Handbook of Technology Application in Tourism in Asia

Contents
About the Editor
About the Authors
Contributors
Introduction
Part I: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Concepts and Applications
1 Technology Application in the Tourism Industry in Asia: Theories and Practices
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Why Apply Technologies?
Advertising and Promotion
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Procedure
Competitive Benefits
Change in the Tourism Industry with Technology Applications
Major Examples in Asia Applying Technologies in the Tourism Industry
India
China
Sri Lanka
Japan
Hong Kong
Maldives
Indonesia
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Vietnam
Thailand
Information Technology in Tourism Education
Conclusion
References
2 Information and Communication Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry
Introduction
Computer Reservation Systems and Global Distribution Systems
ICT and Travel Intermediaries
ICT and Airlines
ICT and Surface Transport
ICT and Hospitality
ICT and Tourist Experience
ICT and Destination Management
ICT and Sustainable Tourism
New Trends in ICT and Tourism
Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR and VR)
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Language
Chatbot
Facial Recognition
Robot
Social Media Listening Tools
Internet of Things
Personalization
Real-Time Information
In-Flight Experience
Streamlined Operations
Safety and Security
Tourist Experience
Maintenance
Voice Technology
Wi-Fi Connectivity
Wearable Technology
Mobile Apps
Redefining Travel with Big Data Analytics
Personalization
Competitive Differentiation
Improving Pricing Strategy
Improving Marketing Strategy
Real-Time Assistance
Ability to Meet Future Needs
Blockchain Technology
5G Technology
Digital Divide in Tourism
Conclusion
References
3 The Internet Influences Asian Tourism
Introduction
Management of Innovative Culture
Research Analysis on the Asian Market
Malaysia
Indonesia
South Korea
Philippines
Conclusion
References
Part II: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Marketing Contexts
4 Technology in Tourism Marketing
Introduction
Industrial Revolutions and Tourism
Digital Transformation and the Impact of Internet in Tourism
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Tourism
Social Networks in Tourism
Smart Tourism and Tourism 4.0
New Technological Trends in Tourism
Internet of Things (IoT)
Big Data
Cloud Computing
Near-Field Communication (NFC)
Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mix Reality (MR)
Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain, and Creative Business Models
Artificial Intelligence and Robot Technologies
Examples of Smart Tourism Technologies
Smart Restaurants
Smart Guest Rooms
Smart Conference Rooms
Smart Tours
Drones
Chatbot (Chat Box)
iBeacons
Kiosks
Websites
Mobile Application
Mobile Payment
Smart Environment
Innovation in Tourism Marketing
Digital Marketing and Digital Marketing Tools in Tourism
Social Network Marketing
Social Media Marketing
Buzz Marketing
Viral Marketing
e-WOM Marketing
Influencer Marketing
Mobile Marketing
E-mail Marketing
Affiliate Marketing
Search Engine Marketing (SEM-SEA-SEO)
Digital Content Marketing
Pay per Click Advertising (PPC)
Online Advertising
Online Display Advertising (ODA)
Game Advertising (In-Game Advertising)
Omni-channel Digital Marketing
Online Marketing and Virtual Support Assistants
Future Trends in Tourism Marketing
Conclusion
References
5 Digital Marketing and Digital Marketing Applications in the Asian Tourism Industry
Introduction
The Journey of Marketing to Digital and 4Ps
Digital Marketing Applications
Search Engine Marketing
Content Marketing
Influencer Marketing
Omni-Channel Marketing
Digital Marketing Applications in the Asian Tourism Industry
Conclusion
References
6 Travel Agency Tourist Tracking System
Introduction
Background
Findings and Discussions
Conclusion
References
Part III: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Customer Perceptions
7 Generation Y´s Perception of Travel Mobile Applications
Introduction
Travel Mobil Applications
Background
Performance Expectancy
Social Influence
Facilitating Conditions
Mobile Application
Respondent Demographic Profile (Table 7.2)
Perception of Travel Mobile Application
Performance Expectancy
Effort Expectancy
Social Influence
Facilitating Condition
Conclusion
References
8 Factors Influencing Tourist Perception on GrabCar Ride-Sharing Application Services
Introduction
Background
Measurement
Profile of Respondents
Profile of Respondents
Perceived Reliability on Application
Convenient Booking
Cheaper Fare on Application
Quality
Intention to Ride
Descriptive Statistic (Perceived Reliability on Cheaper Fare on Application, Application, Quality, Convenient Booking, and Int...
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Decision-Making
9 Semantic-Based Technology in Shaping the Strategy of Tourism in Malaysia
Introduction
Tourism Industry in Malaysia
Tourist Source of Information
Tourists Spending Pattern
Tourist and Tourism Industry
The Landscape of Internet Use and Its Trends in Malaysia
Internet Users in Malaysia
Devices, Sites, and Applications Accessed by Internet Users in Malaysia
Types of Online Activities Accessed by Internet Users in Malaysia
Semantic-Based Technology
Application of Semantic Web
Semantic Web Components
Technology and Tourism Industry in Malaysia
Semantic Web as Recommender Tools in the Tourism Industry
Identification of Approach (Classical Approach and Non-classical Approach)
Establishment of the Data Model
The Need for Semantic Technology for the Tourism Industry in Malaysia
Conclusion
References
Part V: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Experience
10 The Impact of Technology Applications in Tourists´ Experiences
Introduction
The Concept of Experience
The Elements of Psychological, Economic, and Sociological Experience
Psychological Basis of Experience
Economic Basis of Experience
Sociological Basis of Experience
Experiential Value
Experiential Value Models
Pine and Gilmore´s Experiential Value Model
Schmitt´s Experiential Value Model
Aho´s Experiential Value Model
Emotional Impact
Information
Developing Talents
Realization of Change
The Stages of Customer Experience
Consumption Experience
Product Experience
Service Experience
Tourism/Tourist Experiences
The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism
Social Media
Mobile Applications
Virtual Reality (VR)
Augmented Reality (AR)
Gamification
Recommender Systems
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Customer Relations
11 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Customer Relations
Introduction
Concept of Customer Relations
Components of Customer Relationship
Human
Process
Technology
CRM and Types of Customer Relationship Management
Analytical CRM
Operational CRM
Strategic CRM
Collaborative CRM
The Importance of Customer Relations in the Tourism Industry
Factors That Ensure Customer Relatons Applications to Be Successful in Tourism Business
Literature of Writing for Customer Relations in Tourism Business
The Importance of Technology in Customer Relations
Technology Applications in Customer Relations in Tourism
Examples of Technology Applications in Customer Relations in the Asian Tourism Industry
Using Artificial Intelligence and Robots in Customer Relations in Hospitality Enterprises, Singapore
The Internet of Things in Customer Relations in Hospitality Enterprises in Japan
The Internet of Things in Customer Relations in Airlines, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates
Big Data Analysis in Customer Relations in North Korea
Blockchain-Based Loyalty Programs in Customer Relations in Dubai
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Loyalty
12 Creating Loyal Customers with Digital Marketing Applications: The 5A Model
Introduction
Customer Loyalty
The New Customer Path: From AIDA to 5A
Digital Subcultures
Four Basic Skills in Building Loyalty in the Digital Age
Automation
Proactive Personalization
Contextual Interaction
Journey Innovation
Digital Marketing Applications in the Asian Tourism Industry
Conclusion
References
13 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Loyalty
Introduction
Tourist Loyalty
Importance of Tourist Loyalty
Key Factors Effective in Providing Tourist Loyalty
Loyalty Types
Cognitive Loyalty
Emotional Loyalty
Behaviorally Progressive Loyalty
Operational Loyalty
Approaches in Loyalty
Behavioral Approach
Attitude Approach
Unified (Mixed) Loyalty Approach
Loyalty Levels
No Loyalty
Spurious Loyalty
Latent Loyalty
Absolute (Strong) Loyalty
Tools That Can Be Used in Creating Tourist Loyalty
Relational Marketing
Information Technologies and Data-Based Marketing
Loyalty Programs
Loyalty Cards
Customer Clubs
Frequency Programs
Technology Practices Providing Tourist Loyalty in and Around the Asian Tourism Industry
Application 1: The Reztoran, Turkey
Reservation in Reztoran
Reztoran Loyalty Program
Application 2: Miles & Smiles, Turkey
Earning Miles with Miles & Smiles
Miles & Smiles Loyalty Program
Application 3: Yatra.com, India
Yatra eCash Loyalty Program
Application 4: Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), India
IRCTC Package Tours
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), Shubh Yatra Loyalty Program
Application 5: ONYX Hospitality Group, Thailand
ONYX Rewards Loyalty Program
Application 6: Vega Izmailovo Hotel and Convention Center, Moscow, Russia
Conclusion
References
Part VIII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Behavior
14 Paper to Paperless: Adoption of Digital Examination and Behavioral Intention Among Tourism Students
Introduction
Conventional Versus Innovative Practice in Student Evaluation
Digital Innovation for Sustainable Higher Education
Technology Adoption
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Testing of Hypotheses
Discussion and Implications
References
Part IX: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Aviation Industry
15 Technology Application Usage in Aviation Industry in Asia
Introduction
Innovation and Innovative Technology
Technological Innovations in Aviation Industry
Types of Technology Used in Aviation Industry
Use of Technology in Aviation Industry in Asia
Technology Used in Aircraft
Flight Management System
Fuel-Efficient Technologies: Flexible Navigation System, Winglets, COO, and CDO
Biometric
Virtual Reality
Cloud Solutions
BAGTAG Device
Onboard Translation Technology
Augmented Reality
Internet of Things
Unassisted Baggage Drop
BlipTrack
B4 you Board and FlySmart
Mobile Passport Control for Declaration of Customs
Indoors
Driverless Airport Shuttle
Brake to Vacate Technology (BTV)
Hybrid Electric Propulsion
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
Transponder SSR
Mode C and Mode S Transponder
Electronic Flight Instrument System
Inertial Reference System
Flight Director
Beacon Technology in Airport: Location-Based Information
Passenger Processing Solutions
Passport Kiosks
Three-Dimensional Screener for Bag Check: 3D CT Technology
Facial Recognition Technology
Backscatter X-Ray Scanner or Millimeter Wave Scanner
Explosives Trace Detection Machine/ETD
CLEAR´s Eye Scanner and Fingerprints for Speedy Check-Ins
Integrated Airport Command and Control Centers
Advanced Checkpoint Screening Technology
Robotics
Trax Watch
Common Use Gate System
Self-Cleaning Seats
Smart Gate System
QSuite
Tom Smart Faucets
Bunk Beds (Sleeping Berths in-Flight)
Advanced Aircraft Interior Technology
Full Fly by Wire
Emission Control
Visibility Measuring System (RVR)
Voice Check-in
Anti-Theft Baggage Technology
Deloitte and McLaren Digital Technology
Enhanced Video Analytics for Airport Operators
One Pilot Operation
Remote ATC: Budapest Airport
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast or Contract (ADS-B and ADS-C)
Dassault Falcon 8X
FaclonEye Combined Vision System
Cabin Systems
X-Tend Seats
Green Cabin
Family Seats
Advanced Noise Control Technology
One for all Concept
Digital Twin System
Self-Driving Wheelchairs
Drones as Maintenance Tools
Solar-Powered Airports
Solar-/Electric-Powered Aircrafts
Curvaceous Aircraft Design
Prescriptive Maintenance Looms
Detachable Cabins: Airbus
Other Technologies
Technology Usage in Aviation Industry in Asia
Conclusion
References
16 Tourism Policies and Technological Strategies Adopted by Airlines in Malaysia
Introduction
Background
Conclusion
References
17 Technological Development of Methods for Organisation of Airborne Meals in Airlines
Introduction
Concept of In-Flight Catering
History of Catering
In-Flight Catering Requirements
Characteristics of Activities of LLP ``Almaty Catering Services´´
Concept of Automation and Integrated Systems
Analysis
Participants
Interview
Participants
Observation
Observation Participants
Comparison
Comparison Participants
Findings
Analysis
Interview
Observation
Comparison (Table 17.6)
Theme 1. Old Building and Equipment
Themes 2 and 3. Unnecessary Use of Manual Labor and Manual Order Delivery to Departments
Theme 4. Computerization and Integrated Systems
Conclusion
References
Part X: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Destination Promotion
18 Technology and Destination Promotion in Asian Tourism: Challenges, Changes, and Bearing
Introduction
Place - Location - Destination
Concept
What Does Tourism Destination Imply?
Destination Promotion
Backdrop
Approaches
Perception
Tourism Destination Promotion in Asia: Agents and Their Roles, Tools, and Stages
Technology Innovations´ Bearings Over Changes in Tourism Destinations´ Promotion
General Perspective
Early Perspective
Modern Perspective
The Twenty-First-Century Perspective
Challenges
Conclusion
References
19 Promotion of Tourism Using Digital Technology: An Analysis of Kerala Tourism
Introduction
Smart Promotion of Destinations
Role of Social Media in COVID-19 Crisis Management
Smart Promotion of Tourism by Kerala Tourism
Official Website and Mobile App
Promotion on Social Media
Influencer Marketing: The Kerala Blog Express
Smart Crisis Management
Digital Destination Promotion by Private Tourism Operators
Conclusion
References
20 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Destination Promotion
Introduction
The Concept of Destination Promotion
The Importance of Technology in Destination Promotion
The Impact of Technology Usage in Destination Promotion
Digital Promoters of Destinations
The Earlier-Core Promoter: Destination Website (Web 1.0)
The New Trend Promoters: Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
The Near Future Promoters: Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things
Conclusion
References
Part XI: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Smart Tourism
21 Technology in Smart Tourism: Concepts and Applications
Introduction
Media in Information Technology
LTE and Wi-Fi
Near-Field Communication (NFC)
Protocol TCP/IP
Information Technology Infrastructure (ITI)
Artificial Intelligence
Augmented Reality Marketing (ARM)
Big Data
Blockchain
Cloud Computing
Chatbot
Emerging Technology
High-Performance Computing System
Internet of Things
Payment Gateway
Benefits of a Business Entity Using a Payment Gateway
Automatic Payments
Many Ways to Pay
Improve Brand
Recognition Technology
Wireless Connectivity
Information Technology (IT) in Tourism and Hospitality
Conclusion and Implications
References
22 Exploring Information Technology in Smart Tourism in Indonesia
Introduction
Discussions
Conclusion
References
Part XII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Smart City Involvement
23 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain in Smart City Involvement
Introduction
The Asian Tourism Industry
Technology Application and Tourism Industry
Benefits of Smart City Involvement in Tourism Industry
Cases
Case of Malaysia
Sunway City Kuala Lumpur as an Example of Smart Sustainable City
Challenges of Smart City Involvement in Tourism Industry
Future Technologies and Tourism Industry
Conclusion
References
24 Smart City Applications in Asian Capital Cities
Introduction
Concept of the Smart City
Elements of the Smart City
Smart Economy
Smart Citizen
Smart Governance
Smart Mobility
Smart Environment
Smart Living
The Smart City Technologies
Smart Transportation
Smart Security
Smart Energy
Smart Water
Smart Waste Management
Smart Buildings
Smart Health
Smart Education
Smart Economy
Smart Tourism
The Smart City Applications in the World
Evaluation of Asian Capitals
Conclusion
References
25 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Smart City Involvement
Introduction
Concept of Smart City
ICT Infrastructure
Integrated City Management Framework
Smart Users
Dimensions of Smart City
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Transportation
Smart Environment
Smart Services
Smart Governance
Smart People
Smart Life
Smart Economy
Use of Technology in Tourism Within Smart Cities
WSNs
The Internet of Things
Cloud Computing
SIS Computing
Big Data
Tourism in Asia
Smart Cities in Asia
Bangalore
Chongqing
Seoul
Singapore
Hong Kong
Conclusion and Some Suggestions
References
Part XIII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Cross Country Cases
26 Use of Innovative Technologies in the Promotion and Marketing of Asian Tourism Destinations: Sample of Turkey Destination
Introduction
Innovative Technologies Employed in Marketing and Branding of Turkey Destination
Use of Websites Among Innovative Technologies Used for Promotion and Marketing of Turkey Destination
Use of Social Media Tools in the Promotion and Marketing of Turkey Destination
Use of Websites in Promotion and Marketing Activities of Hospitality Businesses in Turkey
Use of Social Media Tools in Promotion and Marketing Activities of Hospitality Businesses in Turkey
Competitiveness of Using Innovative Technologies in Marketing of Turkey Destination
Conclusion
References
27 Technology Application in Turkey´s Tourism Industry
Introduction
Technology Application´s Examples
Mobile Devices (Smart Phone, Tablet, Computer, etc.) and Mobile Applications
Websites
Social Networks (Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, and Pinterest)
Location-Based Services
NFC (Near Field Communication)
Virtual Reality
Augmented Reality (AR)
Use of Technology in the Tourism Sector in Turkey
Historical and Natural Areas
Museums
Smart Destinations and Businesses
Hotel Examples
Website Examples
Airports
Conclusion
References
28 Medical Tourism and the Application of Technology
Introduction
Medical Tourism Versus Health Tourism
Medical Tourism and Destination Image
Medical Tourism and Mobility Across International Borders
Short Temporary Visits Abroad
Long-Term Residents
Common Borders
Outsourced Patients
Medical Tourism and Cross-Border
Medical Tourism and the Globalization Effects
Technology Application in Medical Tourism in Turkey
The Turkish Medical Tourism Experience for Asia
Overview (Fig. 28.1)
Conclusion
References
29 A Conceptual Framework for the Factors Affecting the Innovation Orientation of Syrian Construction Firms and the Indirect E...
Introduction
Syria
Background Information
Syrian Arab Republic´s Construction Industry
Syrian Arab Republic´s Tourism Industry
Innovation Orientation ``Creation vs Adoption´´
Justification for New Ideas
Innovation Function
Activities, Tools, and Approaches That Are Involved
Nature of Innovation
Digital Innovation´s Barriers
Technological Barriers
Financial Barriers
Management Barriers
Process Barriers
Psychological Barriers
Cultural Barriers
Environmental Barriers
Governmental Barriers
Firm Size as Moderator
Models of Research That Are Most Similar
The Primary Relationship´s Theoretical Rationale
Proposed Framework and Hypotheses
Summary and Conclusion
References
30 A Pilot Study on the Indirect Effect of Syrian Construction Firms´ Innovation Orientation on the Tourism Industry
Introduction
Syrian Arab Republic´s Construction Industry
Syrian Arab Republic´s Tourism Industry
Digital Innovation Barriers
Innovation Orientation ``Creation vs Adoption´´
Design of Research Methodology
Study Population
Sample Size
Survey´s Distribution Media
Survey´s Instrument
Measuring General Information
The Innovation Barrier Measurements
Innovation Orientation Measurements
Pilot Study
Summary and Conclusion
References
31 Technology Application in Medical Tourism in Malaysia
Introduction
Trends of the Global Medical Tourism Developments
Medical Tourism in Malaysia
Technology Applications in Medical Tourism Sector in Malaysia
The Hospital Information System (HIS)
The Websites
Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
Telehealth
Conclusion
References
32 The Rhapsody of Mobile Applications: A Case Study of Malaysian Travellers
Introduction
Technology Adoption in Tourism Industry
Mobile Applications in Tourism
E-Hailing
Klook
E-Wallet
Online Food Apps
Conclusion
References
33 Promoting Cultural Events in Indonesia Through Millennials: Lesson Learnt from Yogyakarta
Introduction
Who Is Generation Y?
Keraton of Yogyakarta (Royal Palace of Yogyakarta)
Cooperating with the Millennials
Confine Intertwine Concept of Yogyakarta
Lessons Learnt
Conclusion
References
34 Technology Application in the Hong Kong Tourism and Hospitality Industry
Introduction
Information Technology (IT) Applications
Online Marketing in Tourism Industry
Tourism in Hong Kong
Smart Tourism Concept
The Internet and Websites
Mobile Technology
Technology Adopted by the Hong Kong Tourism Board
Recent Activities in Some Hotels in Hong Kong
Use of Big Data in Hong Kong Tourism
Virtual Reality
Smart Rooms
Conclusion
References
35 Costs and Benefits of Adopting ICTs in Tourism Enterprises: Case study in Travel Agents and Tour Operators in Phnom Penh
Introduction
ICTs in Travel Agents and Tour Operators
Roles of ICTs in Tourism Enterprise
Cost Advantage
Product Leadership
Customer Focus
Business Process
Adopting ICTs in Tourism Enterprises
Factors Affecting ICT Adoption
Research Findings and Discussions
ICT Infrastructures and Their Functions
SWOT Analysis of ICT Adoption
Factors Affecting ICT Adoption
Conclusion and Implications
Implications
Adopt More ICTs into Organization and Operation
Reinvent Structure into EC-able Intermediary
Utilize More Digital Marketing
Stay Alert to Alternative and New Modern Technology
Adopt Customers Focused Strategies
Create Market Niche
Corporate or Join Venture with IT Company
Wholesale Products and Services
References
36 Technology Application in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The Contexts of India and Bangladesh
Introduction
Technological Expansion through the Ages: A Historical Development
Technological Application in Tourism and Hospitality Sector in India: Recent Trends and Challenges
Websites and Apps
Social Media and Internet Marketing
Mobile Technology
Augmented Reality
Blockchain Technology
Artificial Intelligence
The Application of Information and Communication Technology in Tourism and Hospitality Sector in India: Present Scenario in In...
Changes and Future Predictions of Hospitality Industry with the Application of Innovative Technologies in India
Recommendations for India to Overcome Technological Challenges
Technology Application in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Bangladesh: Recent Trends
Websites and Apps
Social Media and Internet Banking
Mobile Technology
Augmented Reality
Blockchain Technology
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
The Application of ICT in Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Bangladesh: Present Scenario in Bangladesh
Changes and Future Predictions of the Tourism and Hospitality Industry with the Application of Innovative Technologies in Bang...
Recommendations for Bangladesh to Overcome Technological Challenges
Conclusion
References
37 Indigenous Tourism: A Shift Toward Innovative Technology Application
Introduction
The ``Indigenousness´´
The ``Indigenousness´´ and Tourism
Indigenous Tourism
Drawbacks in Indigenous Tourism
Technology-Supported Indigenous Tourism
Technology Supported Indigenous Tourism and Poverty Alleviation
Indigenous People in Bangladesh
Features and State of the Indigenous Peoples in Bangladesh
Chakma
Marma
Tripura
Tanchangya
Mro
Bawm
Kheyang
Khumi
Chak
Lushai
Pangkhua
Santals
Khasi
The Jaintia
Garo
Manipuri
Keot (Kaibarta)
The Muslim Tribes ``Pangal´´ or ``Pangan´´
National and International Organization for Indigenous People
Current Scenario of Indigenous Tourism Capitals in Bangladesh
Technology-Supported Indigenous Tourism, Poverty Alleviation: What Happens in Bangladesh?
Conclusion
References
38 Technological Mediation in Tourism: A New Era Begins in Pakistan
Introduction
Pakistan and Mobile Tourism Shopping
Theoretical Background
Mobile Tourism Shopping and Innovation Diffusion Theory
Mobile Tourism Shopping and Technology Acceptance
Development of Hypotheses
Perceived Relative Strengths
Compatibility
Social Presence (SP)
Perceived Enjoyment (PEJ)
Perceived Ease of Use (E)
Perceived Usefulness (U)
Mediating Role of E, U, and PEJ
Methodology and the Measurement Development
Data Collection and the Method of Sampling
Sample´s Demographic Characteristics
Survey Instrument
Common Method Bias (CMB)
Results and Discussion
Measurement Model
Structural Model Results
Mediation Analysis
Discussion
Implications and Conclusion
Theoretical Implications of Mobile Tourism Shopping
Managerial Implications of Mobile Tourism Shopping
Social Implications of Mobile Tourism Shopping
Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research Directions
References
39 Technology in Tourism and Hospitality in Pakistan: The Tourist Experience Perspective
Introduction
Spiritual Tourism
Archaeological and Ancient Tourism
Ecotourism
Adventure Tourism
Pakistan´s Ranking in World Tourism
Role of Tourism in Employment Generation and Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of Pakistan
Worldwide Tourists in Pakistan
Theoretical Background
Constructive Factors
Tradition Tourism
Religious/Spiritual/Pilgrimage Tourism
Social Tourism
Wildlife Tourism
Athletic Tourism
Negative Factors
Complications in Tourism Industry
Nonavailability of Tourism Body
Low Priority of Tourism Sector
Protection of Tourists
Complications in Getting Visas
Deprived Coordination Among Departments
Private Sector Contributions
Ineffectiveness of Tourism Institutions
Nonavailability of Criteria and Certifications
Lack of Proper Marketing and Promotion
Adverse Image
Nonexistence of e-Tourism
Online Site
Cell Phone Application
Extranet Application
Insufficient Usage of Information Technology
Ineffective Participation in Global Tourism
Decrepit Tourism Structure
Deficiency of Human Resource Development
Proposals for Tourism Development
Enforcement of Law and Order
Health Services
Capacity Building for Tourism-Associated Employees
Formation of Code of Conduct
Elevation from Media
Specialized Education and Skills Development
Tourism Infrastructure Development
Strategy Preparation and Implementation
Upgradation of Standards
Protection of Beaches
Public and Private Sector Collaboration
Technology Revolutionizing Hospitality and Tourism in Pakistan
Conclusion
References
40 Use of Technology in Tourism: Challenges in Pakistan
Introduction
Challenges of Using Technology in Tourism
Biometric Tourist Facilities
5G Internet Facilities
Digital Divide
Technology Enterprises
Instrument Development
Relevancy of the Participants
Data Collection and Sample
Analysis of Data
Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research Directions
References
41 Technology Influenced Tourism and Hospitality Services in Bangladesh
Introduction
Central Research Argument and Findings
Nature of Domestic and Foreign Tourists in the Concerned Areas
Mostly Visited Places of Chattogram and Cox´s Bazar
Available Technological Aids in the Concerned Areas
Accommodation as a Service
Restaurants as a Service
Health Service
Security Threat
Law Enforcement Efficiency
Beauty Parlor and Shopping Complexes
Lack of Sustainable Tourism Planning
Flexible Immigration and Transportation
Lack of Law Enforcement and Banking Facilities
Lack of International Standard Recreational Facilities
Comfortable Tourism
Lack of Proper Government Policies
Recommendations/Policy Prescriptions
Technological Aid
Promotional e-Branding
Rational Accommodation Service
Diverse Cuisine
Restroom Facilities and Safe Sanitation
Security Service within off-Peak Hours and Areas
Preparedness Regarding Fluctuations
Complain Box and Tourist Aid Booths
Availability of Tourist Police Services
Better Recreational Facilities
Cultural Acceptance
Sustainable Tourism Planning
Professional Tourist Guide
Application-Based Transportation System
Conclusion
References
42 Mobile Applications and Tourism Experiences: Some Netnographic Explanations from Bangladesh
Introduction
Mobile Applications (Apps) and their Uses in the Tourism Industry of Bangladesh
Online Travel Assistant Apps for Tourists
Ghurbo
ShareTrip
Amy
Transport Assistant and Ticketing Apps for Tourists
Pathao.com
Uber
Shohoz
OBHAI
BDTICKETS
Biman Bangladesh Airlines
Rail Sheba
Accommodation Assistant Apps for Tourists
Jovago
Airbnb
Booking.com
Restaurant and Food Delivery Apps for Tourists
Hungrynaki.com
Uber Eats
Foodpanda
Financial Assistant Apps for Tourists
bKash
Nagad
Rocket
Safety and Security Assistant Apps for Tourists
BD Police Helpline
BD 999
Shopping Assistant Apps for Tourists
Chaldal.com
Sheba.xyz
Bikroy.com
Rokomary.com
Aarong
AjkerDeal
Evaly
Pickaboo
Shajgoj
Daraz
Media and Entertainment Assistant App
Bioscope
Bongo
Toffee
Bangla Newspapers
The Daily Star
Bangladesh as the Promising Field of Mobile Applications
Review Comments on Mobile Applications in Bangladesh
Mobile Applications and its Contribution for Tourism Development and Promotion
Conclusion
References
43 Medical Tourism in Bangladesh and Innovative Technology Application
Introduction
Health Tourism vs. Medical Tourism
What Is Medical in Tourism?
Medical Tourism from the Asian Perspective
What Are the Negativities That Medical Tourists Need to Be Aware of?
What Is Innovative Technology Application in Medical Tourism?
Medical Tourism in India
Medical Tourism in India and Technology Diffusion in the Indian Medical Tourism Business
Use of Information Technology in Medical Care and Health Sector in India
Datamate Mediware
Total Clinic Automation System (TCAS)
Administrator Plus
Prospects of Medical Tourism in Bangladesh
Bangladesh´s Advancement in Medical and Healthcare Sector
Barriers of Medical Tourism Business in Bangladesh
Medical Tourism in Bangladesh and Technology Diffusion in the Bangladeshi Medical Tourism Business
Use of Information Technology in Medical Care and Health Sector in Bangladesh
Medical Helpline
Bangladesh Electronic Medical Record
Meditor Health Application
Doctor Bhai (Doctor Brother) Application
Augmedix Medicare
Conclusion
References
44 Legislations and Technology Applications for Passport, Visa, and Immigration for Tourists in Bangladesh
Introduction
The Necessity of Knowing About Visa Process
The Necessity of Knowing About Immigration Process
Visa Application Process of Bangladesh
Passports and Visas
Technology and Passport-Visa-Immigration
Biometric Passport or e-Passport
Online Visa
General Requirement of Visa
Requirements According to Type of Visa
Some Visa and Passport System Issues
Positive Sides of Visa Process and Passport
Problems of Visa and Passport
Immigration Process of Bangladesh
Immigration Requirements
Immigration Area at the Airport and Required Steps
Problems Regarding Immigration Process
Other Legislations
Customs Requirements
Requirements of Public Health
Data Source
Sample Size
Questionnaire Used
Method of Data Collection
Mode of Data Analysis
Qualitative Analysis
Reliability of the Scale
Regression Analysis
Residual Plot
Results and Analysis
Cronbach´s Alpha
Regression Analysis
Residual Plot
Conclusion
References
45 Big Data in the Hospitality Industry: Context, Opportunities, and Challenges in Sri Lanka
Introduction
Big Data: The Definition
Big Data: Key Features
Big Data: Impact and Opportunities
Big Data: Challenges
Human Resource Challenges
Technological Challenges
Organizational Challenges
Process Challenges
Information Management Challenges
Big Data in the Hospitality Industry
Big Data Analytics: The Context, Opportunities, and Challenges in Sri Lanka
Lessons from Other Industries
Conclusion and Implications
References
Part XIV: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Purposes of Social Media
46 Use of Social Media for Employment Opportunities in Kazakhstan: Case Study of a Czech Restaurant in Almaty, Kazakhstan
Introduction
Understanding of the Importance of Using Social Media as a Recruitment Tool
Analysis of Foreign Survey
Advantages of Using Social Media
Definition of Recruitment
The ``Kolkovna´´ Restaurant
Theoretical Framework
Findings
Creating Guidelines of Using Social Media as a New Recruitment Tool
Write a Marketed Job Advertisement
Write a Portrait of an Ideal Candidate
Publish an Advert
Promote It
Find a Way to Filter Candidates
Screening Social Media Profile and Collecting Data
Interview
Conclusion
References
47 Social Media and Small and Medium Enterprises in the Malaysian Tourism Industry
Introduction
Background of the Study
Social Media
Social Media Marketing
Tourism Industry in Malaysia
Budget Accommodation Services
The Use of Social Media in Tourism Marketing
SMEs´ Tourism Marketing Strategies via Social Media
Start with Plan
Identify Audience
Have Basic Knowledge to Employ Social Media
Decide the Right Platforms for Business
Use the Right Tools
Build Relationship
Update Social Site Regularly
Share Visual Component
Quality Versus Quantity
Building Online Community Through Social Media
Diversifying Marketing Medium
Increasing Communication Skills
Monitor and Respond to All Conversation
Accepting Customer´s Thanks
Thanking Customers Who Share Your Content
Showing Gratitude for a Purchase
Handling Angry Customer
Graciously Receiving Feedback
Social Media Marketing During COVID-19
Up-to-Date Information
Share Benefit Content Related to Health
Using Organic Channels to Keep the Brand ``Lights on´´
Keep Customers Informed
Conclusion
Future Studies
References
48 The Influence of Social Media in Youth Destination Selection for Visiting Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, in Malaysia
Introduction
Background
Findings
Reliability Analysis
Respondents´ Background
Common Information of Respondents
Usefulness of Social Media
Usage Habits of Social Media
Types of Social Media
Youth Destination Selections
Descriptive Statistic
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
49 Evaluation of Social Media Related to the Promotion and Marketing of Public Recreation Areas
Introduction
Relationship Between Recreation and Tourism in Public Areas
Classification of Leisure and Recreational Activities in Public Areas
Resource-Centered Leisure and Recreation Activity Area
National Parks
Protected Areas
Forests
User-Centered Leisure and Recreation Activity Areas
Archaeology and Historical Areas
Parks
Squares
Trip and Promenade Areas
Museums
Promoting and Marketing of Public Leisure and Recreation Activity Areas
Evaluation of the Role of Social Media in the Promotion and Marketing of Public Recreation Areas
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
50 Generation Y´s Intention for Sharing Travel Interactive Media and Instagram Communication Attributes
Introduction
Travel Media Sharing
Background
Frequency Analysis (Table 50.1)
Descriptive Analysis
Reliability Analysis
Correlation Analysis (Table 50.4)
Conclusion
References
Part XV: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Issues and Challenges
51 Issues and Challenges in Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry
Introduction
Innovation Adoption Theories and Asian Tourism
Nature of Innovation
Innovation Acceptance Theories
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU)
Behavioral Intention (BI) and Behavior
TAM and the Tourism Industry
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)
UTAUT and the Tourism Industry
Conclusion
References
52 The Evolution of Technology Application Intervention and Future Development in the Asian Tourism Industry
Introduction
Innovation, Evolution, and Trends of Technology in Asian Tourism Industry
Technology Application in Asian Tourism Industry
Travellers´ Behaviour
Locals´ Perception toward Technology Innovation
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Consumer Acceptance of Technology in Tourism Industry
Issues and Challenges in Technology Application in Tourism Industry
Conclusion
References
53 Tourism, Health Promoting Food Domain and Technology Applications: Individual´s Genes Reservoir, Environmental Change and F...
Introduction
Traveling and Its Impact
Culinary Tourism
Culinary Tourism in Asia
Individual´s Health Profile and Tourism
Human Body as a Living Entity
Immune Response and Health Concerns
Type of Illnesses
Travelling Food Advice
Factors Determining Tourist Destinations
Newly Evolving Scientific Understanding in Context of Natural Health and Individual´s Safety
Environment, Food, and Cultural Practices: Key Modulators Driving the Health Profile
Desi Food Types with Cooking Scheme Preserving Their Novel Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Potentials
Main Components of Desi Cuisine
Tea (Chai)
Snacks
Main Dish
General Desi Cooking Scheme
``Daal´´ (Pulses)
``Saabzi´´ (Vegetables); ``Salaan´´ (Desi Curry) with Meat and Vegetable or Without Vegetables, Rice with Pulses, Vegetable, o...
``Qeema,´´ ``Koftey,´´ ``Kebab,´´ and Other Minced Meat Dishes
Prolonged Cooking Food Items (e.g. ``Nihari,´´ ``Paye,´´ ``Shabdeeq´´ ``Shooley,´´ ``Hareesa,´´ ``Haleem,´´ etc.)
``Saag´´ (Fried Cooked Green Leafy Vegetables)
Poor Person´s Meal
Sauces and Yogurt Mix
Pickles and Their Types
Pickles in Oil
Pickles in Lemon Juice
Pickles in Vinegar with Vegetables
Pickles in Water with Vegetables
``Roti´´ (Bread)
Dried Food Commodities
Mouth Fresheners
Sweets and Desserts
Novelty Associated with Desi Food Items prepared by Indigenously Evolved Cooking Recipes
Historical Places: Cultural Traits (e.g., Costumes and Handicrafts)
COVID-19 Pandemic and Safety Concerns: A Long-Standing Challenge for the Tourism Industry
Proposal for Technological Modulation Driving Tourists´ Safety Effective Against COVID-19 Illness
Conclusion
Merits and Limitations
References
Part XVI: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Sustainability Concerns
54 Innovative Technology Uses in Sustainable Destination Management in Asia
Introduction
Sustainability
Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable Tourism Management
Sustainable Destination Management
Innovative Technology
Technology Innovation in the Tourism Industry
Innovative Technology in Sustainable Destination Management
Innovative Technology Uses in Sustainable Destination Management in Asia
Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Aviation
E-Fan X Demonstrator
Layer Ingesting Propulsor
Trent XWB Engine - Rolls-Royce
Flexible Navigation System, Winglets, CCO, and CDO
Optimized Runway Delivery Tool (ORD)
CFM International LEAP-1B Engine
Innovative Technology in Sustainable Travel Management
Traffic Management System
Personal Intelligent Travel Assistant
Geo-localization
Internet of Things (IoT)
City Guide Technology
Google Trekker/Street
Walk and City Connect
Global Pocket Wi-Fi
Near Field Communication Technology
Globetouch
Innovative Technology in Sustainable Hospitality Management (Hotels and Restaurants)
Cloud/SaaS (Software as a Service)
Be Your Own Concierge
Smart Rooms
Predictive Maintenance
Social Listening
The Sharing Economy
Chatbots and Artificial Intelligence
Menu Order Application
Wastage and Footprint Tracking
Eco-friendly Technologies
Innovative Technology in Sustainable MICE Tourism
Hotel Footprinting Tool
EventCheck
Recycling Technologies
Facial Recognition
Augmented Reality (AR)
Zero Waste Technology
Innovative Technology in Sustainable Promotion of Destination
Artificial Intelligence
Google Maps and Real-Time Tracking
Mixed Reality Technology
Blockchain
Ease of Planning Applications
Social Media Marketing
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Blogs and Vlogs
Sustainable Destination Management in Asia
Conclusion
References
55 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Sustainability Concern
Introduction
Sustainable Tourism: Concepts and Features
Technology and Tourism
Digitalization and Tourism
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
Smart Technology and Tourism
Asia and Tourism
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Part XVII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Economic Development
56 Socio-economic Benefits from Applying Innovative Technologies in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Asia
Introduction
Tourism in South Asia
Benefits of Tourism
Social Benefits
Economic Benefits
Health Outcomes
Technological Advancements in the Tourism Industry and Its Roles
Technological Innovations for the Tourism Industry
Role of Virtual Communities in Tourism
Challenges to the Industry
Conclusion
References
Part XVIII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Future
57 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Driving Tourism 4.0: An Exploration
Introduction
Information and Communications Technology, Smart Tourism, and the Emerging Role of Social Media
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence for Destination Sustainability
Artificial Intelligence for Business Sustainability
Artificial Intelligence for Tourism Experience Management
Artificial Intelligence for Forecasting
Robotics and Service Robots
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Changing the Asian Tourism Industry
Challenges Ahead
Recent Developments
Conclusion
References
58 The Future and Challenges of Applying Innovative Technologies in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Asia
Introduction
Technology and Current Challenges for Tourism
The Benefits of Technology in the Tourism Industry
The Role of Technology in Safety and Security for Tourist
Challenges of Tourism in the South Asian Region after the Application of Innovative Technology
Impact of Innovative Technology on the Tourism Industry
Impact of One-Touch Digital Innovation on the Asian Tourism Markets
Vitality, Reality, and Tourism
Mobile Technology and Tourism
Conclusion
References
59 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Future
Introduction
Characteristics of 5G and Changes in Society
Ultrahigh Speed: Maximum Transmission Speed Is 10 Gbps
Ultralow Delay: Delay of about 1 Millisecond
Multiple Simultaneous Connections: One Million Units/km2 Number of Connected Devices
Emergency Medical Care
Agriculture
Construction Industry
Natural Disaster Countermeasures
Living in Rural Areas
Everyday Shopping
Sports
Changes in Tourism by 5G
Conclusion
References
Index