Handbook of Space Resources

Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Technologies for Planetary Exploration
1 Displaced Non-Keplerian Orbits for Sun and Inner Planet Observation
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Mission Applications
1.1.2 Propellantless System Options
1.2 Displaced Non-Keplerian Orbits in a Heliocentric Scenario
1.2.1 Circular DNKOs
1.2.2 Elliptic DNKOs
1.2.3 Case Study
1.2.4 Linear Stability Analysis
1.3 Displaced Non-Keplerian Orbits in a Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem
1.3.1 Mathematical Model
1.3.2 Case Study
1.3.3 Linear Stability Analysis
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Dynamics and Control of Electrostatic Flight
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Environmental Challenges at Small Bodies
2.3 Kinematics
2.3.1 Main Body-Centered Reference Frames
2.3.2 Spacecraft-Centered Reference Frames
2.4 Linearized Equations of Motion for Translational Motion
2.5 Attitude Dynamics
2.6 Gravitational Forces and Moments
2.6.1 Point Mass Gravity Model
2.6.2 Spherical Harmonics Model
2.6.3 Forces and Torques on an Extended Body
2.6.4 Irregular Asteroid Model
2.6.5 Irregular Gravitational Field
2.6.6 Gravitational Torque
2.7 Solar Radiation Forces and Moments
2.7.1 Cannonball Model
2.7.2 Backward Ray-Casting Model
2.8 Plasma and Charging Interactions Around Small Asteroids
2.8.1 Plasma and Charging Environments Around Small Asteroids
2.8.2 Analytical Modeling of the Plasma and the Electric Field
2.8.3 PIC Simulations of the Plasma and Electric Field
2.9 Electrostatic Forces and Moments
2.9.1 Finite Element Electrostatic Force Modeling
2.10 Electrostatic Orbiting and its Stability
2.10.1 Orbit Design Methodology
2.10.2 Electrostatic Periodic Orbit
2.10.3 Evolution of Periodic Orbit Solutions
2.10.4 Effects of Shape Irregularity
2.11 Attitude Stability
2.11.1 Linearized Euler Equation
2.11.2 Stability Conditions
2.11.3 Pitch Motion and Phase Diagram
2.12 Coupled Orbital Attitude Stability
2.12.1 Coupled Orbit–Attitude Equations of Motion
2.12.2 Stable and Unstable Attitude Motion
2.12.3 Libration and Tumbling in the Pitch Motion
2.13 Hovering and Its Stability
2.13.1 Zero Velocity Curves
2.13.2 Subsolar Hovering
2.13.3 Electrostatic Periodic Orbit
2.13.4 Neutral Periodic Orbit
2.13.5 Connection with the Electrostatic Periodic Orbit
2.14 Control
2.14.1 Control Approach
2.14.2 Assumptions of the Hovering Dipole Model
2.14.3 Ideal Hovering Control for a Single-Dipole Spacecraft
2.14.4 Position and Attitude Control for Single-Dipole Spacecraft
2.14.5 Ideal Hovering Control for a Double-Dipole Spacecraft
2.14.6 Position and Attitude Control for a Double-Dipole Spacecraft
2.14.7 Tether Length Sensitivity
2.15 Including the Effect of Charging Electrodes
2.15.1 Spacecraft Charging
2.15.2 Power Required for Electrostatic Hovering
2.15.3 Power Required for Electrostatic Orbiting
2.15.4 Current Collection for Spherical Electrodes
2.15.5 Current Collection for Wire Electrodes
2.15.6 Example of a 12U CubeSat with Four Hoop Electrodes
2.16 Conclusions
References
3 Tracking and Thrust Vectoring of E-Sail-Based Spacecraft for Solar Activity Monitoring
3.1 Introduction
3.2 E-sail Concept and Modeling
3.2.1 Thrust and Torque Vectors of a Three-Dimensional E-sail
3.2.2 Thrust and Torque Vectors of an Axially Symmetric E-sail
3.2.3 Tether Equilibrium Shape
3.2.4 Approximate mathcalP and mathcalM for a Logarithmic Shape Tether
3.3 E-sail Dynamics
3.3.1 Orbital Dynamics
3.3.2 Attitude Dynamics
3.4 Attitude Maintenance and Control
3.4.1 Attitude Maintenance for Tracking Purposes
3.4.2 Attitude Control for Thrust Vectoring
3.5 Mission Applications
3.5.1 Spinning E-sail in Heliostationary Condition for Solar Activity Monitoring
3.5.2 Thrust Vectoring for the Generation of EFOs
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Space Elevator for Space-Resource Mining
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Earth-Based Space Elevators
4.2.1 Overview
4.2.2 Obayashi Corporation’s Space Elevator Concept
4.3 Lunar Space Elevator
4.4 Martian Space Elevator
4.5 Space Elevators on Asteroids
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 Orbital Hub: Providing an LEO Infrastructure for Multi-disciplinary Science and Commercial Use Cases
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Low Earth Orbit Resources
5.2.1 Micro-gravity Environment
5.2.2 Space Radiation and Space Observation
5.2.3 Earth Observation
5.2.4 Human Crew
5.2.5 Exclusiveness of Location: Tourism
5.3 Current Plans for Stations
5.3.1 Chinese Space Station
5.3.2 Axiom International Commercial Space Station
5.3.3 Bigelow Next-Generation Commercial Space Station
5.3.4 Gateway Foundation
5.3.5 Summary
5.4 User Needs for LEO Outpost
5.4.1 Scientific Point of View
5.4.2 Non-scientific Point of View
5.5 Orbital Hub Main Platform
5.5.1 Main Platform Design
5.5.2 Mass and Power Budgets
5.5.3 Subsystems
5.5.4 Design Options
5.6 Free Flyer
5.6.1 Free Flyer Design
5.6.2 Free Flyer Mass and Power Budgets
5.6.3 Subsystems
5.7 Discussion
5.7.1 Launch and Operation
5.7.2 The Orbital Hub and Other Platforms
5.7.3 User Applications
5.7.4 Key Technology Availability
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Instrumentation for Planetary Exploration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Instrument Considerations
6.3 Instrumentation Categories
6.3.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar
6.3.2 In-Situ Standoff Instrumentation: Passive and Active
6.3.3 Mass Spectrometry
6.3.4 Seismic Instrumentation
6.3.5 Nano- and Microtechnology for Habitability and Life-Detection Investigations
6.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
7 Space Debris Recycling by Electromagnetic Melting
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Motivations
7.1.2 Problem of Space Debris
7.1.3 Current State of Space Debris Remediation
7.1.4 Space Debris and the Industrialization of Cislunar Space
7.2 Space Debris Metal Processing
7.2.1 The Electro-Magnetic Levitator (EML) on the ISS
7.2.2 In-Space Metal Manufacturing Enabled by Space Debris Recycling
7.3 Policy and Law
7.3.1 Liability
7.3.2 Ownership
7.3.3 Policy
7.4 Conclusions
7.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Part II Mercury and Venus
8 Planetary Exploration of Mercury With BepiColombo and Prospects of Studying Venus During Its Cruise Phase
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The BepiColombo Mission to Mercury
8.2.1 Science Goals
8.2.2 The Spacecraft Modules
8.2.3 Solar Electric Propulsion to Mercury
8.2.4 Operational Constraints During the Cruise Phase
8.3 Cruise Science with BepiColombo During Venus Flybys and Other Opportunities
8.3.1 Science Objectives During Cruise
8.3.2 Science During Venus Flybys
8.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
9 Analysis of Smart Dust-Based Frozen Orbits Around Mercury
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mathematical Preliminaries
9.3 Frozen Orbit Conditions
9.3.1 Case e = 0: Circular Orbits
9.3.2 Case ω= 0 or ω= π
9.3.3 Case ω= pmπ/2
9.4 Frozen Orbit Period
9.5 Numerical Validation
9.6 Discussion of the Results
9.7 Conclusions
References
Part III The Moon, a Steppingstone to Planetary ISRU
10 Simulants in In-Situ Resource Utilization Technology Development
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Simulant Development
10.3 Lunar Simulant
10.4 Martian Simulant
10.5 Asteroid Simulant
10.6 Other Simulants
10.7 Environmental Requirements
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 Regolith Processing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Nature of Regolith
11.2.1 Regolith Petrology and Mineralogy
11.2.2 Regolith Chemistry
11.2.3 Regolith Physical Properties
11.2.4 Other Regolith Properties
11.3 Excavation and Transport
11.4 Regolith Separation
11.4.1 Separating Particle Sizes
11.4.2 Separating Mineral and Chemical Components
11.5 Binding Regolith Particles
11.5.1 Sintering
11.5.2 Geopolymers
11.5.3 Regolith Concrete
11.5.4 3D Printing with Regolith
11.6 Extracting Resources from Regolith
11.6.1 Extracting Water
11.6.2 Extracting Oxygen and Metals
11.7 Biological Processing of Regolith
11.8 Summary
References
12 Sintering: A Method for Construction of Off-Earth Infrastructure from Off-Earth Materials
12.1 Off-World Construction
12.2 Sintering Fundamentals
12.2.1 Physics of Sintering
12.2.2 Terrestrial Sintering Techniques
12.3 Application of Sintering to Off-World Materials
12.3.1 Regolith
12.3.2 Extraterrestrial Application of Sintering Techniques
12.4 Applications of Sintering to Off-World Construction
12.4.1 Two-Dimensional Construction
12.4.2 Three-Dimensional Construction
12.5 Summary
References
13 The Effects of Mineral Variations on the Basalt Sintering Process and Implications for In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)
13.1 Introduction to Sintering
13.2 Background on Sintering of Hawaiian Basalt
13.3 Basalt Paver Manufacturing
13.3.1 Basalt Paver Prototype Structural Analysis
13.3.2 Basalt Paver Structural Analysis
13.3.3 Higher-Density Sintered Material
13.3.4 Comparing Basalts from Different Locations and Sources
13.4 Background on Lunar and Martian Regolith
13.4.1 Properties of Lunar Regolith
13.4.2 Properties of the Martian Regolith
13.5 Variation in Chemical Composition/Mineral Abundances of Hawaiian Basalt
13.5.1 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
13.5.2 Thin-Section and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis of Basaltic Parent Rock Samples
13.5.3 Thin-Section Analysis of Sintered Materials
13.6 Structural Properties of Sintered Basalt Versus Chemical Composition/Mineral Abundances
13.7 Conclusions
References
14 Rocket Mining for Lunar and Mars ISRU
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Concept of Operations
14.1.2 Innovation and Impact
14.1.3 Current Technology Gaps and Solutions
14.2 Hardware
14.2.1 Hardware Feasibility
14.2.2 Hardware Reliability and Durability
14.2.3 Hardware Mass and Efficiency
14.3 Rocket Mining Excavation System
14.3.1 Particle Breaking and Disaggregation
14.3.2 Large Particle Rejection
14.3.3 Excavation of Large Quantities of Icy Regolith
14.3.4 Delivery of Large Quantities of Water
14.3.5 Containment Dome
14.4 Honeybee Robotics PlanetVac Pneumatic Transport System
14.4.1 PlanetVac Icy Regolith Interface
14.5 Ice Beneficiation System
14.6 Lunar Outpost Rover
14.6.1 Lunar Mission Analysis
14.6.2 rocketM System Mass Performance Analysis
14.6.3 rocketM System Water Excavation Performance Analysis
14.6.4 Grade, Mass, Continuity, and Recovery of Ice “Ore” in Regolith
14.6.5 Preliminary Excavation Plan of rocketM
14.7 Preliminary Economics of rocketM
References
15 Penetration Investigations in Lunar Regolith and Simulants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Penetrometer History, Measurements, and Applications
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 History
15.2.3 Measurements and Applications
15.3 Physical Mechanisms
15.3.1 Introduction
15.3.2 Penetration
15.3.3 Relaxation
15.4 Lunar In-Situ Penetrometer Investigations
15.5 Lunar Simulants
15.5.1 History
15.5.2 JSC-1 and JSC-1A
15.6 Penetrometer Tests in Lunar Simulants
15.6.1 Introduction
15.6.2 Apollo Era
15.6.3 Manual
15.7 Controlled Mechanism
15.7.1 Introduction
15.7.2 Indentation
15.7.3 Penetration and Relaxation
15.7.4 Synthesis
15.8 Permissions
References
Part IV Mars
16 Ice Resource Mapping on Mars
16.1 Ice as a Critical Resource for Human Missions
16.1.1 The Resource Value of Ice on Mars
16.1.2 Ice Stability on Mars
16.2 The Mars Subsurface Water Ice Mapping (SWIM) Project
16.2.1 Project Overview
16.2.2 Spacecraft Datasets and Processing Techniques
16.2.3 Composite Ice Consistency from Data Integration
16.3 SWIM Results
16.3.1 Non-Layered Ice Consistency
16.3.2 Ice Consistency for Depths <1 m
16.3.3 Ice Consistency for Depths of 1–5 m
16.3.4 Ice Consistency for Depths >5 m
16.3.5 SWIM Products
16.4 Discussion
16.4.1 Comparison of SWIM Results with Ice-Exposing Impacts
16.4.2 Constraints on Ice Content
16.4.3 Future Considerations
16.5 Acronyms and Mathematical Symbols
References
17 Design and Modeling of an Electrochemical Device Producing Methane/Oxygen and Polyethylene from In-Situ Resources on Mars
17.1 Background
17.1.1 Context
17.1.2 System Boundary Assumptions
17.1.3 Sabatier System
17.1.4 Opus 12 Device
17.2 CO2-to-Propellant Device Design
17.2.1 Overview
17.2.2 Heat Rejection
17.2.3 Water‒Gas Shift System
17.2.4 H2 + CO2 Membrane Separation Subsystem
17.2.5 Challenges of CH4/C2H4 Separation
17.2.6 CH4/C2H4 + O2 Isp Calculations
17.2.7 Moisture Removal from Product Gas Stream
17.2.8 Mass and Energy Budgets
17.3 CO2-to-Plastics Reactor Design
17.3.1 Overview
17.3.2 Reactor Design Details
17.3.3 Mass and Energy Budgets
17.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
17.4 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
18 Mobile Mars Habitation
18.1 The Concept of Mobile Living
18.2 Mars and Mobility
18.3 Mobile Habitation System Designs for Mars Missions
18.3.1 On Wheels, Featuring HOFFMAN, SEV, EMC, RAMA, MARS CRUISER 1
18.3.2 Wheels on Limbs Featuring EMC-ATHLETE, MOBITAT2, MSTS
18.3.3 Eccentric Concepts, Featuring SEED and HOPPER EMC
18.4 Evaluation
References
19 Local Resource Creation on Mars
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Exploration Phase
19.2.1 The Chemistry of Propellant Manufacture on Mars
19.3 The Base-Building Phase
19.3.1 Local Resource Creation for Life Support
19.3.2 Building Greenhouses
19.3.3 Plastics Production
19.3.4 Glass Production
19.3.5 Ice Architecture
19.3.6 Bricks and Concrete
19.3.7 Metals Production
19.3.8 Aluminum Production
19.3.9 Graphite Production on Mars
19.4 The Settlement Phase
19.4.1 Energy for Mars Settlement
19.4.2 Enabling Martian Exports
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Planetary Exploration of Mars
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Remote Sensing of Mars
20.2.1 Internal Structure and Atmosphere
20.2.2 Topography
20.2.3 Volcanism
20.2.4 Tectonism
20.2.5 Paleohydrology
20.2.6 Present-Day Cryosphere and Aqueous Activity
20.2.7 Mineraology/Geochemistry
20.3 Identifying Geological Features for Mining on Mars
20.4 Can Mars Be Mined like Earth?
20.4.1 In-Situ Resource Utilization of Water
20.4.2 In-Situ Resource Utilization of Construction Materials
20.4.3 Extraction of Mineral Commodities
20.5 Conclusion
References
21 Robotic Deployment and Installation of Payloads on Planetary Surface
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Robotic System
21.2.1 Instrument Deployment Arm (IDA)
21.2.2 IDA End Effector Grapple
21.2.3 IDA End-Effector Scoop
21.2.4 IDS Cameras
21.2.5 IDA Motor Controller
21.3 Robotics Flight Software
21.3.1 IDA Motion Commands and Motor Control
21.3.2 Grapple Control
21.3.3 Kinematics and Deflection
21.3.4 Fault Protection
21.4 Deployment Workspace Analysis
21.5 Workspace Imaging, Terrain Mosaic, and Site Selection
21.5.1 Deployment Image Products
21.6 Payload Localization
21.7 Robotics Operation Tools
21.7.1 Robot Sequencing and Visualization Program
21.7.2 Simulation of Commands Using Flight Software in the Loop
21.7.3 Collision Volumes
21.7.4 Instrument Simulation
21.7.5 Shadow Modeling
21.7.6 SEIS Tether Catenary Modeling
21.8 Surface Operations Results
21.8.1 SEIS Deployment
21.8.2 WTS Deployment
21.8.3 HP3 Deployment
21.9 Summary and Conclusions
References
Part V Asteroids and Comets
22 Asteroid Habitats—Living Inside a Hollow Celestial Body
22.1 Introduction
22.2 A Short History of Space Colony Design
22.3 Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs)
22.3.1 Apollos, Atens and Amors
22.3.2 Potential Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)
22.3.3 Methods of Deflection
22.4 Utilization of Asteroids
22.4.1 An Advanced Propulsion System
22.4.2 Orbit Modification of Asteroids
22.4.3 Mining and Processing
22.5 Building a Habitat Inside an Asteroid
22.5.1 Cosmic Rays and Solar Flares
22.5.2 Artificial Gravity
22.5.3 A Prototype Habitat
22.5.4 Living Conditions and Housing
22.5.5 Climate and Agriculture
22.6 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
23 Resources from Asteroids and Comets
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Accretion and Asteroid/comet Source Regions
23.3 Early Asteroid Collisional Evolution
23.4 The Asteroid Belt Today
23.5 Resource Assessment for Near-Earth Asteroids
23.6 Summary and Guidance for Resource Development
References
24 Asteroids: Small Bodies, Big Potential
24.1 Asteroids
24.1.1 Building Blocks of Planets
24.1.2 Orbital Properties and Dynamical Evolution
24.1.3 Taxonomies
24.1.4 Meteorites as Analogs
24.1.5 Physical Characteristics and Surface Environment
24.2 Asteroid Resource Potential
24.2.1 Overview
24.2.2 That’s so Metal
24.2.3 That’s Not so Metal
24.2.4 Valuable Volatiles
24.2.5 In-Situ Resourcefulness
24.3 Prospecting and Extraction
24.3.1 Overview
24.3.2 Sampling and Ground Truth
24.3.3 Characterization of Resources
24.3.4 Excavation in Microgravity
24.3.5 Separation of Volatiles and Contamination
24.4 Resource Utilization and Bootstrapping
24.4.1 Overview
24.4.2 The Space Surrounding ISRU
24.4.3 Asteroids as a Foundation: Stepping Stones and Expansion
24.5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
25 Exploration of Asteroids and Comets with Innovative Propulsion Systems
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Minimum Delta-V to Rendezvous
25.2.1 Approximate Values with Shoemaker and Helin’s Approach
25.2.2 Optimal Orbit-To-Orbit Two-Impulses Transfer
25.3 Propellantless Propulsion Systems
25.3.1 Solar Sail Thrust Model
25.3.2 Solar Sail Optimal Transfers
25.3.3 Electric Solar Wind Sail Thrust Model
25.3.4 Electric Solar Wind Sail Optimal Transfers
25.4 Conclusions
References
Part VI Ocean Worlds
26 Ocean Worlds: Interior Processes and Physical Environments
26.1 Introduction to Ocean Worlds
26.1.1 Exploration History
26.1.2 Scientific Motivation
26.2 Structures of Ocean Worlds
26.2.1 Surface Geology
26.2.2 Ice Shells
26.2.3 Ice‒Ocean Interfaces
26.2.4 Interior Oceans
26.2.5 Sea-Floors
26.3 Constraining Interior Environments
26.3.1 Geologic Inference and Analytical Approaches
26.3.2 Numerical Methods
26.4 Example Application to Europa
26.5 Summary
References
27 Robotic Mobility and Sampling Systems for Ocean-World Bodies
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Design Considerations
27.2.1 Surface Environment
27.3 Vehicle Design
27.3.1 Vehicle Design Optimization
27.3.2 Vehicle Simulation Analysis
27.3.3 Vehicle Hardware Implementation
27.4 Sampling System Design
27.4.1 Component Technologies
27.4.2 Deployable Boom Sampling Concept
27.4.3 Projectile Launcher Concept
27.4.4 Ice Gripper Sampling System Concept
27.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
28 Communication and Obstacles Detection Using Piezoelectric Transducers in a Penetrator Melting Deep Ice on Ocean Worlds
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Cryobot Architecture and System Integration
28.3 Ice Sonar for Obstacle Detection
28.4 Acoustic Communication
28.4.1 Acoustic Transmission in Ice
28.4.2 Communication Capacity of Acoustic Channel
28.4.3 Communication Capacity Under Limited Power Supply
28.4.4 Communication Summary
28.5 Acoustic Transceiver
28.5.1 Piezoelectric Transducer
28.5.2 Acoustic Transceiver Design
28.6 Conclusions
References
29 Ice Melting Probes
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Applications for Ice Melting Probes
29.2.1 Mars
29.2.2 Icy Moons
29.2.3 Earth
29.2.4 Other Solar System Targets for Ice Melting Probes
29.3 Ice Melting Probe Theory
29.3.1 Efficiency Models
29.3.2 Critical Refreezing Length
29.3.3 Velocity Models
29.3.4 Trajectory Models
29.4 Challenges and Key Technologies
29.4.1 Unknown Environments and Mission-Critical Hazards
29.4.2 Power
29.4.3 Communication
29.4.4 Navigation and Autonomy
29.4.5 Miniaturization
29.4.6 Pressure Resistance
29.4.7 Radiation Hardness
29.4.8 Cleanliness and Sterilization
29.4.9 Instrumentation
29.5 Existing Melting Probe Designs and Tests
29.5.1 First Ice Melting Probe Designs
29.5.2 Notable Ice Melting Probe Designs for Specific Applications
29.6 Summary and Conclusions
29.7 List of Acronyms
References
Part VII Economics and Policies
30 Lunar Ore Reserves Standards 101 (LORS-101)
30.1 Terrestrial Standard Codes for the Resource Extractive Industries
30.2 Lunar Ore Reserve Standards (LORS-101)
30.2.1 LORS-101 Structure
30.2.2 LORS Classification Systems
30.2.3 LORS Definitions
30.2.4 LORS Guidelines
References
31 The Economics of Space Resources: Future Markets and Value Chains
31.1 Future Markets and Value Chains
31.1.1 Introduction to the Benefits of Space Resources Utilization
31.1.2 Scoping of the Potential Value Chains
31.1.3 Cost Savings Assessment for a Defined Value Chain
31.1.4 Opportunities Linked to the Space Resources Value Chains
31.1.5 Socio-economic Impact
31.2 Commonalities Between the Terrestrial and Space Resources Industries: What Can Each Learn from the Other?
31.2.1 Commonalities Between the Terrestrial and Space Mining Value Chains
31.2.2 Engaging Space and Mining Industries
31.2.3 Markets and Dynamics
31.2.4 Investment and Financial Planning
31.2.5 Role of Government and Regulators
31.2.6 Prospecting—Proving Value
31.2.7 Extraction—Creating Value
31.2.8 Enablers—Optimizing Value
31.2.9 Examples of Companies Generating Near-Term Value with Long-Term Goals in Luxembourg
31.3 The Role of Governments as Key Enablers for the Space Resources Industry
31.3.1 Governments and Agencies as Early Risk Takers and Anchor Customers
31.3.2 Luxembourg’s SpaceResources.lu Initiative: An Example of a Government-Supported Strategy Promoting Commercial Space Resources Utilization
31.4 Summary/Conclusions
References
32 Lifetime Embodied Energy: A Theory of Value for the New Space Economy
32.1 Introduction and Motivation
32.1.1 The Initial Mass in Low Earth Orbit (IMLEO) Cost Proxy
32.1.2 An Energy-Based Metric to Replace IMLEO
32.2 Overview and Limitations of Current Value Systems
32.2.1 Equivalent System Mass (ESM)
32.2.2 Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
32.2.3 Life Cycle Mass (LCM)
32.2.4 Network Flow Models (Mass-Based)
32.2.5 Utility Theory Approaches
32.3 Lifetime Embodied Energy (LEE) Modeling Foundations and Approaches
32.3.1 Energy Theories of Value
32.3.2 Embodied Energy Modeling
32.4 Constructing a Simple LEE Hybrid Model for a Space Settlement Use Case
32.4.1 Model Structure and Overview
32.4.2 Model Assumptions and Inputs
32.4.3 Model Elements
32.4.4 Model Structure and Equations
32.4.5 Modeled Mission Configurations
32.4.6 Model Results
32.4.7 Model Limitations
32.5 Lifetime Embodied Energy Applications
32.5.1 Design of Planetary Industrial Ecosystems and Supply Chains
32.5.2 Design of Sustainable Space Settlements
32.5.3 Valuation of Space Infrastructure and Space Economic Output
32.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
33 Policy, Legal Processes and Precedents for Space Mining
33.1 Policy Introduction
33.2 Legal Framework
33.2.1 International Law
33.2.2 Domestic Law
33.2.3 The Hague Space Resources Governance Working Group Building Blocks
33.3 Key Issues and Potential Solutions
33.3.1 Access and Property Rights
33.3.2 Due Regard and International Benefit Sharing
33.3.3 Environmental Protection, and Conservation and Preservation of Historic Sites
33.3.4 Liability for Damage
33.3.5 Dispute Resolution
33.4 Conclusion
References
34 Legal Considerations for Space Resources
34.1 Executive Summary
34.2 Principles of Space Resources Law
34.2.1 National Responsibility, Jurisdiction, and Sovereignty
34.2.2 Rights and Responsibilities of Space-Resource Operations
34.3 National Legislation, Regulation, and Policy
34.3.1 Australia
34.3.2 Belgium
34.3.3 Brazil
34.3.4 Canada
34.3.5 China
34.3.6 France
34.3.7 Germany
34.3.8 Greece
34.3.9 India
34.3.10 Italy
34.3.11 Japan
34.3.12 Luxembourg
34.3.13 Netherlands
34.3.14 Russia
34.3.15 Ukraine
34.3.16 United Arab Emirates
34.3.17 United Kingdom
34.3.18 United States
34.4 Conclusion
References
Index