......Page 795
References......Page 797
39 Ethnic Self-Perception of Georgian Teenagers in Moscow: Role of Language and Culture......Page 799
1 Introduction......Page 800
2 Conceptual Framework......Page 801
3 Russian-Georgian Cultural Relations......Page 802
4 Schools with an Ethnocultural Component in Moscow......Page 803
6 Methodology......Page 804
7.1 Spatial Boundaries......Page 805
7.2 Linguistic Boundaries......Page 807
7.3 Identity and Cultural Boundaries......Page 808
References......Page 810
Part V: Language and Heritage......Page 812
40 Textual Politics of Alabama´s Historical Markers: Slavery, Emancipation, and Civil Rights......Page 813
1 Introduction......Page 814
2 History of the Alabama Historical Association´s Marker Program......Page 817
3.1 Textual Politics......Page 818
3.2 Historical Responsibility......Page 820
4 Methodology......Page 822
5 Content Analysis Findings......Page 824
6.1 Slavery......Page 830
6.2 Emancipation......Page 832
6.3 Civil Rights Movement......Page 834
6.5 Other Marker Programs in Alabama......Page 837
7 Conclusion......Page 839
References......Page 840
41 Mayan Languages in the United States......Page 844
1 Introduction......Page 845
3 The Place of Mayan Languages in US-Based Maya Communities......Page 846
3.1 Mayan Languages and Discrimination......Page 847
3.2 Mayan Languages in Schools......Page 848
3.3 Mayan Languages in Social Services......Page 849
3.4 Mayan Languages in the Courts......Page 851
4 The Future of Mayan Languages and Mayan Languages in the USA......Page 853
References......Page 856
42 Traveling Libraries and Bookmobiles: How Librarians Have Served and Empowered American Communities......Page 858
2 Librarians: The Problem Solvers of America......Page 859
3 Private Libraries for Public Consumption......Page 860
4 One Small Act Creates a National Movement......Page 861
6 Melvil Dewey and the Traveling Libraries......Page 862
8 The Book Wagon: Serving the Community......Page 863
10 Over There: Sending Books to Soldiers in Service......Page 866
11 Libraries and Schools: Building a New America......Page 867
13 Pack Horse Libraries......Page 869
14 Books for All......Page 870
References......Page 873
43 Mayan Languages and Guatemala Law: Shifting Identities and Ideologies......Page 875
2 The Spanish Colonial Period......Page 876
3 Post-Independence......Page 877
4 Focus on Educating the Indigenous......Page 878
5 Standardization and Variation......Page 889
6 Conclusion: Law of Unintended Consequences......Page 890
References......Page 891
44 The Language of Architecture and the Narrative of the Architect: An Essay on Spatial Orientation and Cultural Meaning in Ar.........Page 895
2 Defining Architecture......Page 896
3 The Functionality and Art of Architecture......Page 899
4 The Functionality and Language of a City Gate......Page 900
5 The Language of Forms in Architecture and Music......Page 902
7 Three Basic Relationships Between Humans and Their World......Page 905
8 Correlations Between Bodily Subject and Oriented Space......Page 906
10 The Guiding Story of the Architecture´s Wider Cultural Framework of Reference......Page 909
References......Page 911
45 Speaking Maya, Being Maya: Ideological and Institutional Mediations of Language in Contemporary Yucatan......Page 913
1 Introduction: The Maya Language and People in Yucatan Today......Page 914
2 Being ``Maya´´ and the Problem of ``Maya-ness´´: Language, Ethnicity (?), Identity......Page 915
3.1 Language Ideologies and Identity......Page 917
3.2 Institutional Authorizations and Everyday Practice......Page 922
4 Limitations of a Structure-Focused View and a Case for a User-Centered View of Language......Page 925
5 Conclusion......Page 928
References......Page 930
46 Afrikaans Language Monument: A Contested Monument for a Contested Language......Page 936
1 Introduction......Page 937
1.1 Theoretical Framework......Page 938
2.1 South Africa......Page 940
2.2 Afrikaans......Page 941
3.1 Monument......Page 942
4 Challenges......Page 944
4.2 Ideology......Page 945
4.3 Symbolism......Page 946
4.4 Aesthetics......Page 947
5 Conclusion......Page 948
References......Page 950
47 Cultivating Memoryscapes: The Politics of Language at Plantation House Museums in the American South......Page 951
1 Sowing Seeds of Memorial......Page 952
2 Growth in the Field of Memory......Page 955
3 Ecology of Memory on the Plantation......Page 956
4 Establishing Slavery in History......Page 958
5 Cultivating Complexity......Page 961
References......Page 962
Part VI: Linguistic Minorities and Majorities......Page 964
48 Trajectories of Language, Culture, and Geography in Postcolonial Bangladesh......Page 965
1 Introduction......Page 966
2 Variation Within Bangla Bhasha......Page 969
3 New Socioeconomic Classification: A Creation of Modern Education Based on Usage of Language and Recolonization by the Elite......Page 972
4 Evolution of Bangla and Bengali Culture Through Generations and Geographical Implications......Page 978
5 Conclusion......Page 982
References......Page 985
49 Amish Language Research: A Review......Page 987
1 Introduction......Page 988
2 A Description of the Amish Languages......Page 989
3 Theorizing Amish Languages......Page 992
4 Domain-Isolation Theory......Page 995
5 Functionalist-Role Theory......Page 997
7 Conclusion......Page 1003
References......Page 1004
50 Roma: A Nation Without a Homeland, Common Language, or Written Language - A Case Study of Plovdiv, Bulgaria......Page 1010
1 Introduction......Page 1011
1.1 Origin of the Romani Language......Page 1012
1.2 Overview of Roma Language Research......Page 1015
1.3 The Roma Community in One Bulgarian City: Plovdiv......Page 1017
2 Challenges for the Scholarly Community Studying the Roma......Page 1022
References......Page 1024
51 Decoding Geopolitical Language in New Constitutions: An Analysis of Contemporary Constitutional Content......Page 1028
2 Methodology......Page 1030
2.1 Factors Relevant to the Study......Page 1031
3 A Constitution´s Many Purposes......Page 1032
4 Conforming to a Global Constitutional Model?......Page 1033
6 International Advisors of Recent Constitutions......Page 1034
7 The Legacy of American-Style Self-Determination and Democracy......Page 1035
8 Western European Influence......Page 1036
9 Constitutional Themes as Geopolitical Messages......Page 1037
10 Historical Ethnic Composition Factors......Page 1038
11.1 Croatia´s Path to Independence......Page 1040
11.2 Czech Republic´s Path to Independence......Page 1041
11.4 Ukraine´s Path to Independence......Page 1042
12.1 Czech Republic´s Geographic Content......Page 1043
12.4 Serbia´s Geographic Content......Page 1044
12.7 Estonia´s Geographic Content......Page 1045
12.9 Ukraine´s Geographic Content......Page 1046
13 Structural Differences Within Constitutions......Page 1048
14 Key Word Scanning......Page 1049
16 Serbia´s Conformity......Page 1051
18 South Sudan´s Conformity and Path to Independence......Page 1055
19 Montenegro´s Conformity......Page 1056
20 Results for Post-9/11 Constitutions......Page 1057
21 Table 13: Geopolitical Key Words from Geography Textbooks......Page 1061
22 Concluding Comments......Page 1066
Appendix......Page 1071
References......Page 1072
52 Changes in the Sociolinguistic Ecology of Jewish Communities......Page 1074
1 Introduction......Page 1075
2 History......Page 1077
References......Page 1081
53 Visualizing the United Nations´ 2001 ``Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations´´ Through Postage Stamp Issues......Page 1084
2 UN Celebration Years......Page 1085
3 Background to the Dialogue Among Civilizations Year......Page 1086
4 Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly......Page 1087
5 Promoting the Year......Page 1088
6 A Stamp Issue......Page 1089
8 Countries Not Issuing Dialogue Stamps......Page 1090
9 Ongoing Scholarly Activity......Page 1091
References......Page 1092
54 Heritage Languages and Bilingualism in the United States......Page 1093
1 Introduction......Page 1094
2 Geographic Patterns of Language in the United States......Page 1095
3 The Relationship Between Languages in a Country......Page 1100
4 A Brief History of Bilingualism in the United States......Page 1101
5 Spanish/English Bilingual Community and Spanglish......Page 1103
6 Bilingual Education in the Classroom......Page 1105
6.1 Three Types of Bilingual Education Programs......Page 1106
6.2 The Move Away from Bilingual Education......Page 1107
6.3 Bilingual Education Makes a Comeback......Page 1108
7 Bilingualism in the Future......Page 1109
References......Page 1110
55 Linguistic Shift and Heritage Language Retention in Australia......Page 1115
1 Toward a Multilingual or a Monolingual Society?......Page 1116
2 Review and Data Issues......Page 1117
3 Linguistic Demography......Page 1118
4 Geolinguistics......Page 1122
4.1 The Geolinguistic Map of Australia......Page 1123
4.2 A Geolinguistic Map of Melbourne......Page 1126
5 Conclusion......Page 1130
References......Page 1131
56 Minority Language Groups in the State System......Page 1133
1 Introduction......Page 1134
2 Nations and Language......Page 1135
2.1 Minority Language Groups......Page 1136
3 Chapter Framework......Page 1137
4.1 Catalonia......Page 1139
4.2 Galicia......Page 1140
4.3 Wales......Page 1141
4.4 Wallonia and Flanders......Page 1142
4.5 Smi......Page 1143
4.6 Old Order Amish......Page 1144
4.7 Roma......Page 1145
5 Conclusions......Page 1146
References......Page 1147
57 Language and Social Space in Nelson Mandela Bay......Page 1150
1 Introduction......Page 1151
2.2 Enumerating South African Languages......Page 1152
2.3 Individual Monolingualism......Page 1154
2.4 Territorial Uniformity......Page 1155
2.5 A Political Sociology of `Languages´......Page 1156
3.2 The British Colonial Town (1815-1901)......Page 1158
3.3 The Industrializing City (1902-1947)......Page 1160
3.4 The Apartheid City (1948-1994)......Page 1161
3.5 The Post-apartheid Metropolitan City (1995-2011)......Page 1162
4.1 Overview......Page 1163
4.2 Metro-Level Analysis......Page 1164
4.3 Mapping Sociolinguistic Inequality in Nelson Mandela Bay......Page 1166
5 Conclusion......Page 1172
References......Page 1174
58 Bulgarian Language in New Places Worldwide......Page 1176
1 Introduction......Page 1177
2 Bulgarian Language in the Neighboring Balkan Countries......Page 1178
3 Bulgarian Language in the Former Soviet Union......Page 1181
4 Bulgarian Language in Central and Western Europe......Page 1182
5 Bulgarian Language in Asia......Page 1185
7 Bulgarian Language in Australia and New Zealand......Page 1186
8 Conclusions......Page 1187
References......Page 1189
59 Hausanization of Nigerian Cultures......Page 1190
1 Introduction......Page 1191
2 Hausa People and Culture......Page 1192
3 Case Study: The Kano Language Map......Page 1193
4 Summary and Conclusion......Page 1196
References......Page 1197
60 Language of Rusyns in Slovakia: Controversies, Vagaries, and Rivalry of Codification Discourses......Page 1199
1 Statistical Data About Rusyns and Their Interpretation......Page 1200
2 The Present Status of the Rusyn Settlement in Slovakia......Page 1202
3 Discourses on Codification of the Rusyn Language......Page 1203
3.1 Church Slavonic Discourse......Page 1205
3.2 Russian Discourse......Page 1207
3.3 Ukrainian Discourse......Page 1208
3.4 Rusyn Discourse......Page 1210
4 Conclusion......Page 1212
References......Page 1213
61 Languages of Iran: Overview and Critical Assessment......Page 1215
1 Introduction......Page 1216
2 Part I: The Linguistic Map of Iran: An Overview......Page 1218
2.1 Contending Perspectives......Page 1219
2.2.1 Iranian Languages......Page 1222
2.2.2 Turkic Languages......Page 1227
2.2.3 Semitic Languages......Page 1229
3 Part II: Change in the Linguistic Landscape......Page 1230
3.1 Linguistic Policies of the Modern Iranian State......Page 1231
3.1.1 Education......Page 1232
3.1.2 The Media......Page 1234
3.1.3 Interprovincial Migration......Page 1236
3.2 Minorities in Pursuit of Linguistic Rights......Page 1238
4 Concluding Notes......Page 1241
References......Page 1242
62 Complexities of the Arabic Language in France......Page 1247
1.1 Colonial France and the World Wars......Page 1249
2.1 Childhood: Arabic as a Language of Resistance......Page 1250
2.2 The Assimilationist Model......Page 1251
2.4 The Enemy from Within: The Grand Replacement......Page 1252
2.6 Critics of the Theory......Page 1253
2.7 Language and Religion......Page 1254
3.2 Diversity and Justice......Page 1257
4 Conclusion......Page 1258
References......Page 1259
63 The Lesser Used Languages in the European Union: A Study in Political Geography......Page 1260
1 The Lesser Used Languages: Some Theoretical Considerations......Page 1261
2 The Lesser Used Languages in Unitary States......Page 1262
3 The Lesser Used Languages in Decentralized States......Page 1266
4 The Lesser Used Languages in Federal and Quasi-Federal States......Page 1269
5 The Lesser Used Languages: Resistance or Surrender?......Page 1272
6 Conclusion: An Uncertain Future?......Page 1274
References......Page 1275
64 Preservation of Magahi Language in India: Contemporary Developments......Page 1277
1 Introduction......Page 1278
2 Origin and Diffusion......Page 1281
3 Decline......Page 1285
4 Rejuvenation......Page 1286
5 Organization......Page 1287
6 Agitation......Page 1289
7 Construction......Page 1290
9 Current Status......Page 1293
10 Conclusion......Page 1294
References......Page 1295
65 Between Orality and Electronic Culture: Understanding the Changing Conception of Community and Language Use among Roma (Gyp.........Page 1296
2 The Medium and the Message within Romani Studies......Page 1297
3 From Orality and Nomadism to Literacy and Nationalism......Page 1298
4 Print Culture......Page 1299
5 Electronic Culture......Page 1302
6 Conclusion......Page 1305
References......Page 1306
66 From Trade to Regional Integration: The Checkered History of Kiswahili in Uganda......Page 1308
1 Introduction......Page 1309
2 Historical Background: The Kingdom of Buganda and the Role of British Colonialism......Page 1311
2.1 British Colonialism......Page 1313
2.2 Independent Uganda and the East African Community......Page 1315
2.3 Idi Amin Dada´s Regime: The Role of Violence......Page 1316
2.4 The National Resistance Movement/National Resistance Army: A Turning Point in Ugandan Language Policy and the Resurgence o.........Page 1317
3 Conclusions......Page 1318
References......Page 1319
67 Changes in Population Structure by Mother Tongue in East Serbia in the Last Century......Page 1321
2 Research......Page 1322
2.1 Population Structure by Mother Tongue: 2011 Census......Page 1323
2.2 Population Structure by Mother Tongue: 2002 Census......Page 1324
2.5 Population Structure by Mother Tongue: 1921 Census......Page 1325
3 Comparison of the Population Structure by Mother Tongue in East Serbia Between Censuses......Page 1326
References......Page 1327
68 Minority and Language Issues in Comparative Context: Slovenes in Italy, Ireland, and Wales......Page 1329
1 Introduction......Page 1330
2 Territorial Nationalism, the Formation of Minorities, and Attempts at Their ``Elimination´´......Page 1332
3 Slovene Minorities and ``Contact Area´´ Change: Three Phases of Social Development......Page 1334
4 The Deterritorialization and Re-territorialization of National and Regional Minorities......Page 1336
5 Minorities and Social Integration: From a ``Territoriality of Excluding´´ to a ``Territoriality of Connecting´´......Page 1338
6 Ireland: The 20-Year Irish Language Strategy......Page 1341
7 Wales: Transformative Developments in Welsh Language Policy 2008-2018......Page 1347
8 UK Government Departments and Crown Bodies......Page 1352
9 UK Constitutional Reform and Enhanced Devolution......Page 1354
10 Conclusion......Page 1356
References......Page 1357
Part VII: Linguistic Varieties and Patterns of Language Use......Page 1360
69 English Unbound: Dictionaries, Dialects, and Boundaries......Page 1361
2 Dialects, Boundaries, Mental Maps, and the Middle English Dictionary......Page 1362
3 Lexicographical Spaces......Page 1365
4 DARE and a New Linguistic Geography......Page 1367
5 Dictionaries Unbound in the Digital Age......Page 1370
References......Page 1372
Books Mentioned in the Text, by Title......Page 1373
70 Dialect Variation in Kentucky: Eastern Kentuckian Perceptions......Page 1375
1 Introduction......Page 1376
2 Perceptual Dialectology......Page 1377
3 Dialect Perceptions in Kentucky......Page 1379
4 Data and Methods......Page 1381
5 Results......Page 1382
References......Page 1392
71 Vertical Language Change in Germany: Dialects, Regiolects, and Standard German......Page 1395
1 Introduction......Page 1396
2 German Dialects and Standard German: Historical Background......Page 1397
3 Processes of Language Change Between Local Dialects and Standard German......Page 1398
4 Conclusion: Regiolect - The New Dialect?......Page 1404
References......Page 1405
72 Rural Mountain Dialects: Teaching the ``Voiceplace´´ in Appalachia......Page 1408
1 Central Appalachia......Page 1409
2 The Appalachian Writing Project......Page 1410
3 The 2010 Study......Page 1411
4 The 2016 Follow-Up Study at the Middle School Level......Page 1413
References......Page 1417
73 Relevance of Arabic Dialects: A Brief Discussion......Page 1419
1 Introduction to Arabic......Page 1420
2 Egypt......Page 1423
3 The Levant......Page 1426
4 The Influence of Technology and Social Media......Page 1428
5 The Influence of Religion......Page 1430
6 The Changing Climate of Language......Page 1431
References......Page 1433
74 Language Homogeneity and Diversity in Human Collectivities......Page 1435
1 Introduction......Page 1436
2 The Contingent Outcomes of Multiple State Formation......Page 1439
3 The Propulsive Force of Modernization......Page 1442
4 The Endless Malleability and the Staying Power of Language......Page 1448
References......Page 1450
Part VIII: Multilingual and Multiethnic Societies......Page 1452
75 The Place of the French Language in Arabic-Speaking Mediterranean......Page 1453
2 The Place of French Language......Page 1454
2.1 States Where French Language Is Important......Page 1455
2.3 States Where French Language Is Less Important......Page 1457
3.2 Media......Page 1459
3.3 Education and Research......Page 1461
3.4 Publishing......Page 1462
4 Conclusion......Page 1463
References......Page 1464
76 Changes in Population Composition and Mother Tongue in Serbia´s Vojvodina Province......Page 1466
1 Introduction......Page 1467
2 Materials and Methods......Page 1468
3 Territorial and Ethnic Changes in Vojvodina Province......Page 1470
3.1 Dominant Mother Tongues in Vojvodina in 1921......Page 1471
3.3 Dominant Mother Tongues in 2002 and 2011......Page 1473
4 Mother Tongue Sustainability and Cultural Richness......Page 1476
5 Conclusions......Page 1483
References......Page 1484
77 The Dynamic Linguistic Cartography of Dili, Timor-Leste: Negotiating Languages in an Urban Context......Page 1487
1 A New Global Order: Multi-scalarity and Mobility......Page 1488
2 A Brief History of Dili: Social Transformations and Processes of Language Diversification......Page 1490
3 Language in Time and Space: Trajectories and Repertoires in the Making of the Dynamic Linguistic Cartography of Dili......Page 1494
4 Concluding Remarks......Page 1497
References......Page 1498
78 Mapping Linguistic Diversity in the English-Speaking Caribbean......Page 1501
1 Introduction......Page 1502
2 Conceptualizing the Caribbean......Page 1503
2.1 Subregions......Page 1504
2.2 Historical Ties......Page 1505
3 Mapping Caribbean English(es)......Page 1506
4 Discussion......Page 1511
4.2 The Sociohistorical Context of Jamaica......Page 1514
4.3 The Sociohistorical Context of Saba......Page 1515
5 Conclusion......Page 1516
References......Page 1517
79 Language Continuities and Ruptures in Ottawa-Gatineau, Canada......Page 1520
1 The Context......Page 1522
2 Data and Methods......Page 1525
3 The Changing Lay of the Linguistic Land: Residential Geographies......Page 1526
4 Language Encounters and Spatial Divides......Page 1533
5 Perspectives......Page 1536
References......Page 1538
80 Reorganization of States and the Politics of Official Languages in India......Page 1540
1 Language, Geography, and Politics in Contemporary India......Page 1541
2 Concluding Observations......Page 1553
References......Page 1555
81 Mapping Visible Multilingualism in Brussels´ Linguistic Landscapes......Page 1556
1 Introduction: Multilingualism in Brussels......Page 1557
2 Mapping Linguistic Landscapes as a Methodological Approach......Page 1559
3 Selective Demographic Mirroring......Page 1564
4 Representative, Cost-Cutting, and Visual Multilingualism in Commercial Linguistic Landscapes......Page 1567
5 Uneven Distribution of Multilingual Discourses......Page 1569
6 Conclusion......Page 1571
References......Page 1572
Part IX: Endangered and Disappearing Languages......Page 1575
82 The Challenge of New Intercultural Maps: Indigenous Language Revitalization Between Brazil and Aotearoa/New Zealand......Page 1576
1 Introduction......Page 1577
2 Brazilian Indigenous Languages......Page 1580
3 The Kaingang Language Current Situation......Page 1584
4 The Kaingang Language and Culture Nest Project......Page 1589
5 Conclusions......Page 1596
References......Page 1597
83 Mapping Linguistic Vitality and Language Endangerment......Page 1599
1 Introduction......Page 1600
2.2 Degrees of Endangerment......Page 1601
2.3 Concept Map......Page 1603
3.1 The Science of Making Language Maps......Page 1604
3.2 Use of Technology in Making Language Maps......Page 1607
3.3 The Art of Making Language Maps......Page 1609
4 An Example of a Language Map Showing Levels of Language Vitality......Page 1612
5 Conclusion......Page 1614
References......Page 1615
84 Vanishing Nomads: Languages and Peoples of Nakai, Laos, and Adjacent Areas......Page 1616
1 Hunter-Gatherers......Page 1617
2 Linguistic Geography of Central Laos......Page 1619
3 History......Page 1629
References......Page 1631
85 Language Endangerment: Diversity and Specificities of Native American Languages of Oklahoma......Page 1633
1 Introduction......Page 1634
2 Oklahoma Initiatives......Page 1637
3 Numbers and Classification......Page 1639
4 Typology of Programs in Oklahoma: Renewing and Confirming Language Ideologies......Page 1641
4.1 Immersion......Page 1645
4.4 Higher Education......Page 1647
5 Conclusion......Page 1649
References......Page 1650
86 Khoisan Click Languages of Africa: Present, Past, and Future Map......Page 1653
2 Where Are the Khoisan Languages Now? The Different Families, Their Main Characteristics, and Their Modern Distributions......Page 1654
3 Where Did the Khoisan Languages Come from?......Page 1659
4 Where Are the Khoisan Languages Going to?......Page 1664
References......Page 1665
87 Language Endangerment in Nigeria: The Resilience of Igbo Language......Page 1668
1 Introduction......Page 1669
2 Linguistic Landscape of Nigeria......Page 1670
3 The Igbo People and Their Language......Page 1671
4 Theoretical Framework......Page 1673
5 Data......Page 1674
6 Analysis and Discussion......Page 1675
6.1 Summary of Findings......Page 1677
8 Revitalization......Page 1678
References......Page 1679
88 Language Revitalization and Engagements in the Amazon: The Case of Apurinã......Page 1681
1 Language Diversity in Brazil......Page 1682
2 Apurinã Language and Diversity......Page 1685
3 Engaging with a Language in an Apurinã Sociocultural Context......Page 1689
4 Language Vitality and Collaborative Efforts......Page 1691
References......Page 1696
89 Language as Tool of Exclusion and Dominance of Southeast Nigeria´s Indigenous Peoples: A Historical Perspective......Page 1698
1 Introduction......Page 1699
2 History of Formal Education in Nigeria......Page 1703
2.1 The Growth of Western Education in Igbo Land......Page 1706
3.1 The Role of Education Policies and Practices in the Exclusion and Dominance of the Igbo People......Page 1708
3.2 The Role of the Attitude of the Igbo Towards Their Language in the Exclusion of the Igbo Through Their Language......Page 1712
4.2 Absolute Number of Speakers......Page 1713
4.5 Response to New Domains and Media......Page 1714
References......Page 1715
90 Indigenous Language Revitalization in Early Care and Education: An Overview of the Available Literature......Page 1717
2 Theoretical Lens......Page 1718
References......Page 1729
91 Revitalization of the Ainu Language: Japanese Government Efforts......Page 1733
2 A Framework for the Assessment......Page 1734
3 Overall Ainu Policy by the Government......Page 1737
4 Recent Policies......Page 1738
5 Ainu Cultural Promotion......Page 1739
6 New Developments......Page 1741
7 Activities to Revitalize Ainu Language......Page 1742
8 Assessment of Ainu Language Condition in Relation to EGIDS......Page 1743
9 Conclusion......Page 1747
References......Page 1748
Part X: Indigenous Peoples´ Languages......Page 1750
92 The Changing Kichwa Language Map in Ecuador......Page 1751
1 Indigenous Populations and Languages in the Andes and Ecuador......Page 1752
3 Kichwa Language Geography Based on Census Data: 1950......Page 1753
4 Kichwa Maps 1988-2010......Page 1757
5 A New Kichwa Map (2010)......Page 1758
References......Page 1762
93 Linguistic Landscape of Panama in the Early 21st Century: An Indigenous Orthography Striving to Decolonize......Page 1763
1 Introduction......Page 1764
2 Ethnohistory......Page 1767
3 Ethnography......Page 1768
4 Ngäbe Revitalization Efforts......Page 1769
5 Analysis......Page 1773
6 Conclusion......Page 1776
References......Page 1777
94 Indigenous Languages, and Past and Present Language Policies in the Americas: The Case of Canada, Bolivia, Mexico, and Fren.........Page 1780
2 Materials and Methods......Page 1781
3.1 Indigenous People and Languages in America......Page 1783
3.2 International Context: Global Changes in Indigenous Policies......Page 1785
3.3 Overview of Policies Toward Indigenous Languages in American Countries and Territories......Page 1788
4.1 Mexico......Page 1794
4.2 Bolivia......Page 1795
4.3 Canada......Page 1796
4.4 French Guiana......Page 1797
5 Conclusions......Page 1798
References......Page 1799
95 Promoting and Preserving Indigenous Languages and Cultures in the Americas Through Video Games......Page 1803
1.1 Video Games, Between Replicating Stereotypes and Serving Indigenous Cultures......Page 1804
1.2 Terminology, Materials, and Methods......Page 1805
2.1 The Beginnings......Page 1806
2.3 Indigenous Nations in Strategy Games......Page 1807
2.4 Native People as Modern Warriors......Page 1808
2.5 Female Native Characters......Page 1809
3.1 Emergence of Indigenous Video Games......Page 1810
3.2 Examples of Indigenous Video Games......Page 1811
4 Conclusion......Page 1815
5 Games Mentioned in the Text......Page 1816
References......Page 1818
Part XI: Language and Gender......Page 1821
96 Gender and Delineation of Intimsphäre in Muslim Hausa Video Films......Page 1822
1 Introduction and Context......Page 1823
2 Traditional Hausa Cultural Mindset......Page 1825
3 Space: The Final Frontier: Hausa Atrium, Conjugal Space, and Habermas......Page 1826
4 Islam and Privacy......Page 1829
5 The Hausa Video Film Industry......Page 1831
6 Hausa Filmmakers and the Cultural and Religious Establishments......Page 1832
6.1 Saliha?......Page 1834
6.2 Jahilci Ya Fi Hauka......Page 1837
6.3 Malam Karkata......Page 1839
7 Global Lure, Local Wahala: Westernization and Hausa Female Film Star......Page 1840
8 Conclusion......Page 1850
References......Page 1853
97 The Gendered Language of Gravestones: A Comparative Study of Central and Northern Appalachian Cemeteries......Page 1856
1 Study Site: Appalachia......Page 1858
2 Method, Analysis, and Interpretation......Page 1859
2.1 The Northern Appalachian (NA) Study......Page 1860
2.2 The Central Appalachian (CA) Study......Page 1864
3 Summary and Implications......Page 1867
References......Page 1868
98 Language of Parenting: Poland’s Efforts to Promote New Fatherhood Through Outdoor Advertising Campaign......Page 1869
1 Introduction......Page 1870
2 Purposes......Page 1873
3 Poland´s Changing Demography......Page 1874
4 Polish Families in Transition......Page 1876
5 Language and the Polish Dads Program......Page 1879
7 Research Design......Page 1881
7.2 Visual Content Analysis of the 15 Billboards Selected by Undergraduate Students......Page 1882
8 Results and Discussion......Page 1888
8.1 Most Liked......Page 1889
8.2 In-Between Photos......Page 1891
8.3 Least Liked......Page 1892
10 Future Research......Page 1895
References......Page 1896
99 Mother Tongue and Language Practices of Pashai-Speaking Communities in Afghanistan and the Diaspora......Page 1899
1 Introduction......Page 1900
2 Situating Pashai......Page 1902
3 Risk Factors......Page 1903
4 Models of Multilingualism: Diglossia......Page 1904
5 Economics and Communicative Space......Page 1905
6 Pressure, Prestige, and Pashto......Page 1906
7 Marriage and Motherhood......Page 1907
8 Gendered Language Geographies......Page 1909
9 Women and Language in the Diaspora......Page 1911
10 Conclusion......Page 1912
References......Page 1913
Part XII: Nonhuman Languages......Page 1916
100 Prosaic, Poetic, Psychedelic, and Paranormal Communications of Plants......Page 1917
1 Introduction......Page 1918
2 Communication and Intelligence......Page 1919
3 Prosaic Communication......Page 1922
4 Poetic Communication......Page 1923
5 Psychedelic Communication......Page 1925
6 Paranormal Communication......Page 1928
7 Conclusion......Page 1929
References......Page 1931
101 Communication, Identity, and Power in the Horse World......Page 1934
1 Introduction......Page 1935
2 Forms of Horse - And Learning and Teaching Them......Page 1936
3 Diversity and Places of Horse......Page 1941
4 Identities, Boundaries, and Power......Page 1944
5 On the Naming of Horses......Page 1948
6 Conclusions......Page 1951
References......Page 1952
102 Geographies of Nonhuman Animal Communication and Language......Page 1955
2 Overview of Animal Geography......Page 1956
3 Overview of the Science of Animal Cognition, Communication, and Language Studies......Page 1957
4 Animal Cognition and Communication......Page 1959
5 Animal Language?......Page 1961
6 Animal Geography´s Role in Advancing Understandings of Animal Language Systems......Page 1964
7 Conclusion......Page 1966
References......Page 1967
Part XIII: Place Names and Toponyms......Page 1971
103 Place Names as Strategic Political Communication: Analysis of Geographic Language in US Presidential Debates, 1976-2012......Page 1972
1 Introduction......Page 1973
2 Purpose......Page 1974
3 Political Debates in the U.S.......Page 1975
4 Geographic Language and Strategic Political Communication......Page 1982
5 Geographic Language in Presidential Debates......Page 1983
5.1 Foreign Versus Domestic Place Names......Page 1984
5.2 Swing States......Page 1985
6 Conclusion......Page 1986
References......Page 1990
104 Pre-Slavic Minority Languages and Geographic Names in Northwest Russia......Page 1992
1 Constructing Place and the Role of Language: A Framework for Analysis......Page 1993
2 Linguistic Hegemony and Critical Toponymy......Page 1994
3 Contested Space and Processes of Toponymic Formation......Page 1999
4 Commodification of Place Names as New Linguistic Hegemony......Page 2002
References......Page 2006
105 Cartographic Examination of French Toponymic Spatial Patterns in the Mississippi River Basin......Page 2009
1.1 Francophone Settlement in North America......Page 2010
1.2 New Approach for Toponymy: Integrated Methods......Page 2011
2.1 Geospatial Data Acquisition......Page 2013
2.2 French Toponym Identification......Page 2014
2.4 Historical and Cultural Research Methods......Page 2015
3.1 Spatial Patterns Across the Mississippi River Basin......Page 2016
3.2 Spatial Patterns Across Minnesota......Page 2018
3.3 Historical and Cultural Dynamics for Minnesota......Page 2019
3.3.2 Sociopolitical Power Structures and Distribution......Page 2020
3.3.4 Cultural Appropriation and Displacement......Page 2023
3.3.6 Personal Ethnic Identification......Page 2026
4 Conclusion......Page 2030
References......Page 2031
106 Street and Place Name Changes in Kolkata: India´s First Modern City......Page 2033
1 Conceptual Framework for Toponymic Changes......Page 2034
2 Rise of Calcutta and Colonization of the Urban Landscape......Page 2036
3 Decolonization of the Urban Landscape......Page 2037
4 Chaotic Toponymy......Page 2041
5 Conclusion......Page 2043
References......Page 2044
107 Role of Place Names in Relating People and Space......Page 2046
1 Introduction......Page 2047
2 The Place-Naming Process and Central Role of the (Local) Community......Page 2048
3.1 They Often Highlight Characteristics of Space Important for a Certain Community and Reflect in this Way a Human Community´.........Page 2051
3.2 Place Names Mark the Territory of a Community......Page 2052
3.3 Place Names Structure Space Mentally......Page 2053
3.4 Place Names Support Emotional Ties Between People and Place and Promote in this Way Space-Related Identity Building......Page 2057
4 Conclusions......Page 2058
References......Page 2059
108 Origin of Sea Names......Page 2061
2 Theoretical Aspects......Page 2062
3 Naming Options......Page 2063
5 Scale......Page 2065
6 Temporal Framework......Page 2066
7 Changes in the Meaning or Scope of Sea Names......Page 2067
8 The Naming Sequence, with Southeast Asia as an Example......Page 2070
9 Interim for the Sea Passage Names......Page 2071
10 Demarcation of the Seas......Page 2072
11 Name Conflicts over Marine Spaces......Page 2074
References......Page 2075
109 Bushman (San) Influence on Southern African Place Names......Page 2077
1 Introduction......Page 2078
2 Bushman Languages......Page 2079
3 Bantu Languages......Page 2080
4.1 Khoikhoi......Page 2081
4.3 Southern Sotho......Page 2082
4.4 Venda......Page 2083
4.6 Xhosa......Page 2084
5 Standardization and Transformation......Page 2088
References......Page 2089
110 Poetics and Politics in the Naming of Brazilian Towns......Page 2091
1 Introduction......Page 2092
2 Wordle-ing Brazilian municipalities......Page 2093
3 Place Names as Index of ``Brazilian-ness´´?......Page 2095
4 Contexts and Meanings of Brazilian Place Names......Page 2096
5 The Politics of Place-Naming......Page 2100
6 Conclusion......Page 2101
References......Page 2102
111 The Board of Geographic Names and the Removal of Derogatory and Offensive Toponyms in the United States......Page 2104
2 The US Board of Geographic Names......Page 2105
3 Identifying Potential Name Changes......Page 2108
4 Efforts to Change Place Names Associated with Native Americans......Page 2109
5 Commemorating Native American History......Page 2110
7 Conclusion......Page 2112
References......Page 2113
112 The Language of a Globalized World: Naming the Present Day and Its Worlds......Page 2114
1 Naming the Present Day......Page 2115
2 The Present-Day Worlds of the World and Their Names......Page 2122
References......Page 2125
113 The Mount McKinley-Denali Controversy and the US Board on Geographic Names......Page 2127
1 Introduction......Page 2128
2 Background......Page 2130
3 Alaskans Ask the BGN to Change the Name of the Mountain......Page 2132
4 Ohio Congressmen Take Exception to the Proposal......Page 2133
5 Opportunity Knocks on the BGN......Page 2135
Further Reading......Page 2143
114 Commemorative Custer Place Names on the American Landscape......Page 2145
1 Introduction......Page 2146
2 Purpose......Page 2148
3 Overview of Custer´s Life......Page 2149
4 Custer on the American Landscape......Page 2152
5 Conclusions......Page 2157
References......Page 2159
115 Place Names and Natural Disasters in Japan......Page 2162
1 Introduction......Page 2163
2 Scientific Versus Local Knowledge......Page 2164
3 Literature Review......Page 2165
4 Exploratory Study......Page 2169
5 Discussion......Page 2170
6 Conclusion......Page 2173
References......Page 2176
Part XIV: Language of Political Organization, Boundaries, and Borders......Page 2178
116 The Language of Borders......Page 2179
1 Imagining and Constructing Border Words in a Bounded World......Page 2180
2 Expanding the Border Lexicon......Page 2184
3 Expressing the Meaning of Borders......Page 2187
4 Writing and Speaking Borders in an Increasingly Bordered ``Borderless World´´......Page 2190
References......Page 2193
117 Visual Expressions of States, Culture, and Nature: Borders, Boundary Markers, and Borderscapes Across a Dynamic China and .........Page 2196
References......Page 2208
118 Language of Reorganizing Electoral Space......Page 2210
1 American Independence: Representation and Apportionment......Page 2211
2 Early Apportionment Acts of Single Member Districts......Page 2213
3 A Decisive Decade......Page 2216
4 Race and Redistricting......Page 2218
5 Current Controversies Regrading Partisan Gerrymandering......Page 2223
6 Wisconsin......Page 2225
7 Conclusions......Page 2230
References......Page 2234
Part XV: Language Policy, Laws, and Ethics......Page 2237
119 Language Policies, Immigrant Assimilation, and Minority Group Advancement in the United States......Page 2238
2 How Did the United States Become Culturally and Linguistically Insular during the Mid-Twentieth Century?......Page 2240
3 Demographic Changes Generated Linguistic Controversy in Miami, Florida......Page 2241
4 National Level ``English First´´ Initiatives......Page 2242
5 State Designations of Official Languages......Page 2243
6 The ``English Plus´´ Movement and Critiques of ``English First´´ Efforts......Page 2244
7 English Proficiency and Acquisition of US Citizenship......Page 2245
8 Why Educating Immigrant Youth Matters......Page 2246
10.1 Punitive English Only Instruction......Page 2247
11 Late Twentieth Century Controversy about Bilingual Education......Page 2250
12 Principles Determining Languages of Instruction in California......Page 2251
13 Contemporary Approaches Used to Educate English Language Learners in California......Page 2252
13.3 Dual Language Schools (Alternative Programs)......Page 2253
14 Bilingual Education´s Instructional Effectiveness......Page 2254
15 Retention of Non-English ``Mother Tongues´´ Does Not Impede Immigrant Youth´s Successful Integration into US Society......Page 2255
16 Ethnic Enclaves in American Life......Page 2256
References......Page 2257
120 Legal Latin´s Legacy in Modern Languages and Systems of Law......Page 2261
2 Geographic Reach......Page 2262
3 Diffusion......Page 2265
4 Expansion of Legal Latin......Page 2266
5 Persistence......Page 2270
6 Versatility......Page 2272
7 Resistance......Page 2273
References......Page 2274
121 South Korea´s Developmentalist Language Policies: Linguistic Territoriality in the Global Era......Page 2277
2 Relationship Between State, Territory, and Language......Page 2278
3.1 Making a National Language......Page 2280
3.2 From Protectionism to Developmentalism......Page 2281
3.3 Making a Global Language......Page 2284
4 Conclusion......Page 2287
References......Page 2288
122 Linguistic Prescriptivism in Present-Day Poland: The Normative Attitudes of the Speakers of Polish......Page 2291
1 Introduction......Page 2292
2 Standard Language Ideology and Language Ideology Debates......Page 2293
3 Polish Language and National Identity......Page 2294
4 Polish Language Policy and Regulatory Bodies......Page 2297
5 Normative Linguistic Research in Poland and Its Role in the Ideological Language Debate......Page 2298
6 Theoretical Background of Normative Interventions......Page 2300
7 Standard Language Ideology at Work: Sociolinguistic Consequences of Prescriptively Motivated Actions......Page 2302
8 Conclusion......Page 2307
References......Page 2308
123 Abortion Referendums in Ireland......Page 2310
2 The Referendum Process in Ireland......Page 2311
3 Abortion Law in Ireland......Page 2312
3.1 Learning from Language: The Abortion Debates......Page 2314
4 Voting Patterns......Page 2318
References......Page 2321
124 Plagiarism Across Languages and Cultures: A (Forensic) Linguistic Analysis......Page 2323
1 Introduction......Page 2324
2 Defining Plagiarism: The Need for Terminological Accuracy......Page 2325
3 Plagiarism Across Time and Space......Page 2328
4 Detecting Plagiarism in the Forensic Linguistics Turn......Page 2332
5 Plagiarism Strategies......Page 2333
6 Finding Forensic Evidence of Plagiarism......Page 2334
7 Multimodal Plagiarism Analysis......Page 2337
8 Plagiarism: The Future Challenges......Page 2339
References......Page 2342
Part XVI: Music, Art, Photography, and Entertainment......Page 2344
125 Speaking the Language of Art in Central Asia: Old Archives and New Alphabets......Page 2345
1 Introduction......Page 2346
3 Creation of Art Collections and Art History......Page 2347
4 Soviet Period: Between Propaganda and Orientalism......Page 2348
5 Between Stalin and Independence......Page 2350
6 New Freedoms......Page 2351
7 Central Asia´s Dip into International Waters......Page 2352
8 New Nationalism: Old Identities......Page 2354
9 Back to the Future......Page 2356
References......Page 2358
126 Soundscapes as Critical Tools of Analysis......Page 2359
1 Introduction......Page 2360
2 Soundscapes as Analytical Tools......Page 2361
3 An Assemblage of Sounds......Page 2363
4 Musical Soundscapes......Page 2364
5 Soundscapes of Language and Accent......Page 2367
6 Soundscapes as Ways to Assert Hybrid and Non-dominant Identities......Page 2369
7 Conclusion......Page 2371
References......Page 2372
127 Language Crossing, Fluid Identities, and Spatial Mobility: Representing Language, Identity, and Place in an Amsterdam-Base.........Page 2376
1 Introduction......Page 2377
2 Movies as Vistas, Stereotypes as Indicators......Page 2379
3 Language Crossing and Linguistic Ideologies in the Multilingual City......Page 2381
3.1 Language Crossing......Page 2382
3.2 Language Ideologies and Place......Page 2384
4 Stereotypes in AMNM......Page 2385
4.1 Place Stereotypes: Amsterdam Oud-Zuid and De Bijlmer......Page 2386
4.2 Two Lifeworlds in Two Neighborhoods: Male Sociolinguistic Adjustment and Female Inflexibility......Page 2388
4.3 A Symmetrical Crossover After All?......Page 2389
5 Conclusion......Page 2390
References......Page 2391
128 Continuity and Change in the Visual Language of National Geographic: A Geographic and Image Analysis......Page 2394
1 Introduction......Page 2395
2 Geography, Vision, and Visual Language......Page 2397
3 Methods......Page 2398
4.1 Regional and Country Trends......Page 2400
5 Depictions of Non-Westerners......Page 2405
6 Conclusion......Page 2411
References......Page 2414
129 Languages of Food and Dance in East Kentucky: Gathering ´Round the Table and the Dance Floor......Page 2416
2 Language and Geography......Page 2417
3 History......Page 2420
4 Other Regional Cultural Trails......Page 2421
5 Approaches......Page 2422
6 Framework......Page 2425
7.1 Carcassonne Community Center......Page 2427
7.2 Cornbread & Tortillas......Page 2429
7.4 Hemphill Community Center/Black Sheep Bakery......Page 2430
8 Vision and Limitations......Page 2431
References......Page 2432
130 English as a Sacred Language in German Evangelical Worship Music......Page 2435
1 Introduction......Page 2436
2 Sacred Languages in Worship......Page 2437
3 English as a Non-native Language of Worship......Page 2439
4 Singing English in German Churches......Page 2440
5 Singing in English at CityChurch......Page 2444
6 Conclusion......Page 2446
References......Page 2447
131 Narrative Formula Through the Geography of Transformers: Age of Extinction......Page 2448
1 Introduction......Page 2449
2 The Classical Paradigm......Page 2451
3 BS2 and Transformers: Age of Extinction......Page 2452
4 Conclusion......Page 2467
References......Page 2468
132 India´s Cultural Architecture and Society´s Role in Shaping It......Page 2471
1 Introduction......Page 2472
2.2 The First Development and Collapse......Page 2473
2.3 Early Vedic, Later Vedic Periods......Page 2474
2.4.1 Introduction......Page 2477
2.4.3 Jainism......Page 2478
2.5 Mauryan Dynasty and Impact......Page 2479
3 Division of Country and Later Developments......Page 2482
3.1 Era of Guptas, Chalukyas, and Later......Page 2483
3.2 Architectural Roar......Page 2487
3.4 Islam and Change......Page 2493
4 British India......Page 2496
5 Post-Independence and Conclusions......Page 2500
References......Page 2502
133 Art as a Language: An Atlas of Seasons Where Time and Space Intersect......Page 2503
2 Intersecting Time and Space Worlds......Page 2504
3 Division of Time......Page 2508
4 How Atlas of the Year Evolved......Page 2512
5 Spring, East......Page 2515
5.1 One......Page 2517
6 Summer, South......Page 2518
6.2 Five......Page 2519
7 Autumn, West......Page 2520
7.3 Nine......Page 2521
8 Winter, North......Page 2522
9 Going Forward......Page 2523
References......Page 2524
134 Lyrical Geographies and the Topography of Social Resistance in Popular Music in the United States......Page 2526
2 Researching Geographies of Music......Page 2527
3 Mapping Lyrical Themes in Popular Music of Resistance......Page 2528
4 Methods......Page 2530
4.1 Quantitative Analysis......Page 2531
4.2 Qualitative Analysis......Page 2537
6 Appendix: Songs Mentioned in the Text......Page 2544
References......Page 2548
135 Language of Everyday Teenagers in Their Music......Page 2550
1 Introduction: Music as a Transnational Language......Page 2551
2.1 Timing: The First Everyday Teenagers......Page 2552
2.2 Spacing: Trans-Atlantic Differences......Page 2553
2.3 Conceptualizing: The Bump 150 Framework......Page 2554
3 Becoming an Everyday Teenager I: Tom in America......Page 2555
4 Becoming an Everyday Teenager II: Peter in Britain......Page 2556
5.1 Songs of Angst......Page 2557
5.3 The Three Places of Songs: Dances, School, and Beach......Page 2558
5.4 Automobiles in Songs: Exhilaration and Death......Page 2559
6.1 Tom´s Classification......Page 2560
6.2 Peter´s Extreme Genres......Page 2562
7 Conclusion......Page 2564
References......Page 2565
136 The Cuban Lexicon Lucumí and African Language Yorùb: Musical and Historical Connections......Page 2566
1 Methodological Problems......Page 2568
2 The Yorùb-Lucumí Connection......Page 2569
3 Yorùb Ethnogenesis and Language Standardization......Page 2570
4 Inscribing and Yorubizing Lucumí......Page 2572
5 Classifying and Comparing Yorùb and Lucumí......Page 2577
6 Singing Meaning into Lucumí......Page 2582
7 Musical Analysis as Linguistic Method......Page 2584
8 Conclusion......Page 2590
References......Page 2591
137 National Anthems and National Symbolism: Singing the Nation......Page 2594
1 Prelude......Page 2595
2 Music and Nations......Page 2596
3 Two Hymns, Two Germans, Two Germanies......Page 2600
4 The State of National Anthems......Page 2603
References......Page 2607
138 Language/Music Contacts and Exchanges: Nomadic Mongolian Music Transformations in Ordos Area in the Early Twentieth Century......Page 2610
1 Origin of Research......Page 2611
2 Father Joseph Van Oost and His Study on Music in Ordos Region......Page 2612
3.1 Ordos in the Late Qing Dynasty......Page 2614
3.2 Characteristic of Mongolian Soundscape in Ordos Region in the Early Twentieth Century......Page 2615
4.1 ``Song of Land´´: Ordos Natural Landscape and the Formation of Mongolian Folk Song Style......Page 2618
4.2 Across the Great Wall: The Infiltration and Influence of Han Folk Songs......Page 2619
5 Discussion: Cultural Differences Reflected in the Text......Page 2621
References......Page 2623
Part XVII: Religion......Page 2625
139 Challenges in Translating the Qur´ān - Translating the Untranslatable: Omission/Ellipsis......Page 2626
1 Arabic Knowledge of the Qur´ān......Page 2627
2 The Challenge to Produce Something Similar to the Qur´ān......Page 2628
3 Qur´ānic Text: Sacred Versus Literary......Page 2630
4 Translating the Word of God......Page 2632
5.1 Grammatical Structure......Page 2634
5.2 Absence of Conditional ``Consequence´´......Page 2637
5.3 Omission as a Compositional Technique......Page 2645
6 Conclusion......Page 2646
Appendix 2 Q55:5......Page 2650
Appendix 3: Q12:15......Page 2652
References......Page 2657
140 Islamic Veiling Meets Fashion: Struggles and Translations......Page 2661
1 Introduction......Page 2662
2 Veiling Struggles: Between ``Modernity´´ and ``Backwardness´´......Page 2663
2.1 Debates and Trends in the Muslim World......Page 2665
2.2 Non-Muslims Talking About the Veil......Page 2667
2.3 Muslims Responding and Debating......Page 2670
3.1 Fashion Languages......Page 2672
3.2 Creating Fashionable Veiling......Page 2673
3.3 ``Western´´ Versus Muslim Actors......Page 2674
References......Page 2678
141 Library Holdings of Religious Fundamentalist and Secular Universities: ``Where the Twain Seldom Meet´´......Page 2682
1 Introduction......Page 2683
2 Selection of Six Universities and Colleges......Page 2686
3 Literature on Worldviews......Page 2687
3.1 Mission Statements......Page 2688
4 Methodology......Page 2691
5 Discussion: Two Separate Universities......Page 2692
5.1 Fundamentalist Colleges and Universities: Leaders in Topics......Page 2694
5.2 Comparisons: The Word Clouds of Bob Jones University and Guilford College......Page 2696
6 Topics with 100 or Fewer Books: Comparing the Word Clouds of Oral Roberts and George Fox Universities......Page 2699
7 Discussion......Page 2700
8 The Twain Doth Meet......Page 2701
9 Moving Ahead......Page 2702
References......Page 2703
Websites......Page 2704
142 Rhetoric of Technoscience in North Indian Vernacular Asceticism......Page 2705
1 Introduction: Religious Imaginaries of the ``Modern´´ and the Rhetoric of Technoscience in Contemporary India......Page 2706
2 Performing the Modernity of Dharma Through the Rhetoric of Technoscience: The Case of a North Indian Female Guru......Page 2710
3 ``You Can´t Carry a Corpse Around for Long´´: Reimagining Hindu Dharma for Today´s Times Through the Story of Shiva and Sati......Page 2713
4 ``The Greatest Love Story on Earth´´: Reimagining the Dharma-Technoscience Relationship Through Indic Concepts of Divinity......Page 2717
5 ``You Can´t Leave the World Without Giving´´: Accountability, Responsibility, and Rethinking the Modern in the Renunciant Rh.........Page 2720
6 Conclusions: The Hindu-Inspired Modernity that a Female Guru´s Performing the Rhetoric of Technoscience Creates......Page 2722
References......Page 2725
143 Redefining Religious Criticism for Development of Worldview Literacy in Religious Education......Page 2728
1.1 Discourse Analysis and the Language of Worldviews......Page 2733
1.2 Premodern, Modern, and Postmodern Worldviews......Page 2734
2.1 Pedagogical Considerations......Page 2735
3 Entering the Arena of Conflicting Worldviews......Page 2741
3.2 Religion and Gender Roles......Page 2742
4 Conclusion......Page 2743
References......Page 2744
144 Construction of the Concept of Religion in the United Nations´ General Assembly: From Human Rights to Dialogue and Harmony......Page 2746
1 Religion Discourse on the World Language Map......Page 2747
2 Theoretical Reflections: Discourse Approach to Religion......Page 2748
3.1 Institutional Place of Religion in the Context of the United Nations......Page 2749
3.2 Traditional Strand of Religion Discourse: Religious Freedom......Page 2751
3.3 Second Strand of Religion Discourse: Interreligious Dialogue......Page 2753
3.4 Further Differentiation of the Discourse: Harmony and Understanding......Page 2755
4 Dynamic Changes on the World Language Map......Page 2756
References......Page 2758
UN Source Materials......Page 2760
145 Anglophone Christian Worship´s Changed (and Changing) Language in the United States......Page 2762
1 The Historic Languages of Worship in the Western Church......Page 2764
2 Archaic Language......Page 2765
3 Inclusive Language......Page 2768
4 Other Issues......Page 2775
5 Languages Other Than English......Page 2777
6 Contemporary Christian Music......Page 2778
8 Final Thoughts......Page 2779
9 Books Mentioned in the Text......Page 2780
References......Page 2781
146 Language and the Internationalization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints......Page 2783
1 Introduction......Page 2784
2 A Brief History of Latter-Day Saint Missionary Work......Page 2785
3 Missionary Language Training......Page 2786
4 Translation of Latter-Day Saint Scriptures and Religious Materials......Page 2790
5 Ethnic- and Language-Based Congregations......Page 2794
6 Media, the Internet, and Missionary Work......Page 2796
References......Page 2801
147 Sociocultural Influences on Linguistic Geography: Religion and Language in Southeast Asia......Page 2808
1.1 Social Function of Language......Page 2809
1.2 Identity-Forming Function of Sociocultural Practices......Page 2810
1.3 Sociocultural Factors and Language from a Cognitive Viewpoint......Page 2811
2.1 Buddhism, Hinduism, and the Christian Era......Page 2812
2.2 Religious Influence Through Writing Systems (e.g., Sanskrit and Pali)......Page 2814
3.1 Sociocultural History and Linguistic Situation in the MSEA Area......Page 2815
3.2 Historical Development and Language Contact on Mainland Southeast Asia......Page 2817
4.1 Sociocultural Influence on Language: Still an Overlooked Phenomena?......Page 2822
References......Page 2824
Part XVIII: Language of and Language in the Landscape......Page 2827
148 Reading the American Cemetery......Page 2828
2.1 Cemetery Evolution in the United States......Page 2829
2.2 Religious Cemeteries......Page 2830
2.3 Family Cemeteries......Page 2831
2.4 Folk Cemeteries......Page 2832
2.5 Ethnic Cemeteries......Page 2833
2.6 Regional Cemeteries......Page 2834
2.7.1 Military Cemeteries......Page 2835
2.7.2 Green Burials......Page 2836
2.7.4 Pet Cemeteries......Page 2837
3 Reading a Cemetery......Page 2838
3.1 What?......Page 2839
3.2 Where?......Page 2840
3.3 Who?......Page 2841
3.4 When?......Page 2844
3.5 How: Tools for Cemetery Reading......Page 2846
4 Conclusions......Page 2847
References......Page 2848
149 Reading the Cultural Landscape of Nebraska: Historical Markers, Literature, and Living History Reenactments......Page 2852
1 Introduction......Page 2853
2 Cultural Landscape......Page 2854
3 Natural Landscape of Nebraska......Page 2855
4 Historical Markers as Aids to Reading the Cultural Landscape of Nebraska......Page 2856
5 Literary and Artistic Approaches to Reading the Cultural Landscape of Nebraska......Page 2865
6 Living History and Reenactment Approaches to Reading the Cultural Landscape of Nebraska......Page 2874
7 Conclusions......Page 2879
References......Page 2881
150 Languages of Water: Arapaho and Hawaiian......Page 2884
1 Introduction......Page 2885
2.1 Arapaho......Page 2886
2.2 Hawaiian......Page 2887
3.1 Arapaho......Page 2889
3.2 Hawaiian......Page 2893
4.1 Arapaho......Page 2895
4.2 Hawaiian......Page 2896
5 Conclusions......Page 2897
References......Page 2898
151 Roadside Development as a Biography: US Highways Speak......Page 2901
1 Introduction......Page 2902
3.1 Domestic Dwellings......Page 2903
3.1.1 Stage 1: Prior to 1910......Page 2904
3.1.3 Stage 3: Post World War II......Page 2906
3.2.1 Gas Stations......Page 2908
3.2.2 Family Restaurants, Diners, Drive-Ins, and Fast Food......Page 2911
3.2.3 Lodging......Page 2913
3.2.4 Drive-In Theaters......Page 2915
4 The Bypass Speaks......Page 2916
6 The Sacred and Secular Speak......Page 2917
7 Conclusion......Page 2919
References......Page 2920
152 Changing the Symbolic Language of the Urban Landscape: Post-socialist Transformation in Kyiv......Page 2921
2 Theoretical Background of the Research......Page 2922
3 Transformations of Post-Socialist Cities Under the Globalization......Page 2925
4 Challenges of Globalization Facing Post-Soviet Kyiv......Page 2926
5 Spatial Indicators......Page 2927
6 Toponyms......Page 2931
7 Nodal Areas in Kyiv......Page 2935
8 Modern Transformations of Kyiv Nodal Areas: Images, Patterns, and Trends......Page 2938
9 Conclusions and Discussions of Potential Ways to Solve the City Problems......Page 2947
References......Page 2951
153 Silence as the Language and Landscape of Abuse......Page 2953
1 Introduction......Page 2954
2 Conceptual Framework......Page 2955
3 Silence of Abused Children Transcends Time......Page 2956
4 Silence of Abused Children Is Global in Scope......Page 2957
5 Bringing Silences into the Light Through Mapping......Page 2958
6 Why Silence?......Page 2960
7 Internal Dialogue Spawned by Abuse......Page 2961
7.1 Dogs Don´t Lie; Child, Don´t Cry......Page 2962
8 Child Abuse Repercussions......Page 2963
9 Cognitive Ramifications of Sexual Abuse......Page 2964
9.1 Mental Health Consequences of Abuse......Page 2966
10 Emotional Abuse......Page 2967
11 Punishing the Victim......Page 2968
12 Prevention Strategies......Page 2969
14 Future Directions: Shatter the Silence......Page 2970
References......Page 2971
Sources for Figure 4: Global Landscape of Abuse Map......Page 2973
Sources for Figure 5: Efforts to Combat Child Abuse Map......Page 2974
154 Taglish, Glutathione, and the Halo-Halo Discourse of Billboards in Metropolitan Manila......Page 2975
1 Introduction and Significance of the Study......Page 2976
2.1 Historical Notes on Commercial Speech and the Urban Landscape......Page 2978
2.2 Concepts from Theories in Communication, Symbolism, and Language......Page 2979
2.3 English in Asia and Elsewhere, Code-Mixing/Switching, and the Languages in Advertising......Page 2980
2.4 The Philippine Context: Language, Urban Planning, and Outdoor Advertising......Page 2981
2.5 Location Theory, Political and Economic Geographies of the City, and the Language of Images......Page 2982
4 Fieldwork Findings and Analysis......Page 2983
4.1 Taglish Taglines......Page 2984
4.2 Words That Mean Beauty: Glutathione, Metathione, and Other Skin Whiteners......Page 2985
4.3 The Tropical Psychedelic: Billboard Advertising as an Expression of Power-in-Urban Space......Page 2986
4.4 The Legal Angle: The Regulation of OOH Advertising Structures and Commercial Speech......Page 2988
5.1 Commuter Demographics and Their Linguistic Implications......Page 2989
5.2 The Usefulness of Taglish Despite Institutional Conservatism......Page 2991
6 Conclusion and Recommendations......Page 2992
References......Page 2993
155 Linguistic Landscape of Uzbekistan: The Rise and Fall of Uzbek, Russian, Tajik, and English......Page 2995
1 Introduction......Page 2996
1.2 Historical Background......Page 2997
1.3 Uzbek-Russian Language Contact......Page 2999
1.4 Uzbek-Tajik Language Contact......Page 3000
1.5 Uzbek-English Language Contact......Page 3001
2 Post-Soviet Uzbekistan......Page 3002
4 Results and Discussion......Page 3003
References......Page 3008
156 Reading North Dakota´s Contemporary Landscapes: Stories of Devolution, Dereliction, Dynamism, and Curation......Page 3009
1 Introduction......Page 3010
2 Dynamism in Rural North Dakota......Page 3016
3 Landscape Reading......Page 3022
4 Omemee Case Study......Page 3023
4.1 Background......Page 3024
4.2 Visible Evidence of Settlement and Prosperity......Page 3025
4.3 Omemee´s Decline......Page 3027
4.4 Manfred Case Study......Page 3030
4.5 Visible Evidence of Settlement and Prosperity......Page 3031
4.6 Manfred´s Decline......Page 3035
5 Summary and Conclusion......Page 3038
References......Page 3039
157 Alternative Languages of Landscape Analysis: Visualizing Geography Through Photography......Page 3041
2 Visual Analysis......Page 3042
References......Page 3055
158 The Horizon: Ontology and Conceptualization......Page 3056
1 Prologue......Page 3057
2 Etymology of the Word ``Horizon´´......Page 3058
2.1 The Meaning of ``Horizon´´ in English......Page 3059
3 Four Concepts of the Horizon......Page 3060
3.1 Concept 1: The Line at Which the Earth and Sky Appear to Meet......Page 3061
3.2.1 Viewsheds......Page 3064
3.3.1 The Mathematically Defined Spherical Earth Horizon......Page 3065
3.4 Concept 4: Horizon as a Vanishing Line in Perspective Graphics......Page 3067
4.1 Sunrise, Sunset, and Seeing the Horizon......Page 3068
4.2 Landscape vs. Proximity......Page 3069
4.3 Horizon as an Occluding Edge......Page 3070
4.4 Horizon as the Outline of a Topographic Silhouette......Page 3071
5 Summary and Future Work......Page 3073
References......Page 3074
159 Cognitive Map-Making of Long-Distance Transhumance: The Royal Drove Road of Cuenca, Spain......Page 3075
1 Introduction......Page 3076
2 Representations and Non-representational Theory (NRT)......Page 3079
3 Cognitive Maps and Cognitive Map-Making......Page 3080
4 Departure from Jaén......Page 3081
5 Entering La Mancha......Page 3084
6 Land Consolidation in Cuenca......Page 3086
7 Arriving to Teruel......Page 3088
8 Discussion......Page 3090
9 Summary and Conclusion......Page 3094
References......Page 3095
160 ``Reading a River´´ Through Google Scholar Hyperlinks: Comparing Four Major International River Systems......Page 3097
1 How to Read Rivers......Page 3099
2 Idiographic Knowledge......Page 3102
3 Cartographic Knowledge......Page 3112
4 Nomothetic Knowledge......Page 3113
References......Page 3116
161 Landscape as a Language Without Words......Page 3119
1 The Idea of Landscape......Page 3121
2 Landscape as Language......Page 3122
3 Reading Landscapes......Page 3123
4 The Language of Landscape and Its Grammar......Page 3125
5 Imported Grammars and Pidgin Landscapes......Page 3126
6 A Pattern Language and Transformational Grammar......Page 3127
7 The Language of Landscape in the Age of the Electronic Media......Page 3128
References......Page 3131
162 Graffiti as Communication and Language......Page 3133
1 Introduction......Page 3134
2 Perspectives on Graffiti......Page 3135
3 The Emergence of Modern Graffiti......Page 3138
4 Graffiti and the Media......Page 3139
5 Types of Graffiti and Street Art......Page 3140
6 The Buff......Page 3147
References......Page 3148
163 Power of Language in Mass Tourism: Narrative Strategies of Finnish Tourist Guides......Page 3151
1 Introduction......Page 3152
2 The Power of Language in Mass Tourism......Page 3153
3 Narrative Method and Guide Interviews in Crete......Page 3154
4 Categorizing Mass Tourism......Page 3155
5 Examples of Specific Client Cases, Places, and the Imaginative Citations......Page 3156
6 Talking About ``My Life´´......Page 3158
7 Conclusions......Page 3160
References......Page 3161
164 Reading the Landscape in Antler, North Dakota: Repeat Photography in an Atrophying Northern Plains Town......Page 3162
1 Introduction......Page 3163
2 Antler, North Dakota......Page 3165
3 Reading the Landscape......Page 3166
4 Precursors to Decline......Page 3167
5 Methods......Page 3169
6.2 Odd Fellows Hall, Firehouse/Jail, and Presbyterian Church......Page 3170
6.3 Public School House......Page 3172
6.4 Methodist Episcopal Church and 1911 Twister......Page 3174
6.6 Main Street of Antler......Page 3175
6.8 Antler Creek Bridge......Page 3176
6.9 Original Monument/Cairn......Page 3177
6.10 Antler Picnic Grounds......Page 3178
7 Discussion......Page 3179
8 Conclusion......Page 3180
References......Page 3182
165 Visualizing the Languages of Nature, Society, Power, and Politics in Contemporary Kazakhstan......Page 3185
1 Introduction......Page 3186
2 Visualizing Language......Page 3187
3.1 Almaty Metro......Page 3188
3.2 Almaty City Seal......Page 3190
3.3 Northern Aral Sea......Page 3192
4 Common Languages......Page 3194
5 Conclusion......Page 3195
References......Page 3196
166 New York Chinatown Now and Then: Tracing Its Changing Images Through Literature......Page 3199
1 Introduction......Page 3200
2.1 Pre-World War II: Ethnocentricity and Racialization......Page 3202
2.2 World War II-1990: Assimilation or Not?......Page 3204
2.3 Post-1990: Globalization, Decentralization, and Differentiation......Page 3206
3 Conclusion and Discussion......Page 3208
References......Page 3209
Part XIX: Language, Environment, and Ecology......Page 3212
167 Reading the ``State of the Planet´´ Through United Nations Stamp Issues......Page 3213
1 Introduction......Page 3214
2 Stamps and Visualization......Page 3215
3 UN Stamps......Page 3216
3.1 Major Themes of UN Stamps......Page 3218
3.2 Related Themes: Countries on UN Map Stamps......Page 3223
4 Discussion......Page 3225
5 Summary......Page 3231
References......Page 3232
168 Language of the Weather Map......Page 3235
2 Drawing Lines to Give Shape to the Map......Page 3239
5 Norwegian Cyclone Model......Page 3240
7 The Surface Map and Its Counterpart Aloft......Page 3242
8 Weather Aloft......Page 3243
10 The Observation Network of Today......Page 3246
11 Satellites Add Another Perspective......Page 3247
12 Monitoring and Naming Storms......Page 3248
13 Satellite Images Complementing Weather Maps......Page 3250
14 Satellite Imaging in Multi-spectra......Page 3251
15 Global Weather Based on Satellite Images......Page 3252
16 Radar: Radio Detection and Ranging......Page 3253
17 Computer Models......Page 3254
18 Maps and Graphics from Computer Models......Page 3255
20 Lightning Maps, Creating a New Language......Page 3256
21 The Evolving Languages of Maps Applied to Weather......Page 3257
References......Page 3258
169 Anthropocene Discourse: Geopolitics After Environment......Page 3260
1 Origins and Dispersals......Page 3261
2 Starting Points......Page 3262
3 Proliferating Terms......Page 3265
4 Good or Bad Anthropocene......Page 3267
5 Geography......Page 3269
6 After Environment......Page 3270
References......Page 3271
170 Climate Science Language in US Secondary School Student Textbooks, 2002-2012......Page 3274
1 Introduction......Page 3275
2 K-12 Science and Climate Change Education......Page 3276
3.2 Textbook Rubric......Page 3278
4.2 Table of Contents and Chapters......Page 3280
5 Textbook Analysis Discussion......Page 3283
5.2 Table of Contents and Chapters......Page 3284
6 Conclusion......Page 3288
References......Page 3289
171 Islands Speaking the Climate Change Language......Page 3292
1 Introduction: Importance of Narratives in Climate Negotiations......Page 3293
2.1 Negotiating Coalitions of Island States......Page 3296
2.2 Construction and Influence of the Island Narrative......Page 3299
3.1 The Specific Climate Risks of SIDS......Page 3301
3.2 The Isola Effect or Why Islands Share a Common Environmental Identity......Page 3302
4 Conclusion......Page 3303
References......Page 3304
172 The Language of Australian Human-Ecological Relationship: Identity, Place, and Landscape......Page 3306
1 Background......Page 3307
2 Power of Language......Page 3308
3 Relationship of Language and Nature......Page 3309
4.1 Biophilia......Page 3311
4.2 Ngurra......Page 3312
5 Place......Page 3313
5.1 Place Theories: Cynefin and Solastalgia......Page 3314
6 Reframing Nature: Inverting the Mandala......Page 3315
7 Conclusion......Page 3316
References......Page 3317
173 Language Issues in Weather Forecasts, Reporting, and Climate Change......Page 3321
1.1 Understanding Language......Page 3322
1.3 Climate Change and Variability Communication......Page 3323
1.5 Language and Climate Change Communication......Page 3324
2.1 Misconceptions in Weather, Climate, and Climate Change......Page 3325
2.3 The Role and Influence of Language on our Perception about Weather and Climate Change and on Communication Thereof......Page 3329
3 Conclusion......Page 3330
4 Recommendations: Bridging the Weather Reporting and Climate Change Communication Gap......Page 3331
References......Page 3332
174 Knowledge, Language, and Antarctica: Teaching, Studying, and Theorizing at the Ends of the Earth......Page 3335
2 Looking South......Page 3336
3 Defining Antarctica......Page 3338
4 Naming Places and Placing Names......Page 3340
5 Framing Antarctica......Page 3341
6 Chasing the Ice: Locating Antarctic Resources......Page 3344
7 Classroom Antarctica: Key Educational Programs......Page 3345
8 Future Directions......Page 3349
References......Page 3350
Part XX: Teaching and Learning Languages......Page 3354
175 Kazakh Transnational Multiliteracies: Building Intergenerational Communities of Learning......Page 3355
1.1 The Effects of Political Change on Language......Page 3356
2 Preschool Learning and Sociocultural Aspects of Emergent Learning......Page 3359
3 Communities of Learning and Intergenerational Knowledge Transmission......Page 3361
4 Methodology......Page 3363
5 Results......Page 3366
6 Observations......Page 3368
7 Active Global Entertainment......Page 3369
8 Inactive and Active Sociocultural Learning......Page 3370
9 Discussion......Page 3371
11 Current and Future Studies......Page 3372
References......Page 3374
176 Frank Laubach and Ruth Colvin: The Global Reach of Local Literacy Sponsors......Page 3376
1 Frank Laubach and His Lightning Literacy......Page 3378
2 Colvin´s Literacy of the Interpersonal......Page 3383
3 Global Reach from Syracuse, New York......Page 3385
3.1 Phonics and Whole Language......Page 3386
3.2 Sponsoring Systems and Individual Tutors......Page 3388
3.3 The Long Reach of the Local......Page 3390
References......Page 3391
177 Rise of Online Higher Education, Global English Collisions, and the Academic American English Dialect......Page 3393
1 Introduction......Page 3394
2.1 Which Rules, Now?......Page 3396
3 The Importance of Self-Identification......Page 3397
4 Institutional Standardization......Page 3398
4.1 Style and Formatting Systems......Page 3399
4.2 Plagiarism, Originality, and Citation......Page 3400
4.3 Gateway Skills and Knowledge......Page 3402
4.3.1 A Well-Rounded Schedule of Supplemental Instruction......Page 3403
4.3.3 Who Teaches the Workshops......Page 3404
4.4 Toward a Dialect Called Academic American English......Page 3405
5 Conclusion......Page 3406
References......Page 3407
178 Language Passports: The Multilayered Linguistic Repertoires of Multilingual Pupils in Flanders, Belgium......Page 3410
1 Introduction......Page 3411
2 Language Passports......Page 3412
2.2 Measures......Page 3413
3 Data Analysis......Page 3414
4.1 In General......Page 3415
4.2 Evidence of Translanguaging Practices......Page 3416
4.3 Repertoires and Emotions......Page 3417
4.4 So-called Monolinguals......Page 3418
4.5 Preferences......Page 3419
5 Discussion......Page 3420
Appendix: Instructions for Language Passports......Page 3422
References......Page 3423
179 Teaching Brazilian Sign Language in Higher Education Through Virtual Practices......Page 3425
1 Introduction......Page 3426
2 The Challenges of Teaching and Learning LIBRAS......Page 3428
3 Virtual Games in the Context of Brazilian Sign Language Classes......Page 3429
4 Methodological Approach and the Context of the LIBRAS Classroom......Page 3432
5 The Process of Teaching and Learning Through Games in LIBRAS......Page 3433
6 Conclusion......Page 3438
References......Page 3439
180 Language Games Children Play: Language Invention in a Montessori Primary School......Page 3441
1 Why Secret Languages in the Classroom?......Page 3442
2 From Planned Languages to Secret Languages......Page 3443
3 Sounds and Letters......Page 3445
4 Nouns and Their Relatives......Page 3447
5 Verbs and Management of Actions......Page 3449
7 Secret Languages for Poetry and Magic......Page 3450
References......Page 3453
181 Playing with Language in Multilingual Classrooms: From ``Shoes´´ to ``Sjoes´´......Page 3455
1 Introduction......Page 3456
2 Collecting Words......Page 3457
3 The Language Network......Page 3459
4 Language Mapping......Page 3461
5 Playing with Sounds and Letters......Page 3463
5.1 Language Families......Page 3464
5.2 Verbs of Motion......Page 3466
5.3 Writing Systems......Page 3467
5.4 Performing......Page 3468
References......Page 3471
182 Writing Children´s Geography Books: Challenges, Experiences, and Observations......Page 3473
2 Children and the Media......Page 3474
3 Tell a Fascinating Story......Page 3475
4 Illustrations and Narrative Complexity Help......Page 3476
5 For Whom Are You Writing?......Page 3479
6 Humor......Page 3480
7 How to Describe Unfamiliar Places......Page 3481
8 Respect the Historical Period......Page 3482
9 The Importance of Providing Background......Page 3483
10 The Stigma of the Genius and Hard Work......Page 3484
References......Page 3485
183 Language Preservation Through Curricular Activities: A Case Study of Javanese Language in Indonesia......Page 3487
1 Introduction......Page 3488
2 Foreign Languages and the Indonesian Language in Context......Page 3489
4 Brief Review on Javanese Language......Page 3490
5 This Study......Page 3491
6 Teaching Language Through Cultural Activities......Page 3492
8 Speaking and Writing in Javanese Language......Page 3493
9 Singing and Playing Javanese Songs, Dances, and Musical Instruments......Page 3494
11 Challenges in Teaching Javanese Language and Culture......Page 3495
12 Concluding Remark......Page 3496
References......Page 3497
184 Translanguaging and Language Ideologies in Education: Northern and Southern Perspectives......Page 3498
1 Introduction......Page 3499
2 Translanguaging: Developments and Definitions......Page 3500
3 Translanguaging as Language Ideology......Page 3502
4 Translanguaging and Education: An Exploration of Selected Studies......Page 3503
5 Translanguaging in the Early Years......Page 3504
6 Translanguaging in the Secondary School......Page 3505
7 Translanguaging in Higher Education......Page 3506
8 Translanguaging and Language Ideologies in Education......Page 3508
References......Page 3509
185 Challenges of (Global) Migration for Language Policies and Language Teaching......Page 3513
1 On the Misery, Mystery, and Mastery of Foreign Language Teaching......Page 3514
2 National Languages as Policy Instruments......Page 3516
3 Lingua Cultura Versus Lingua Franca Policies......Page 3517
5 Cultural Capital Policies......Page 3519
6 Toward a Pragmatic Orientation of Language Policies......Page 3521
7 Benefits of Pragmatic Language Policies......Page 3522
8 Parameters of Pragmatic Language Policies......Page 3523
References......Page 3525
Web Pages......Page 3526
186 Language and Education Quality in Kyrgyzstan: Demographic and Geographic Analysis of National Scholarship Test Results......Page 3527
1 Education During the Soviet Era......Page 3528
3 Higher Education in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan......Page 3529
5 Content of National Scholarship Test......Page 3530
6 Examples from the English Subject Test......Page 3531
7 Quota Categories......Page 3532
9 Grant Distribution......Page 3533
10 Variables Affecting National Scholarship Testing Scores and Impact......Page 3535
References......Page 3538
Part XXI: Language and Technology......Page 3540
187 Loosening the Linkages Between Language and the Land......Page 3541
1 Language and Geography......Page 3542
2 English in East Asia......Page 3543
3 The Technological Infrastructure of the Internet......Page 3545
4 English and Technology in Africa......Page 3547
5 A Study in Contrasts: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and South Korea......Page 3549
6 English as a Worldwide Phenomenon......Page 3550
7 Conclusion......Page 3551
References......Page 3552
188 Maps Ranking Countries as Innovators in Information and Communication Technologies, and Creativity......Page 3556
1 Introduction......Page 3557
2 The Global Innovation Index......Page 3559
3 Contents of Reports Since 2011: Keywords in Titles......Page 3560
4 The 2018 Global Innovation Index......Page 3562
5 Classifying Innovations......Page 3564
6 Ranking and Mapping Innovations......Page 3565
7 Where We Go from Here......Page 3576
References......Page 3577
189 Learning Geography Through Mobile Gaming......Page 3579
1 Introduction......Page 3580
2 Brief History of Education and Video Games......Page 3581
3 Inspiration for the Project......Page 3582
4 About Ingress......Page 3583
5 Methodology......Page 3584
6 Benefits......Page 3585
7 Other Benefits......Page 3587
8 Potential Biases......Page 3588
9 Conclusions......Page 3589
References......Page 3590
190 Sustainability of Ethnic Groups in Vojvodina, Serbia: Role of Social Media......Page 3592
1 Introduction......Page 3593
2 Social Networks: The (Un)Necessary Phenomenon......Page 3594
3 Research Design......Page 3597
4.1 History of Migration......Page 3598
4.2 Ethnic Composition at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century......Page 3601
5 Results and Discussion......Page 3603
6 Conclusions......Page 3608
References......Page 3609
191 Defining the Geographic and Policy Dynamics of the Digital Divide......Page 3612
1 Reexamining the Digital Divide......Page 3613
2 Geographic Underpinnings of the Digital Divide......Page 3614
3 Implications......Page 3616
4 Reexamining Mainstream Conceptualizations of the Digital Divide in Light of Geographic Disparities of Internet Access......Page 3617
5 Challenging Mainstream Notions of ICTs......Page 3618
6 The Digital Divide and Cyberspace......Page 3621
7 Policy Implications of Conceptualizing the Digital Divide......Page 3624
References......Page 3626
192 Mapping Language in the Age of GIS......Page 3631
2 What Is Language Mapping?......Page 3632
3 Use Cases for Language Maps......Page 3635
4 The Spatial Distribution of Language in the Twenty-First Century......Page 3636
5 The Use Cases in GIS......Page 3637
6 Conclusion......Page 3639
References......Page 3640
193 Minority Language Communities and the Web in Italy......Page 3641
1 Introduction......Page 3642
2 New Technologies and Minority Language Communities......Page 3643
3 Ladin and Arbëreshë People in the Geography of Italian Language Diversity......Page 3646
4 Analysis of Web Narratives and Connections......Page 3649
5 Patterns of Representation and e-Socialization in Facebook......Page 3655
6 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 3656
References......Page 3658
194 Multidimensional Mapping and Spatial Communication Through the Virtual Umwelt......Page 3661
1 Maps for Communication......Page 3662
2 Thin Maps-Deep Maps and Spatial Stories......Page 3665
3 The Virtual Umwelt and the Semiotic World of Immersive Multidimensional Mapping......Page 3668
4 Conclusion......Page 3673
References......Page 3674
195 Visualizing Regional Language Variation Across Europe on Twitter......Page 3677
1 Introduction......Page 3678
2.1 Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing......Page 3679
2.2 Map-Based Dialect Research......Page 3682
3.1 Source Data......Page 3684
3.2 Preprocessing......Page 3685
4 Visualization......Page 3688
5 Cases......Page 3689
6 Challenges and Discussion......Page 3695
References......Page 3697
196 REDE SprachGIS: A Geographic Information System for Linguists......Page 3701
1 Introduction......Page 3702
2.2 Linguistic Dynamics Approach......Page 3705
4 The Repository......Page 3707
4.1 Cartographic Corpus......Page 3708
4.2 Wenker Questionnaire Corpus......Page 3711
4.3 Speech Recording Corpus......Page 3712
4.4 Visualization of the Variation-Linguistic Spectra Using Dialectal Measurement......Page 3715
5.1 Map Elements and Character Sets......Page 3717
5.2 Cartographic Examples: Redrawing Maps......Page 3718
5.3 Cartographic Examples: Map Visualization by Data Import......Page 3719
5.4 Cartographic Examples: Survey Net......Page 3721
6 Possibilities for Publication in REDE......Page 3723
6.2 Syntax des Alemannischen (SynAlm)......Page 3724
7 Closing Remarks......Page 3725
References......Page 3727
197 Wikipedia: Mirror, Microcosm, and Motor of Global Linguistic Diversity......Page 3730
1 Introduction......Page 3731
2 Linguistic and Political Geographies of Wikipedia......Page 3732
3.1 A Plurality of Wikipedias......Page 3734
3.2 Multilingualism on Display......Page 3736
3.3 Multilingualism in Practice......Page 3740
4 Wikipedia as a Microcosm......Page 3744
4.1 Negotiating Multilingualism......Page 3745
4.2 Creating a New Wikipedia: How to Make Your Language Count in the World......Page 3746
4.3 Disputes About Languages......Page 3749
5 Wikipedia as a Motor......Page 3752
References......Page 3754
Wikipedia and Other Wikimedia Sites Cited in the Text (Apart from the Language Versions) (All Last Accessed in the Summer of 2.........Page 3755
198 Writing the World in 301 Languages: A Political Geography of the Online Encyclopedia Wikipedia......Page 3757
2 Wikipedia Studies and Geography......Page 3758
3 A Short History of Wikipedia......Page 3759
4 How Wikipedia Works......Page 3761
5 Wikipedia as a Global Encyclopedia......Page 3764
6 Uneven Geographies of Wikipedia......Page 3765
7 Contested Geographies......Page 3772
7.1 Naming......Page 3773
7.2 Claiming......Page 3775
7.3 Framing......Page 3776
8 Conclusion......Page 3777
References......Page 3778
Other Websites......Page 3780
199 Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS): A Discourse Toward a Solution to Traditional GIS Challenges......Page 3781
1 Introduction......Page 3782
1.1 Marginalization-Empowerment Nexus of GIS: Power and Limitations of PGIS......Page 3785
2 Approaches/Methodologies to PGIS......Page 3786
3 Applications, Opportunities, Challenges, and the Future of PGIS......Page 3787
4 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 3788
References......Page 3789
200 Speech Synthesis: Text-To-Speech Conversion and Artificial Voices......Page 3792
1 Introduction......Page 3793
2 Text-to-Speech System Architecture......Page 3794
2.1 Text Analysis......Page 3795
2.2 Speech Synthesis......Page 3797
3 Resources......Page 3799
4 Applications of TTS Technology......Page 3800
5 Evaluation of Synthetic Speech......Page 3801
6 Further Modes in Artificial Speech Communication......Page 3803
7 TTS Across the World......Page 3804
8 Conclusions......Page 3805
References......Page 3806
201 Multiculturalism and Multilingualism in the Digital World: Toward the Democratic Access to Information in the Periphery......Page 3807
1 Horizon: Presentation......Page 3808
2 Democratic Access to Information......Page 3809
3 Digital World in a Monolingual Country with More than 274 Languages......Page 3811
4 Sharing a Proposal to Work with Multilingualism in a Digital World in Post-colonial Situations......Page 3813
5 Humanities and Research for Mutual Well-Being......Page 3815
References......Page 3816
Part XXII: Translation......Page 3818
202 Uneven Geographies of Foreign Language Translations, Classes, and Interpreters in Capital and Gateway Cities......Page 3819
1 Introduction......Page 3820
2 Current Language Map......Page 3821
3 Constructing the Contemporary Map......Page 3822
4 Three Measures of Language Diversity......Page 3823
5 Conceptual Framework......Page 3824
6 Literature Bases......Page 3825
7 Data Sources and Methodology......Page 3827
8 Translations of Books and Articles......Page 3830
9 Foreign Language Classes in Capital Cities......Page 3832
10 Foreign Language Classes in Gateway Cities......Page 3833
11 Foreign Language Interpreters......Page 3835
12 Summary and Research Opportunities......Page 3837
References......Page 3840
203 Autonomous, Algorithmic, Simultaneous Translation Systems in the Glocal Village: Consequences and Paradoxical Outcomes......Page 3843
1 Introduction......Page 3844
2.2 Translation ``Perfection´´......Page 3845
2.3 Translating Communication Modes: Problems and Technological Fixes......Page 3846
2.4 Translation in a World of Endangered Languages......Page 3848
2.5 Translation and Interpretation......Page 3849
2.6 The Massification of Translation......Page 3850
3.1 Between Linguistic Diversity and Homogeneity......Page 3851
3.2 International Politics and Economics......Page 3852
3.4 Crime, Disinformation, and Terrorism......Page 3854
3.5 Journalism......Page 3855
3.6 Linguistic Evolution......Page 3856
4.2 Translating the Nonhuman World......Page 3857
5 Conclusion......Page 3858
References......Page 3859
204 Folktales and Printed Translations Across the Indian Subcontinent: The Travelling Tales of Niret Guru......Page 3862
1.1 The Maiden Journey of Niret Guru Through Print Media and Subsequent Translations......Page 3864
2 Discussion......Page 3869
3 Conclusion......Page 3872
References......Page 3873
205 Language and Translation Policies Toward Minority Languages in China and the USA......Page 3874
1 Introduction......Page 3875
2 A Brief Historical Account of Language and Translation Policies in China and the USA......Page 3877
3.1 Language and Translation Management in the Judiciary......Page 3881
3.2 Language and Translation Practices in the Judiciary......Page 3884
3.3 Language and Translation Beliefs in the Judiciary......Page 3885
4 Looking into the Future......Page 3886
References......Page 3887
206 Predictive Turn in Translation Studies: Review and Prospects......Page 3890
1 Introduction......Page 3891
2.1 Modelling Translation Tasks and Strategies......Page 3894
2.2 Predicting Translation Efficiency......Page 3895
2.3 Modelling Translation Difficulty and Expertise......Page 3899
2.4 Predicting Translation Phases......Page 3901
3 Predicting Human Resource Implications in the Digital Age......Page 3904
4 Future Perspectives......Page 3906
References......Page 3908
207 Emergence of the Latin Alphabet in Soviet Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Brief History......Page 3913
2 History......Page 3914
3 Implementation......Page 3915
4 Implications......Page 3918
References......Page 3919
208 Bible Translation as Science......Page 3920
2 The Science of Bible Translation......Page 3921
3 Bible Translation: Introspection and Extrospection......Page 3923
4 Bible Translation: Translation Studies......Page 3925
5 The Mandate for Bible Translation as a Science......Page 3927
6 Turkish: A Short History of Turkish Bible Translations......Page 3928
7 Future Prospects......Page 3929
References......Page 3930
Bible Translations......Page 3932
209 Science of Translation......Page 3934
2 Science and Translation......Page 3935
4 History of Translation......Page 3936
5 Placement and Specifications......Page 3938
6 Ethics in the Science of Translation......Page 3939
7 Theories of Translation......Page 3940
9 Translation Quality Assessment......Page 3941
10 Translationese......Page 3942
References......Page 3943
Part XXIII: Language and Product Branding......Page 3947
210 Branding of an Ethical Development Narrative: Fair Trade, Gender, and Peru´s Café Femenino......Page 3948
1 Introduction......Page 3949
2 Fair Trade and Its Limitations......Page 3950
3 The Gender Impact of Fair Trade......Page 3952
4 Women-Only Cooperatives: The Rise of Café Femenino in the Northern Andes of Peru......Page 3955
5 Problems with Branding Fair Trade´s Development Language......Page 3959
References......Page 3960
211 Geographic Language of Wine Labels: Libations, Land, and Labels......Page 3963
1 Italy......Page 3964
2 France......Page 3968
3 Germany......Page 3971
4 United States of America......Page 3973
5 Australia......Page 3975
6 Summary......Page 3976
References......Page 3977
Further Reading......Page 3978
212 Mutating and Contested Languages of Wine: Heard on the Grapevine......Page 3979
2 The Languages of Tasting Wine......Page 3980
3 The Languages of Wine Professionals and ``Amateurs´´......Page 3984
4 Wine Language, Social Hierarchy, and Community......Page 3988
5 Towards Hyper-Specificity......Page 3990
6 The Languages of Selling Wine......Page 3994
7 Conclusion......Page 4001
References......Page 4002
213 Spread of Flower Symbolism: From the Victorian Language of Flowers to Modern Flower Emoji......Page 4005
1 Flower Symbolism......Page 4006
1.1 Folklore, Mythology, and Religion......Page 4007
1.2 Flower Calendars......Page 4008
2.1 ``The Language of Flowers´´......Page 4009
2.2 The Literary Almanac......Page 4010
3 Sources of Flower Symbolism......Page 4012
4 Use of Flower Symbolism......Page 4019
5 Recent Trends in England and North America......Page 4020
6 Cultural and Geographical Difference in Flower Symbolism......Page 4025
7 Summary......Page 4026
Books Mentioned in the Text......Page 4027
214 Craft Breweries and Adaptive Reuse in the USA: The Use and Reuse of Space and Language......Page 4029
1 Introduction......Page 4030
2 Adaptive Reuse......Page 4031
3 Craft Breweries and Adaptive Reuse......Page 4033
4.1 Case Study 1: The Church Brew Works, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania......Page 4035
4.2 Case Study 2: Old Firehouse Brewery, Williamsburg, Ohio......Page 4038
4.3 Case Study 3: Jailhouse Brewing Company, Hampton, Georgia......Page 4040
5 Adaptive Reuse, Craft Brewing, and Language: A Summary......Page 4042
References......Page 4043
215 The Semiofoodscape of Wine: The Changing Global Landscape of Wine Culture and the Language of Making, Selling, and Drinkin.........Page 4048
1 Introduction......Page 4049
2 Theoretical Foundation......Page 4050
3 Background......Page 4051
4 Making Wine......Page 4058
5 Selling Wine......Page 4067
6 Drinking Wine......Page 4073
7 Conclusion......Page 4084
References......Page 4085
Index......Page 4091