Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Solid Waste Management, Municipal Solid Waste Management, and Food Waste Management
1 Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: Towards a Circular Economy
Introduction
Potential of MSW to Contribute Circular Economy: a Literature Review
Waste to energy
Produce Bioenergy and Value-Added Products
The Situation of MSW Management in South Asia
Institutional Arrangement for Waste Management in South Asia
Generation and Composition of MSW
Waste Generation and Composition in Bangladesh
Waste Generation and Composition India
Other South Asian Countries
Waste Collection
Disposal and Treatment of MSW
The Management of Waste Using WtE Technologies and Circular Economy
WtE Technology and Its Potentials for Circular Economy: Case Studies
Case Study-1: Waste-to-Energy in Italy
Institutional Arrangement and Management of MSW
The WtE Technologies
Case Study-2: Waste to Energy in United Kingdom
Arrangement and MSW Management
Contribution of WtE to Circular Economy
Case Study-3: Estonia
MSW Management and Organization: Estonia
WtE Technologies
Discussions
The Way Forward
Improving Institutional Arrangement
Improving to Current Waste Management Practice
Selection of WtE Technology
Raising Public Awareness
Minimizing Environmental and Social Impacts
Conclusion
Annexure-A
References
2 Research Trends of the Management of Solid Waste in the Context of Circular Economy
Introduction
Solid Waste and Circular Economy
Methodology
Results
Evolution of Scientific Production
Analysis of Scientific Production by Subject Area
Most Relevant Journals from 1993 to 2019
The Most Prolific Authors from 1993 to 2019
Identification of the Most Relevant Institutions
Characteristics of the Most Relevant Countries in the Research
Analysis of the Keywords Used During 1993-2019
Conclusion
References
3 Pretreatments of Solid Wastes for Anaerobic Digestion and Its Importance for the Circular Economy
Introduction
Solid Wastes for Anaerobic Digestion
Organic Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Solid Waste
Livestock Manure
Lignocellulosic Biomass
Agro-industrial Solid Waste
Forestry Solid Waste
Production of Biogas by Anaerobic Fermentation
Production of Biohydrogen by Dark Fermentation
Production of Biogas and Biohydrogen from Solid Wastes
Pretreatments of Solid Wastes
Hydrogen Production by Biomethane Reform
Steam Reforming
Partial Oxidation
The Role of the Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Wastes in the Circular Economy
Conclusion
References
4 Understanding Circular Economy in Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Types of Economy
Circular Economy
Linear Economy
Principles of Circular Economy
Preservation and Strengthening of Natural Capital (Reduce)
Resource Yields Optimization (Reuse)
Negative External Factors Identification (Recycle)
Characteristics of Circular Economy
Designed Out of Waste
Diversity as Strength
Renewable Energy Sources
Systematic Thinking
Transparency in Real Expenses
Circular Economy as a Development Strategy
Development of the Circular Economy
Entrepreneurship and CE
Current Practices of Circular Economy
The Case of China as a Single and Major CE Implementer
Other Practiced Cases
Assessment of Circular Economy Practices
Challenges and Barriers to Implementation of a Circular Economy
From a General Perspective
From an Entrepreneurial Perspective
From an Innovation Perspective
As a Part of Entrepreneurial Strategy
As an Innovative National Level Development Strategy
General Policy Recommendations
Conclusion
References
5 Greenways for Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Global Scenario of Solid Waste Statistics
Projected Waste Generation
Different Categories of Solid Waste
General Principles for Solid Waste Management
Waste Hierarchy
Life Cycle of a Waste Product
Resource Efficiency
Polluter Pays Principle
Key Method for Solid Waste Management
Handling and Separation
Collection
Transportation
Processing and Transformation of Solid Waste
Disposable
Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
Litter Surroundings
Hazardous Impact on Human Health
Pests and Disease
Environmental Problems
Soil and Groundwater Pollution
Emission of Toxic Gases
Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
Green Technology: A Novel Approach for Solid Waste Management
Concepts
Why Green Methods Are Required
Best Practices Within Green Technology
Recycling
Recycling Is a Good Option for Electronic Waste Management
Recycling of Electronic Waste Consists of the Following Two Steps
Feedback to Market
Green Concrete: A Recyclable Product of Solid Waste
Bioremediation
In Situ Bioremediation Are of Two Types
Bioventing
Biosparging
Ex Situ Bioremediation
Biopiling
Land Forming
Composting
Mechanical Sorting
Biological Processing
Some Bioremediation Process Is Involved in Special Solid Waste
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Compounds
Bioremediation of Agricultural Waste: Vermiremediation
Bioremediation of Plastic and Rubber
Phytoremediation
Microbial-Assisted Phytoremediation System
Greening on Dumping Site
Landfill Capping (Clay and Photocopying)
Genetic Engineering Technique in Bioremediation
Genetically Engineered Fungi for Mycoremediation
Transgenic Plants for Remediation of Heavy Metals and Pollutants
Role of Nanotechnology in Solid Waste Management: Nanobioremediation
Source Reduction Technique
Green and Renewable Energy
Waste Treatment and Recycling Using Nanotechnology
Green Manufacturing
Green Conversion of Solid Wastes (Waste to Energy)
Policies Responsibilities and Public Awareness to Support the Greenways for Solid Waste Management
Future Research
Conclusion
References
6 Waste Management in the Changing Climate
Introduction
Climate Change Impact to Waste Management
Disasters Impact from Climate Change
Waste Situation Under the Flooding Risk
Flood Waste Management
Challenges in Waste Management Under Flooding
Flood Waste Management in Different Phases
Flood Waste Mitigation and Adaptation Plan
Impact Evaluation to Mitigation and Adaptation Plan
Identifying Appropriate Alternative for Mitigation and Adaptation Measure
Lesson Learned from Bangkok Major Flood 2011
Guideline for Developing an Action Plan
Conclusion
References
7 Future Perspective of Solid Waste Management Strategy in India
Introduction
Solid Waste Generation Status
Categories of Solid Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Agricultural Wastes
Municipal Solid Wastes
Radioactive Solid Waste
Biomedical Waste
E-Waste
Composition of Solid Waste
Evolution of Solid Waste Management Policy and Programs
Solid Waste Management
Basic Principles of Solid Waste Management
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Hierarchy of Waste Management Options
Waste Minimization/Reduction at Source
Recycling and Recovery
Waste Processing with Recovery of Useful Products and Energy
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
Thermal Treatment (TT)
Waste Disposal
Factors Governing Choice of Technology
Green Technology
Need of Green Technology
Goals of Green Technology
Categories of Green Technology
Applications of Green Technology in SWM
Future of Green Technology
Waste Valorization
Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management
Gaps for Sustainable Solid Waste Management
Conclusion
References
8 Assessment of Quality of Compost Derived from Municipal Solid Waste
Introduction
Composting
Materials for Composting
Microbiology of Composting Wastes
Variables Controlling Compost
Types of Composting
Quality of Compost
Classification of Compost
Case Study
Conclusion
References
Internet Resources
9 Current Waste Management Status and Trends in Russian Federation: Case Study on Industrial Symbiosis
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Current Status and Trends of Waste Management in Russia
Background of CE in Russia
Case Study on Eco-industrial Park in Novokuznetsk District
Circular Economy Benefits
Conclusion
References
10 A Transition Toward a Circular Economy: Insights from Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste
Introduction
Brazilian Waste Solid Waste Management
Brazilian Socioeconomic Context Faced with the Worldwide Solid Waste Generation
Solid Waste Classification According to the National Policy on Solid Waste
The Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste from the Circular Economy Perspective
Waste Hierarchy
Reverse Logistics
Shared Responsibility
Barriers for the Adoption of an Efficient Solid Waste Management in Brazil from the CE Perspective
SWOT Analysis: Brazil´s National Policy on Solid Waste from the Circular Economy Perspective
Strengths
Opportunities
Weakness
Threats
Conclusions
References
11 Analysis of the Implantation of a System for the Sustainable Management of Solid Urban Waste in Brazil
Introduction
Systems for the Management of Recyclable Urban Solid Waste
Description of the Londrina Case
Constitution and Composition of the Portfolio of Products from Selective Collection
Critical Successful Factors for the Effectuation of Management Programs for Solid Waste with the Participation of Collectors
Synthesis of the Program´s Main Results
Conclusion
References
12 Thermal Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste in the Central Region of Mexico
Introduction
Circular Economy
Coprocessing
Results
Conclusion
References
13 Developing ``Zero Waste Model´´ for Solid Waste Management to Shift the Paradigm Toward Sustainability
Introduction
Background
Solid Waste: Composition, Sources, and Types
Current Practices of Solid Waste Management and Its Consequences
Current Treatment Strategies
Open Dumping
Open Burning
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
Minimum Waste Generation
On-Site Storage
Waste Collection
Relocation and Transportation
Processing and Recovery
Disposal
Legal Framework for Solid Waste Management in India
Governance for Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Management Rule, 2016
Role of Economy in the Solid Waste Management
From Eco-effectiveness to Eco-efficiency
Zero Waste Model: A Visionary Concept
Refuse
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Repot or Compost
Final Disposal
Case Studies
Indore
Thiruvananthapuram
Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur
Conclusion
References
14 Food Waste Management Practice in Malaysia and Its Potential Contribution to the Circular Economy
Introduction
Solid Waste Generation and Management in Malaysia
Current Scenario on Food Waste Management in Malaysia
Landfilling
Composting
Macroorganism-Based Bioconversion
Anaerobic Digestion
Managing Food Waste Transformation Through Circular Economy Framework
Efforts in Managing Food Waste for Sustainable Development
Opportunities and Challenges in Food Waste Management
Conclusion
References
15 Life Cycle Assessment to Support Waste Management Strategies in a Circular Economy Context
Introduction
Circular Economy and Life Cycle Assessment
Eco-Efficiency
Industrial Ecology
Industrial Symbiosis
Reverse Logistics
Zero Waste
LCA and Circular Economy
Life Cycle Assessment and Waste Management
Circular Economy and Waste Management
Perspectives and Topics for Further Research
Case Study
Conclusion
References
16 Circular Economy Approach to Address the Industrial Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Classification of Industrial Waste in the Economy
Opportunities, Challenges, and Trade-Offs of Industrial Waste Recovery and Recycling Processes
Waste Recycling
Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
Energy Recovery
Circular Economy Tools and Framework for Industrial Waste Management
Level(s)
Environmental Technology Verification
Product Environmental Footprint and Organization Environmental Footprint
Ecolabel
Eco-management and Audit Scheme
GPP
Conclusion
Nomenclature
References
17 From Waste to Wealth: Stepping Toward Sustainability Through Circular Economy
Introduction
Solid Waste
Solid Waste Sources and Classification
Factors Influencing the Composition of Solid Waste
Impacts of Unmanaged/Poorly Managed Solid Waste
Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Informal Sector Involved in Waste Management
Health and Safety Risks Associated with Informal Recycling
Economics of Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Role of Circular Economy in Solid Waste Management
Environmental and Economic Benefits of Recycling
Recent Developments and Perspectives of ``From Waste to Wealth´´
Future Perspective and Challenges
Conclusion
References
Part II: Agricultural Solid Waste Management
18 Recovery of Agricultural Waste Biomass: A Sustainability Strategy for Moving Towards a Circular Bioeconomy
Introduction
Agriculture as a Strategic Sector for Economic Growth and Global Development
The Transition from Traditional Intensive Agriculture to a Sustainable Agriculture
Principles and Problems of the Conventional Intensive Agricultural System
New Foundations of Agriculture in the Context of Sustainable Development
Family Farmers as Key Agents in the New Model of Sustainable Development
The Circular Economy and the Bioeconomy as Transformation Strategies Towards a Sustainable Agriculture
The Circular Bioeconomy: An Opportunity for the Recovery and Conservation of Biological Resources in Agriculture
The Bioeconomy: A Priority for the Post-2020 CAP
Agricultural Biomass as the Main Resource in the Bioeconomy
Characterization of the Agricultural Waste Biomass (AWB)
Approaches to the Use of AWB in the Framework of the Bioeconomy
Main Approaches of Some Bioeconomy Strategies on the Use of AWB
Main Alternatives for the Valorization of AWB
The Role of Biotechnology and Bio-Industries in the Sustainable Processing of AWB
The Importance of AWB Recovery in the Bioeconomy Framework
Significant Aspects of the Processes of Recovery of AWB
Conclusions
References
19 Sustainable Management of Agricultural Waste in India
Introduction
Classification of Agricultural Waste
Field Residue
Process Residue
Livestock Waste
Fruit and Vegetable Waste
Composition of Agricultural Waste
Agricultural Waste Management Strategies
Thermochemical Conversion (Incineration, Pyrolysis, and Gasification)
Aerobic Composting and Vermicomposting of Agricultural Waste
Bioethanol Production by Hydrolysis and Fermentation
Biogas Production by Anaerobic Fermentation
Biobutanol Production by ABE Fermentation
Biohydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation
Pretreatment Methods
Physical Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Physiochemical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
Conclusion
References
20 Solid Waste Management and Policies Toward Sustainable Agriculture
Introduction
Solid Waste and Its Type
What is Waste?
Solid Waste
Types of Solid Waste
Agricultural Waste
Municipal Waste
Industrial Waste
Solid Waste Generation
Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
3R Principle for Solid Waste Management
Reducing, Recycling, and Reusing of Solid Waste Materials
Sustainable Solution for Solid Waste Management
Zero Emissions Industrial Ecosystems
Developing the Production of Bio-products
Landfill and Open Dumping Sites
Incineration
Agriculture Organic Solid Waste
Valorization of Organic Matter Solid Waste via Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
Composting
Industrial Organic Solid Waste
Municipal/Domestic Food Solid Waste
Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant for Biogas Production via Anaerobic Digestion Through Valorization
Policies
Swachh Bharat Mission
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
Conclusion
References
21 Agricultural Solid Waste Management: An Approach to Protect the Environment and Increase Agricultural Productivity
Introduction
Components of Agricultural Solid Waste
Functions of Agricultural Solid Waste Management
Use of Agricultural Solid Waste
Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
Substrate Used for Solid State Fermentation
Utilization of Agro-Wastes Using Solid State Fermentation
Use of Algae in Agricultural Solid Waste Management
Conclusion
References
22 Agricultural Bio-wastes: A Potent Sustainable Adsorbent for Contaminant Removal
Introduction
Types and Structure of Agricultural Waste
Agricultural Waste as Adsorbents
Why Should Agricultural Wastes Be Utilized?
Current Approaches and Methodologies for Modifying Agricultural Wastes
Carbonization, Thermal Treatment, and Activation
Agriculturally Derived Nanostructures and Nanocomposites
Grafting Via Copolymerization
Removal of Inorganic Contaminants
Heavy Metal
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Removal of Organic Contaminants
Dyes
Drugs
Pesticides
Aromatic Compounds
Oil Substances
Adsorption Mechanisms for Organic Pollutant Removal
Adsorbent Regeneration
Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
23 Use of Agricultural Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Introduction
Agricultural Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Use as Binder Component
Palm Oil Fuel Ash
Rice Husk Ash
Corn Cob Ash
Bamboo Leaf Ash
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
Wheat Straw Ash
Use as Aggregate
Palm Kernel Shells
Rice Husks
Coconut Shell
Groundnut Shell
Sawdust
Challenges with the Use of Agricultural Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Conclusion
References
24 Mass Production of Trichoderma from Agricultural Waste and Its Application for Plant Disease Management
Introduction
Benefits of Trichoderma
Disease Control
Plant Growth Promoter
Biochemical Elicitors of Disease
Transgenic Plants
Bioremediation
Biomass Production of Trichoderma on Agricultural Wastes
Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Various Agro-Waste Products
Preparation of Sorghum Seeds and Initial Inoculum of T. harzianum
Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Bagasse
Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Compost
Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Paddy Straw
Method of Application
Seed Treatment
Cutting and Seedling Root Dip
Nursery Treatment
Soil Treatment
Plant Treatment
Furrow Application
Mechanism of Trichoderma in Biological Control
Competition for Nutrients
Mycoparasitism
Antibiosis
Tricho-Remediation
Climate Stress Reliever
Trichoderma: A Tool for Climate Smart Agriculture
Trichoderma: A Potential Biocontrol Agent
Conclusion
References
25 Impact of Agricultural Waste Characterization in Biomass: Solar PV Hybrid Mini-grid Performance
Introduction
The Concept of Hybrid Mini-grid
What Is a Hybrid Mini-grid?
The Importance of Mini-grid Hybridization
Biomass-Solar PV Hybrid Mini-grid (BSPVHM)
Biomass Technologies Commonly Used
System Description
Biodigester
Solar PV Panel
Inverter and Converter
Energy Management System (EMS)
Diesel Generator
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
Methodology
Results and Discussions
Conclusions and Future Works
References
26 Simultaneous Fermentative Production of Lipase and Bio-polymeric flocculants from Produce (Vegetable) Wastes
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Materials
Chemicals
Measurement of Lipolytic Activity
Statistical Optimization of Experimental Variables
Detection of Lipase-Producing Bacteria
Visual Screening for Lipase Production in Formulated Vegetable Media
Kinetics for Lipase Production
Optimization of Media Components for Lipase Production
Location of Enzyme
Response Surface Methodology
Production of Bacterial Extracellular Polymer
Structural and Functional Characterization
Determination of Flocculating Activity of the Extracellular Polymer
Results and Discussion
Detection of Lipase-Producing Bacteria
Characteristics of the Formulated Vegetable Media
Kinetics for Lipase Production
Effect of Carbon Sources on Lipase Production
Effect of Nitrogen Source on Lipase Production
The Effect of pH on the Lipase Production
Effect of Temperature on Lipase Production
Location of Enzyme
Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Parameters
Final Equation in Terms of Coded Equation
Production of Polymeric Flocculant
Flocculating Potential of the Extracellular Polymer
Economics of the Formulated Media
Conclusion
References
27 Paddy Straw-Based Circular Economy for Sustainable Waste Management
Introduction
Harvesting of Paddy Crop
Straw Collection
Postharvest Concept
Total Harvest Concept
Baling Machines for Straw Collection
Paddy Straw: Disposal Problems
Challenge and Options
Effects of Paddy Straw in Soil
Strategies for Residue Management
In Situ Incorporation
Role of Cellulolytic Microbes
Ex Situ Composting
Livestock Feed
Ensiling
Bioconversion of Paddy Straw
Biomethanation
Pretreatment
Co-digestion
Optimized Process
Solid State Anaerobic Digestion
Dry Fermentation
Biochar Production
Hydrochar Production
Electricity Generation
Bioethanol Production
Paper and Pulp Industries
Other Uses of Paddy Straw
Conclusion
References
28 Circular Economy Model for Florists: Need of the Hour
Introduction and Significance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Review of Literature
Methodology
Limitations of the Study
Findings and Analysis
Demographic Variable-Wise Classification of Respondents
Ways to Manage Unsold Flowers
Flowercycling Activities
Opinion of Respondents About Feasibility of Recycling Unsold Flowers
Procedure for Composting Unsold Flowers
Composters
Opinion of Respondents About Composting of Unsold Flowers
Suggestions
Conclusion
References
29 Temple Floral Waste Management in India
Introduction
Generation of Wastes at Various Temples
Existing Practice of Their Disposal
Exploitation of Waste
Strategy for Utilization of Floral Wastes
Utilization of Flowers According to Their Specific Nature
Technologies Available for Conversion of Floral Wastes into Value-Added Products
Essential Oil
Steam Distillation
Solvent Extraction
Carbon Dioxide Extraction Process
Enfleurage
Hot Enfleurage
Technologies Available for Making Animal Feed from Flowers
Technologies Available for Dye Manufacturing
Technologies Available for Preparation of Biocompost
Composting
Phases of Composting
Methods of Composting
Methodology
Vermicomposting
Major Benefits of Vermicomposting Chamber
Advantages of Vermicomposting
Manufacturing of Scented Sticks from Floral Wastes (Help us Green, Kanpur)
Description of Major Flowers Used in the Offerings
Lotus
Composition and Health Benefits
Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
Composition of Flower
Technologies Used for the Production of Essential oil from Hibiscus
Steam Distillation
Solvent Extraction
Nutritional Value of Hibiscus per 100 gm (Hibiscus Benefits and Its Side Effects/Lybrate)
Rose Flower (Rosa)
Significance
Chemical Composition
Technologies Used for the Production of Rose Essential Oil
Steam Distillation
Solvent Extraction
Carbon Dioxide Extraction
Jasmine Flower
Chemical Characteristics
Preparation of Jasmine Oil
Preparation of Sample
Hydrodistillation
Solvent Extraction
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Marigold
Chemical Composition
Therapeutic Values
Effective Antioxidant
Antibacterial Properties
Essential Oil from Marigold
Preparation of Extracts for Manufacturing Dyes
Aqueous Extraction Method
Aqueous: Ethanol Extraction Process
Solvent Extraction Method
Preparation of Animal Feed
Methodology
Cosmetic Cream
Fertilizer
Conclusion
References
30 Utility of Fruit-Based Industry Waste
Introduction
Occurrence of Bioactive Compounds in Fruit Wastes and Their Applications
Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste
Different Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Fruit Wastes
Phenolic Compounds
Application of Phenolic Compounds
Dietary Fiber
Application of Dietary Fiber
Enzymes
Organic Acids
Flavor
Other Applications of Fruit Industry Waste
Lipids
Essential Oils
Single-Cell Protein
Animal Feed
Biochar
Production of Different Biofuels
Biogas
Biohydrogen
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Adsorbent
Identification of Challenges in Fruit Waste Valorization
Conclusion
References
31 Turning Crop Waste into Wealth-Sustainable and Economical Solutions
Introduction
Agriculture Sector in Punjab
Shifts in Cropping Pattern
Crop Residue Generation and Surplus
Status of Crop Residue Burning and Its Economic Impact
Status of Paddy Residue Management in Punjab
Gainful Crop Residue Management Options
Mulching/Retention of Residue on Soil Surface
In situ Incorporation of Crop Residue in the Soil
Collection/Removal of Crop Residue for Off-Farm Uses
Promotion of Short-Duration Rice Varieties for Promoting Better Straw Management
Power Generation
Policy Initiatives Taken Up by the Government for Crop Residue Management
Conclusion
References
32 Sustainable and Economical Approaches in Utilizing Agricultural Solid Waste for Bioethanol Production
Introduction
Issue of Open-Field Burning of ASW as a Major Sustainability Concern
Biofuel Policy in India
Salient Features of NPB-2018
Agricultural Solid Waste as a Potential Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
Process of Bioethanol Production from Agricultural Solid Waste
Pretreatment Technology of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Process Modeling of Pretreatment Methods to Improve Fermentable Sugar Release
Physical Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Integrated Physicochemical Pretreatment
Inhibitors from Biomass Pretreatment and Their Removal to Improve Ethanol Production
Novel Pressure-Driven Membrane System for the Removal of Inhibitors from Hydrolysate
Biological Pretreatment
The novel Ethanol Fermentation Process for Hydrolyzed Agricultural Solid Waste
Novel Microbial Strains for Ethanol Production
Optimized Process Condition for Improved Ethanol Production
Design and Optimization of Ethanol Production
Sustainable Framework and Process Economics of Bioethanol Production
Sustainability Principles for Biofuel Production
Sustainability Index of the Process
Lifecycle Assessment as a Sustainability Index Tool of Bioethanol Production
Future Prospects
Conclusion
References
33 A Community-Driven Household Waste Management System in the Tea Plantation Sector: Experiences from Sri Lanka Toward a Circ...
Introduction
Importance of the Waste Management System in the Plantation Sector in Sri Lanka
Challenges in the Traditional Waste Management Systems in the Plantation Sector
Project Overview
New Approach to Manage Suburban and Rural Domestic Waste
Key Features and Principles of the Novel Waste Management Program
Reusing and Circulation of Plastic Materials Within the System
Main Stakeholders of the Project
Project Implementation
Channel 1: Through Child Development Centre Parent Committees (CDCPCs)
Channel 2: Via Local Schools
Project Benefits
Project´s Challenges and Way Forward
Challenges
Remedial Actions Pursued
Lessons Learned
Conclusion
References
34 Sludge Waste Management Techniques and Challenges in Water Resources Supply
Introduction
Sludge Management Practice in Several Countries
Sludge Disposal Options in Water and Wastewater Treatment System
Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Treatment Sludge
Dewatering of Wastewater Treatment Sludge
Thermal Process of Wastewater Treatment Sludge
Incineration
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Land-Based Applications
Reuse of Water Treatment Sludge as Construction Materials
Reuse of Water Treatment Sludge in Pollutant Removal
Challenges of Water and Wastewater Treatment Sludge Management Options
Conclusion
References
35 Optimal Management of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Using Mathematical Modeling: A Case Study in Valencia
Introduction
Leachate Production in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
Leachate Composition
Leachate Generation
Leachate Flow Through the Landfill
Hydraulic Conductivity
Field Capacity
Modeling Leachate Production in Landfills
Models Based on the Water Balance Equation
Models Based on the Flow Equation
BIOLEACH Model
Calculation of Leachate Production in BIOLEACH. Water Balance Equation Formulation
Leachate Recirculation
Criterion 1: Biogas Production Criterion
Criterion 2: Hydrological Criterion
Case Study: MSW Landfill in Valencia Region (Spain)
Available Data
Results
Scenario 1: Landfill Management Using Classical Techniques Without Leachate Recirculation
Scenario 2: Landfill Management Considering the Possibility of Recirculating Leachate to the Landfill Surface
Scenario 3: Landfill Management as a Bioreactor, Considering the Possibility of Recirculating Leachate Both into the Waste Mas...
Discussion
Conclusion
References
36 Contribution of a Well-Managed Landfill to Sustainable Development
Introduction
Landfill Operations in Relation to the Sustainable Development Goals
Waste Compositions and Disposal in Landfills
Waste Management Policies as Applicable to Landfilling in Different Countries
Overview of a Sustainable Landfill Design
Placing Sustainable Landfills Within the Circular Economy
Conclusion
References
37 Phytoremediation: A Cost-Effective Tool for Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Heavy Metal Pollution
Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination
Traditional Remediation of Contaminated Soil
Hyperaccumulators
Criteria to Select Plants for Phytoremediation
Metal Hyperaccumulators Plants
Phytoremediation
Phytoextraction of Metals
Mechanism of Phytoextraction
Examples of Phytoextraction
Continuous Phytoextraction
Induced Phytoextraction
Rhizofiltration
Advantages
Disadvantages
Phytostabilization
Advantages
Disadvantages
Phytovolatilization
Phytodegradation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Phytostimulation or Rhizodegradation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil
Water Hyacinth as Phytoremediation Plant
Hydraulic Control
Phytoscreening
Benefits
Limitations
Forensic Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation Through Genetically Engineered Plants
Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil
Role of Plant-Associated Microbes in Heavy Metal Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation of Polluted Water by Trees
Buffer Strips/Riparian Corridors
Advantages
Disadvantages
Role of Genetics
Limits of Phytoremediation at Hazardous Waste Sites
Root System
Growth Rate
Contaminant Concentration
Impacts of Contaminated Vegetation
Conclusion
References
38 Bioremediation of Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Environmental Issues of Solid Waste
Concept of Bioremediation and Current Technologies
Current Technologies: Kinds of Bioremediation
Types of Bioremediation
Bioventing
Enhanced Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Mycoremediation
Biopiles or Windrows
Composting
Land Farming
Slurry-Phase Biological Treatment
Comparison of Technologies
Methodology for the Implementation of Bioremediation Technology
Feasibility Assessment
Data Requirements
Physical Properties
Chemical Composition
Maximum Allowable Concentrations
Regulatory Requirements
Treatable Contaminants
Treatability Studies
Bench Testing
Pilot Trial
Finalizing Style
Anaerobic Bioremediation
Validation
In Situ Bioremediation
Ex Situ Bioremediation
Health and Safety
Phytoremediation Method
Applicability
Contaminants
Site Conditions
Processes of Phytoremediation
Types of Phytoremediation
Harvesting/Disposal of Plant Material
Implementation
Groundwater Remediation Methods
Rhizofiltration
Phytotransformation
Plant-Assisted Bioremediation
Soil Remediation Methods
Phytoextraction
Phytostabilization
Plant-Assisted Bioremediation
Phytoremediation Technology Performance
General
Cost Information
Phytoremediation Technology Advantages
Phytoremediation Technology Limitations
Precautions for Implantation of Bioremediation Technology
Underground Water Remediation
Sewage Treatment
Drinking Water Treatment
Rainwater Treatment
Soil Remediation
Indoor Air Purification and Atmospheric Pollution Remediation
Merits and Demerits of Bioremedition Technology
Merits of Bioremediation
This Practice Is Highly Lucrative
Keeps the Environment Clean and Fresh
Saves the Earth and Conserves Energy
Reduces Environmental Pollution
Waste Management Will Help you Earn Money
Creates Employment
Demerits of Waste Management
The Process Is Not Always Cost-Effective
The Resultant Product Has a Short Life
The Sites Are Often Dangerous
The Practices Are Not Done Uniformly
Waste Management Can Cause More Problems
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
39 Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Effluent Pits and Soil Plot for Pollution Control and Environment Protection
Introduction
Bioremediation Technology
Technology Development Stages
Crude Oil
Characterization of Oily Waste
Bioremediation Approaches
Bioremediation Treatment Technologies
Land Farming
Composting
Slurry Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Historical Perspective
Need for Bioremediation
Major Contributors of Oil Spillage in Oil Industry
The Drilling Process
Oil Spillage from Drilling Operations
Production Process
Principle of Bioremediation
Bioremediation Strategies
The Biological and Chemical Processes of Bioremediation
Biological Process
Chemical Process
Environmental Requirements
Factors Affecting Rates of Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons
Chemical Composition of Petroleum
Concentration of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Adaptation
Phytoremediation
Bioremediation by INBIGS
Materials and Methods
Field Application of Bioremediation in Effluent Pits
Determination of Oil Content
Case Studies of Bioremediation by INBIGS
Field Implementation of Bioremediation
Photographs of some Bioremediated Pits
Conclusion
References
40 Bioremediation: Harnessing Natural Forces for Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Concept of Waste
The Exigency to Harness Natural Forces
Bioremediation
Principle of Bioremediation
Factors Affecting Bioremediation
Organisms (Biological Agents)
Bioremediation Strategies
Bioattenuation
Classification of Bioremediation Based on the Type of Natural Agent Involved
Microbial Bioremediation
Mycoremediation
Phycoremediation
Phytoremediation
Enzymatic Bioremediation
Oxidoreductases
Hydrolases
Bioremediation Techniques for Waste Management
Landfarming
Biocomposting
Bioleaching
Bioreactors
Bioventing
Applications of Bioremediation
Limitations of Bioremediation
Synthetic Biology: An Emerging Ingenious Technology in Escalating Bioremediation Efficacy
Bioremediation Comprehending a Circular Economy Perspective
Conclusion
References
Part III: Plastic Waste Management, Rubber Waste Management, Textile Waste Management, and E-Waste Management
41 Utilization of Plastic Wastes and Its Technologies: An Overview
Introduction
Global Scenario of Plastic Waste
Plastic Waste Generation: Indian Scenario
Plastic Waste Management: Current Scenario
Landfilling of Waste Plastics
Recycling of Plastic Wastes
Mechanical Recycling
Chemical Recycling
Plastic Waste Management: Modern Approaches
Plasma-Assisted Pyrolysis
Feeder Section
Plasma Torch and Power Supply
Scrubber
Induced Draft Fan and Chimney
Pyrolyzer/Reactor
Biodegradable Plastics
Other Technologies
Recent Approaches in India
Waste Plastic to Fuels (Pyrolysis)
Plasma Pyrolysis Technology
Polymer-Blended Bitumen
Co-processing of Plastic
Toward Circular Economy Through Green Chemistry
Conclusion and Moving Forward
References
42 Integrated Strategy of Plastic Waste Management to Green Environmental Sustainability and Health Care
Introduction
Universal Consequence of Left-over Plastics
Plastic Manufacture, Ingesting, and Waste Generation: Worldwide Consequence
Plastic Manufacture, Ingesting, and Waste Generation: Indian Consequence
Reducing the Consumption of Plastic
Edification and Consciousness
Refining the Discarding of Waste
Removal and Assortment of Waste
Processing and Sustainability
Avoiding Littering
Waste Management Strategies
Energy Recovery from Plastics Waste
Ecological Pollutant Strategies
Management of Plastic Left-over
Reuse, Recycling, Ignition, and Landfill
Conclusion
References
43 Recent Innovations in Chemical Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste: A Circular Economy Approach Toward Sustainabi...
Introduction
Introduction of PET
Introduction of Circular Economy
Physical Properties of PET
Synthesis of PET
Esterification Reaction
Transesterification Reaction
Applications of PET
Recycling of Post-Consumer PET: Circular Economy Concerns
Primary/Re-extrusion
Secondary/Mechanical Recycling
Tertiary/Feedstock/Chemical Recycling
Hydrolysis
Methanolysis
Glycolysis
Quaternary Recycling/Energy Recovery
Glycolytic Depolymerization of PET
Catalyzed Glycolysis
Metal Salt
High Surface Area Catalysts: Nanocomposite-Based Catalysts
Recyclable Catalyst: Ionic Liquid
Subcritical and Supercritical Glycolysis
Microwave-Assisted Glycolysis
Enzymatic Glycolysis
PET Recycling, Circular Economy, and Sustainability
Conclusion
References
44 Stakeholders Perception of Used Plastics
Introduction
Plastic Waste and Its Challenges
Solid Waste Situation in Nepal
Solid Waste Management in Nepal
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nepal (SWM)
The Problem
Theoretical Framework: Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
Method and Data
ISWM in Nepalese Municipality
Stakeholders´ View
Plastic Waste and Its SWM
Management and Cost Responsibilities of SWM
The Solution to Plastic Waste Management
Recover Material from Solid Waste
Sustainable Financing
Environmental and Social Benefits
Complementing Strategies for the ISWM in Nepal
Household Behavioral Change
Scaling up the Recovery Rate and Collection Efficiency
Tax and Charges on Plastic Goods
Landfill Management
Conclusion
References
45 Biopolymer-Based Liners for Waste Containment Facilities: A Review
Introduction
Biopolymers
Hydraulic Conductivity of Biopolymer-Treated Soils
Strength of Biopolymer-Treated Soils
Durability
Sustainable Development and Circular Economy
Conclusion
References
46 Solid Waste Management in Textile Industry
Introduction
Classification of Textile Fiber
Natural Fiber
Regenerated Fiber
Synthetic Fiber
Environmental Impact of Fibers
Cotton and Wool
Rayon and Tencel
Nylon and Polyester
Classification of Textile Waste
Pre-consumer Waste
Post-consumer Textile Waste
Soft and Hard Waste
Causes of Textile Waste Generation
Industrialization
Modern Lifestyle
Rapid Change in Fashion
Easy and Cheap Availability of Textiles
Lack of Consumer Awareness About Environment Friendliness
Lack of Strict Government Policies
Lack of Classic Designs
Low Popularity of Secondhand Clothing
Lack of Systematic Pipeline of Textile Recycling
Major Textile Waste-Generating Activities
Necessity of Textile Waste Management
Principles of Textile Waste Management
Rethink
Reduce
Reuse/Upcycle
Recycle
Reintroduce
Upcycling and Recycling of Textile Waste
Traditional Textile Upcycling and Recycling Processes
Textile Waste Upcycling and Recycling Processes at Household Level
Textile Waste Upcycling and Recycling Processes at Crafts Sector
People of Wagdi Community
People of Kathiyawad Community
Traders of Secondhand Clothing (SHC)
Real Fabric Zari (Gold and Silver Work) Extractors
Fabric Scrap Collectors
Secondhand Clothes (SHC) Retailers
Modern Textile Waste Upcycling and Recycling Processes
Mechanical Recycling
Chemical Recycling
Bio-recycling
Modern Concepts of Textile Waste Management
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Extended Producers Responsibility
Take-Back Program
Recycling-Based Entrepreneurship
Online Market Place
Circular Textile Program
Benefits of Textile Waste Management
Reduction of Environmental Pollution
Positive Impact on Economy of Country
Clothes for the Poor and Disaster Relief Purpose
Conservation of Natural Resources
Reduction of Pressure on Virgin Materials
Enhancement of Creative Ability
Contribution Towards Business Generation
Employment Regeneration
Global Impact
Social Progress
Constraints for Indian Textile Recycling Industry
Lack of Awareness Among Citizens
Lack of Proper Channel
Neighbor Country Competitions
Lack of New Technologies
Lack of Government Support
Things to Consider for Improving Waste Management Practices
Conclusion
References
47 Turning Plastic Wastes into Textile Products
Introduction
Plastics: From Production to Waste Generation
The Recycling Methods of Plastic Wastes
Textile Industry and Sustainability
Recycling of Plastics in Textile Industry
Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Approaches in Recycling Plastic Wastes in the Textile Industry
Recycled Pet Fiber in Textile Industry
Fast-Fashion Trend in Textile Sector
The Role of Life Cycle Assessment in Circular Economy
Example of a Life Cycle Assessment of rPET
Consumer Attitudes Toward Recycled Textiles
Precursor Brands and Retailers of Textile Industry Supporting the Use of Recycled Plastics
Conclusion
References
48 Sources and Fates of Textile Solid Wastes and Their Sustainable Management
Introduction
Waste Management
Definition
Principle
Waste Management Systems
Waste Management Criteria
Waste Hierarchy
Textile Solid Waste Management
Sources and Common Fates
Sustainable Development in Waste Management
Sustainability in the Context of Textile Solid Waste Management
Current Strategies to Treat the Textile Solid Waste
Case Study: Bangladesh Scenario
Some Promising Methods for Textile Solid Waste Management
Composting
Regeneration of Valuable Products from Textile Solid Waste
Radiation Technology to Decontaminate Textile Sludge
Briquettes from Textile Sludge
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
49 Reuse of Textile ETP Sludge into Value-Added Products for Environmental Sustainability
Introduction
Textile Wet Processing Industry
Textile Sludge
Harmful Effects of Textile Sludge
Aquatic Life
Soil
Health Risk
Reuse of Textile Sludge
Bricks
Concrete
Building or Construction Materials
Fertilizers
Biogas
Adsorbent
Defoamer
Conclusion
References
50 Bio-management of Textile Industrial Wastewater Sludge Using Earthworms: A Doable Strategy Toward Sustainable Environment
Introduction
Environmental Pollution Associated with the Textile Industry
Textile Dye Pollution
Solid Waste and Wastewater Sludge Pollution
Disposal of Textile Industrial Sludge Employing Biological Methods
Anaerobic Digestion
Composting Technology
Vermicomposting Technology
Suitable Earthworm Species for Remediation of Textile Industrial Sludge
Earthworm Degradation Process
Potential Earthworm Mechanism for Nutrient Enrichment
Nitrogen (N) Dynamics
Phosphorus (P) Dynamics
Potassium (K) Dynamics
Microelements
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Internal Body of the Earthworms
The Pivotal Role of Vermicompost in Crop Production
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
51 Integrated Biotechnological Interventions in Textile Effluent Treatment
Introduction
Non-biological Processes and Their Drawbacks
Physical Methodologies
Chemical Methodologies
Drawbacks
Biotechnological Processes
Enzymes and Whole Cell Biocatalysts (WCBs)
Microbial Fuel Cells
Nano-biotechnology
Functional Metagenomics
Challenges and Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
52 Effects of Marine Littering and Sustainable Measures to Reduce Marine Pollution in India
Introduction
Mobility of Plastic from the Economy to the Marine Environment
The Current Situation on Global Marine Littering
Global Mismanaged Plastic
Global Ocean Plastic Source: Land Versus Marine
Marine Littering in India Cause and Effect
Pathways to Marine Littering in India
Plastic Inputs from Indian River Catchments into the Global Marine
Actions to Mitigate Marine Littering in India
Impact of EPR on Recycling
Impact of EPR on Job Creation
Impact of EPR on the Quantity of Waste Collected
Impact of Beach Cleaning
Ocean Cleaning
Awareness Creation
Model Demonstrating the Current and Projected Impact of Several Waste Management Pathways
Importance of Collaborating International and Regional Marine Debris Network in Mitigating Marine Littering
Global Efforts to Support Marine Litter Actions
G20 Action
Network Comparison and Connection Between Regional, National, and Global Marine Debris Network
Conclusion
References
53 Utilization of Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Introduction
Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Composition of Tyre Wastes
Processing of Tyre Wastes
Types of Tyre Wastes Used in Cementitious Composites
Properties of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Tyre Wastes
Physical Properties
Workability
Density
Thermal Properties
Acoustic Properties
Mechanical Properties
Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity
Tensile and Flexural Strength
Durability Properties
Permeability
Drying Shrinkage
Resistance to Physical Attacks
Resistance to Chemical Attacks
Interfacial Properties
Benefits of Using Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Major Challenges with the Use of Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Prospects for the Use of Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
Conclusion
References
54 Circular Economy in the Concrete Industry
Introduction
Circular Economy in the Concrete Industry
Circular Economy Initiatives in the Concrete Industry
Circular Economy Challenges in the Concrete Industry
Future of Circular Economy in the Concrete Industry
Conclusion
References
55 Experimental Investigation of Physiochemical Properties of Cement Mortar Incorporating Clay Brick Waste Powder: Recyclable ...
Introduction
Literature Review
Pozzolanic Index of CBW
Mechanical Properties of Mortars
Durability Properties of Mortars
Experimental Program
Materials and Mix Proportions
Methodology
Result and Discussion
Particle Size Analysis
Findings
Conclusion
References
56 A Sustainability Approach to Geopolymer Brick Manufacture Using Mine Wastes
Introduction
Siginificance of work
Experimental Program
Experiment and Test Methods
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References
57 Integrated Electronic Waste Management: Issues and Strategies
Introduction
E-Waste: A Global Issue
Life Cycle of E-Waste
E-Waste Management in India
Existing Legislation for E-Waste in India
E-Waste Management Issues
Impacts of Informal Recycling
E-Waste Disposal Methods in India
E-Waste Management Strategies
Waste Management Strategies in Developing Countries
Waste Management Strategies in Developed Countries
Regulations and Policies for E-Waste
Producer´s Responsibility in E-Waste Management
Reprocessing of E-Waste
Training and Awareness Programs on Electronic Waste Management
Conclusion
References
58 e-Waste Management: A Transition Towards a Circular Economy
Introduction
Global e-Waste Scenario
WEEE Management in Developed and Developing Countries
Case Scenario: India
Strategic Approaches
DEMATEL Method
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Hazardous Materials Found in e-Waste and Their Impact on Health and Environment
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) to Develop a Circular Economy
Challenges Associated with e-Waste Recycling
WEEE Characterization
Conclusion
References
59 Management of E-Waste: Technological Challenges and Opportunities
Introduction
What Is e-Waste?
Definition
Categories of e-Waste
Material Composition
Key Statistics
Legislations for e-Waste
Current Practices of e-Waste Management and Its Challenges
Landfill Disposal
Thermal Treatment
Open Burning of e-Waste
Incineration
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Physical/Mechanical Processes
Dismantling and Sorting
Size Reduction
Separation
Challenges in Physical/Mechanical Treatment of e-Waste
Chemical/Metallurgical Processes
Pyrometallurgical Process
Hydrometallurgical Process
Biometallurgy Process
Biosorption
Bioleaching
Advanced e-Waste Management Technologies
Treatment of e-Waste Contaminated Surrounding
Sustainable Opportunities in e-Waste Management
Development of Circular Economy
Urban Mining of e-Waste Has Emerged as Business Opportunity
Opportunities in e-Waste Management for Government
Opportunities in e-Waste Management for Consumer
Conclusion
References
60 Exploring E-waste Management: Strategies and Implications
Introduction
E-waste
Human Toxicity of Hazardous Substances in E-waste
Environmental Aspects
E-waste Implications in Developing Nations
E-waste Management Strategies
E-waste Treatment
Global Initiatives and Implications
Conclusion
References
61 E-Waste Management: Rising Concern on Existing Problems, Modern Perspectives, and Innovative Solutions
Introduction
Urbanization Trend and Waste Generation: Current and Future Scenario of E-waste
Composition of E-waste
Sources of E-waste
Types of E-waste and Its Hazard
Type 1: Major Appliances
Type 2: Small Appliances
Type 3: Computer and Telecommunication Appliances
Type 4: Consumer Electronics
Type 5: Lighting Devices
Type 6: Electrical and Electronic Tools
Type 7: Toys and Leisure
Type 8: Medical Devices
Type 9: Monitoring Devices
Type 10: Vending Machines
E-waste Management
Preview of E-waste: A Global Challenge
Consequences of E-waste on Human Health
Effects of E-waste in Future
E-waste Treatment Technologies
Treatment Stages of E-waste: Comparative Scenario
Environmentally Encyclopedic E-waste Treatment Technologies
First Level Treatment of E-waste
Collection, Decontamination, Dismantling, and Segregation
Secondary Level Treatment
Third Level Treatment
Other Treatment Methods
Environmentally Responsible E-waste Disposal Methods
Importance of Repair, Reuse, and Recycle
BMW´s Gas-To-Energy Project
Silicon Circuit Boards
Boards and Dissolvable Batteries
E-waste: Innovative Solutions
Eco-friendly Laptops
Green Chargers and Solar Power Banks
Wooden Keyboards and Other Materials
Regulations on E-waste
Extended Producer Responsibility (WEEE): Redefining E-waste Management
The Handy Kiosks: Empowering People to Manage E-waste
Innovative Approach on Management of E-waste
NaMo E-waste Processing
Conclusion
References
62 Consumer´s Awareness and Perception Towards E-Waste Management
Introduction
Understanding Past Research Through Literature
Concerns Addressed in This Chapter
Main Issues Focused
Process Adapted to Understand the Issues
Discussion and Analysis
Conceptual Framework
Conclusion
References
63 Recycling and Management of Lithium Battery as Electronic Waste
Introduction
Electronic Waste
Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
Recycling of LIBs
Recycling Approaches
Currently Utilized Recycling Procedures
Pretreatment
Battery Sorting
Component Separation and Size Reduction
Removing Current Collector and Binder
Graphite Separation
Hydrometallurgical Method
Sulfate System
Chloride System
Nitrate System
Pyrometallurgical Method
Biometallurgy
Trends and Challenges for Recycling
Economic Evaluation
Challenges of Recycling
Conclusion
References
64 Recycling of Rechargeable Batteries: A Sustainable Tool for Urban Mining
Introduction
Background of Rechargeable Batteries
Environmental Impacts due to Battery Disposal
Recycling Technologies for Waste Batteries
Pyrometallurgical
Hydrometallurgy
Biohydrometallurgy
Conclusions
References
Part IV: Hazardous Waste Management, Bio-waste Management, Waste Water Management, Solid Waste to Energy
65 Hazardous Waste Management, Challenges, and Risks in Handling Laboratory Waste in Universities
Introduction
Background
Current Issues and Management
Literature Review
Scheduled Waste
Definition of Scheduled Waste
Scheduled Waste Characteristics
Scheduled Waste Best Management Practices and Policies
Malaysia
European
Asian
Institutional and Administrative Changes for Privatization
Standard Operating Methods
Packaging and Labeling Scheduled Wastes in Malaysia
Storage Designs for Managing Scheduled Wastes
Organizing Containers Carrying Scheduled Wastes
Materials and Method
Methodology
Sampling Area
Universiti Sains Malaysia´s Scheduled Waste Management System
Data Collection and Analysis
Analysis of Data over a Period of Three Years
Descriptive Literature Research on Evaluation of Scheduled Waste
Results and Discussion
Generation of Scheduled Waste in Study Area
Observational Analysis on Storage Facility Management
Evaluation of Risk and Hazard of Scheduled Waste
Conclusion
References
66 The Global Menace of Hazardous Waste: Challenges and Management
Introduction
Hazardous Waste Sources
Listed Wastes
Hazardous Waste Effect on Environment and Public Health
Hazardous Effect of Heavy Metals
Hazardous Effect of Pesticides
Hazardous Effect of Hydrocarbons
Hazardous Effect of Radioactive Materials
Hazardous Effect of Plastic Waste
Methods of Sampling and Measurement for Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous Wastes Sample Collection Containers
Measures for Quality Control for Sampling Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous Waste Sample Preparation
Quality Control of Hazardous Wastes Samples
Hazardous Wastes Storage, Collection, and Transportation Methods and Techniques
Hazardous Waste Sample Vault or Dome
Hazardous Waste Sample Container
Hazardous Wastes Containment Building
Hazardous Wastes Conveyors or Transporters
Methods for Hazardous Wastes Reduction, Minimization, and Recycling
Technologies for Hazardous Wastes Treatment and Disposal
Radioactive Wastes Management
High-Level Radioactive Waste (Spent Nuclear Fuel)
Radioactive Waste Sources
Radioactive Waste Classification
Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Wastes
Low- and Intermediate-Level Liquid Wastes (LIL)
Low- and Intermediate-Level Solid Wastes (LIS)
Low- and Intermediate-Level Gaseous Wastes (LIG)
High-Level Radioactive Wastes (HLW)
Vitrification and Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
Conclusion
References
67 Inorganic and Organic Pollutants in Baltic Sea Region and Feasible Circular Economy Perspectives for Waste Management: A Re...
Introduction
Pollution Sources in the Baltic Sea
Sediment Dredging
Metal Pollution
Eutrophication
Organic Pollutants
Beach Wrack in the Coastal Zone Baltic Sea: An Ecological Asset or a Nuisance?
Biowaste Management
Biowaste Generation, Associated Problems, and Management
Conversion of Biowaste into Biochar
Conversion of Biowaste into Biogas
Conclusion
References
68 Opportunities for Circular Initiatives via Waste Recovery in the Region of Campos Gerais, Brazil
Introduction
Theoretical Constructs
Circular Economy
Industrial Ecology, Industrial Symbiosis, and Existing Global Initiatives Toward Greater Circularity
Methods
Alternatives for Value Recovery of Waste Streams in the Campos Gerais Region, Paran
Conclusion
References
69 Insight into Pharmaceutical Waste Management by Employing Bioremediation Techniques to Restore Environment
Introduction
A General View of Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical Waste
Criteria for Hazardous Pharmaceutical Waste
Classification of Pharmaceutical Waste
Sources of Pharmaceutical Waste
Pharmaceutical Industries
Healthcare Institutions
Household Pharmaceutical Waste
Human Uptake of Pharmaceuticals
Agriculture and Agro-Products
Persistence and the Fate of Pharmaceuticals
Impacts of Pharmaceutical Waste
Essentiality of Bioremediation for Environmental Restoration
Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Waste
Enzymatic Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Waste
Oxidoreductases
Membrane Bioreactors
Aerobic Treatment of Pharmaceutical Waste
Anaerobic Treatment of Pharmaceutical Waste
Hybrid Systems (Anaerobic+Aerobic)
Circular Economy: A Novel Perspective for Pharmaceutical Waste Management
Innovative Approaches for Mitigating the Risk of Pharmaceutical Waste
Conclusion
References
70 Recycling Waste Biopolymers via Electrospinning for Water Treatment: Waste to Wealth Roadmap, Future Perspective, and Chall...
Introduction
Fundamentals of Electrospinning Process
Lignocellulosic Biopolymers and Their Derivatives as Electrospun Nanofibers (ENFs)
Cellulose and Its Derivatives
Cellulose
Nanowhiskers of Cellulose (CNWs)
Functionalized/Derivatives of Cellulose
Alginate and Its Derivatives
Alginates
Derivatives of Alginates
Functionalization of Alginates with Synthetic Polymer
Functionalization of Alginates with Bio-based Polymer
Aloe Vera and Its Derivatives
Aloe Vera
Functionalization of Aloe Vera Using Synthetic/Bio-based Polymer
Process Variables for Electrospinning Process
Operational Factors
Influence of Voltage
Feed Flow Rate
Distance from the Spinneret
Solution Factors
Selection of Solvent
Selection of Polymers
Effect of Concentration and Viscosity
Effect of Volatility
Effect of Conductivity
Application of Electrospun Nanofibers (ENFs) for Water Treatment
Applications in Water Treatment
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Microfiltration (MF)
Nanofiltration (NF)
Reverse Osmosis Desalination (RO)
Separation of Oil/Water
Removal of Heavy Metals
Challenges Associated with Electrospun Biopolymer Usage in Water Treatment
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
71 Used Water Management from Circular Economy Perspective
Introduction
Energy-Water Nexus in Wastewater Treatment
The Need for Energy, Nutrient, and Water Recovery from the Wastewater
Water Recovery
Nutrient Recovery
Energy Recovery
Circular Economy Concept
How Can Circularity Be Improved?
Resource Recovery Potential and Practical Feasibility
Scale of Economies
Treatment Technologies for Circular Economy
Enhanced Carbon Capture and External Feedstock Addition
Near Future Opportunities for Integrated Recovery of Resources
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Schemes
Integrated Anaerobic Treatment Systems: Bioelectrochemical Systems
Conclusion
References
72 Promising Algae-Based Biotechnology for Terbium Removal and Recovery from Waste(Water)
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Chemicals and Reagents
Macroalgae Acquisition and Maintenance
Bioaccumulation Assay
Tb Quantification in Water and Macroalgae Biomass
Experimental Data and Kinetic Modelling
Biomarkers
Oxidative Stress
Antioxidant and Biotransformation Defenses
Statistical Analysis
Results
Removal of Tb by Living Macroalgae
Accumulation of Tb in Macroalgae Tissue: Kinetic Modelling
Toxic Effects of Tb in Ulva lactuca
Discussion
Tb Concentration in Seawater and Macroalgae Tissues
Biochemical Responses of Ulva lactuca to Tb Exposure
Conclusion
References
73 Arsenic Removal Using Nanoparticles from Groundwater: A Review
Introduction
Iron-Based Adsorbent
Zero-Valent Iron
Iron Oxide Nanoparticle
Metallic Organic Framework Adsorbent
Bio-adsorbent
Industrial Waste/By-products
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
74 Application of Adsorbents Prepared from Waste for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Wastewater
Introduction
Heavy Metals
Cost-Effective Adsorbents
Activated Carbon
Biosorbents
Synthetic Adsorbent
Gap and Future Prospect of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
Strengths of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
Opportunities for Using Cost-Effective Adsorbents
Weaknesses of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
Threats of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
Conclusion
References
75 Removal of Struvite in Wastewater Using Anammox Bacteria
Introduction
Struvite Characteristics
Materials
Wastewater
Struvite
Anammox Bacteria
Application of Anammox Bacteria
Experimental Procedure
Calculations
Magnesium Reduction
Ammonium Reduction
Phosphorus Reduction
Conclusions
References
76 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: A Solution to Environmental Pollution
Introduction
Nanoparticles and Their Properties
Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Physical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Application of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Day-to-Day Life
Health Sector
Drug Delivery
Dentistry
X-Ray Imaging
Environmental Pollution Sector
Agriculture Sector
Agricultural Engineering
Types of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles and Their Application
Green Synthesis from Enzymes
Green Synthesis from Vitamins
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
Biobased Methods
Bacteria and Actinomycetes
Fungi, Molds, and Yeast
Algae
Plants and Phytochemicals
Green Synthesize Metal Nanoparticles
Copper (Cu) and Copper Oxide (CuO)
Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Cerium Oxide (CeO2)
Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)
Iron (Fe) and Its Oxides
Lead Sulfide (PbS) and Ruthenium (Ru)
Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au)
Palladium (Pd)
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Fourier Transmission Infrared (FT-IR)
High-Resonance SEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
XRD Spectroscopy and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
Dynamic Light-Scattering Analysis (DLS) and EDAX
Conclusion
References
77 Relevance on the Recovery of High Economic Value Elements and Potential of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Critical Raw Materials
New (Secondary) Sources of Critical Raw Materials: Circular Economy
Batteries
Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium, Cobalt, and Nickel
Scarcity
Its Presence in Waters and Toxicity
Other Components of Electrical and Electronic Devices
Platinum-Group Elements (PGEs)
Industrial Applications
Platinum and Palladium in Water
Gallium, Germanium, Indium, and Niobium
Industrial Applications
Gallium, Germanium, Indium, and Niobium in Water
Recovery of High Economic Value Elements from Water
Ionic Liquids
Properties
Ionic Liquids in Extraction and Separation Processes
Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Impact
Recovery of High Economic Value elements
Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
78 Solid Waste to Energy: Existing Scenario in Developing and Developed Countries
Introduction
Present Scenario of Waste to Energy at Global Level
Need for Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Selection of WtE Generation Technologies
Thermal Process
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Incineration
Biochemical Process
Pretreatment of Biomass
Physical Methods
Physico-Chemical Methods
Chemical Methods
Biological Methods
Biomethanation or Anaerobic Digestion
Aerobic Composting
Bioethanol Production
Biohydrogen Production
Dark Fermentation
Photo-Fermentation
Conclusion
References
79 Solid Waste to Energy: A Prognostic for Sound Waste Management
Introduction
World Scenario of WtE Technology
Waste Generation, Composition, and Characterization
The Concept of Waste to Energy
Incineration
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Sanitary Landfilling
Anaerobic Digestion
Role of Waste-to-Energy Technology in Sustainable Waste Management
Volume Reduction
Resource Conservation
Environmental Protection
Hygienization
Social Acceptance
Economics of Waste-to-Energy Facilities
Environmental and Public Health Concerns
Waste-to-Energy Technology During Health Emergencies
Conclusion
References
80 Waste-to-Energy as a Method of Refuse Disposal: An Analysis of Sustainable Technologies and Their Environmental Impact
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Survey
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
81 Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Industrial Progress for Boosting the Circular Economy
Introduction
Progress of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Incineration
Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
Progress of Gasification
Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
Progress of Pyrolysis
Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
Progress of Anaerobic Digestion
Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
Progress of Landfilling
Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
Barriers of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Technological Maturity
Incineration
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Anaerobic Digestion
Landfilling
Finance
Incineration
Pyrolysis and Gasification
Anaerobic Digestion
Landfilling
Regulation
Comparison of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Type of Waste
Pre-Treatment
Waste Reduction
Net Efficiency
Emissions
Product Valorization
Technological Maturity
Cost
Regulation
Discussion
Conclusion
References
82 Solid Waste as Energy Resource
Introduction
Classification of Solid Waste
Agricultural Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste
Hospital Waste
Waste to Energy Conversion Technologies
Thermochemical Conversion
Biochemical Conversion Technologies
Advantages of Using Waste as Energy Source
Constraints of Waste for Energy
Future Scope of Waste-To-Energy Technology
Conclusion
References
83 Application of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Treatment and Electricity Generation from Piggery Solid Wastes
Introduction
Experimental Section
Sample Collection and Isolation of Anaerobic Microbes
Screening of Electrogenic Bacteria
Growth Kinetics and Biofilm Formation of Isolated Bacterial Strains
MFC Construction and Biofilm Formation on Electrode
IR Sensor-Based Object Detector
Result and Discussion
Isolation of Anaerobic Bacterial Strains
Screening of Electrogenic Bacterial Stains
Growth Kinetics and Biofilm Formation Ability of Isolated Bacterial Strains
Dual-Chamber MFC Preparation Using Biofilm on Aluminium Electrode
Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Aluminium Electrode with Biofilm
Application of MFC in IR Sensor-Based Object Detector
Conclusion
References
84 Contribution of Biomethane from Different Substrate into Energy Sustainability and Greener Economy
Introduction
Methodology
Substrate Characterization
Elemental Analysis (Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Sulfur)
Calorific Value
Results and Discussion
Characteristics of Substrates
Effects of Mono-, Co-, and Tri-digestion of Substrates
pH Levels
Comparison of Substrates Biogas Production Rates and Quantity or Accumulative Rates
Comparison of Substrates´ Energy Content and Biogas Production Capacity
Energy Content
Effects of Impurities in Biogas
Conclusion
References
85 Utilization of Biogas from Solid Waste in the Production of Biomethane and Its Use as Biofuel in the Transport Sector
Introduction
Solid Waste
Circular Economy
Biogas: Characteristics and Utilization
Biomethane: Characteristics and Production Process
Use of Biomethane as a Vehicle Biofuel
Conclusion
References
86 Biogas Potential from the Biomethanization of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste Generated in Harare
Introduction
Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable MSW
Classification of AD Processes
Dry or Wet AD Process Classification
Stages of AD Process
Single-Stage and Two-Stage AD Processes
Factors Affecting Biogas Yield and Quality
Substrate Characteristics
pH Level
Temperature
Digester Feeding and Operation
Seeding
Biodegradable MSW Collection System
Biodegradable MSW Substrate Pretreatment
Mechanical Pretreatment
Thermal Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
Biogas Production and CHP Generation
Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste
Anaerobic Codigestion of Biodegradable MSW and Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)
Theoretical Methane Potentials (TMP)
Estimates of Biogas Potential
Institutional and Legislative Framework
Barriers to AD Operationalization in Zimbabwe
Lack of Information on Market Potential
Undefined Economic Case for Biogas-Derived Energy
Inadequate Infrastructure
Absence of Institutional Structure Responsible for Approvals and Clearances
Limited Funding
Limited Capacity
Policy Initiatives and Strategies
Conclusion
References
87 Adverse Effect of Lawn on Carbon Sequestration Vis-a-Vis Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies
Introduction
Maintenance of Lawn
Lawn Mowing
Nutrient Application
Management of Major Diseases of Lawn
Management of Major Insect of Lawn
Weed Management
Impact of Grass Invasion on Climate Change
Overall Environment Impacts of Turf Maintenance
Carbon Sequestration by Lawn
Mitigation
Soil Improvement
Selection of Appropriate Plants spp.
Cultural Control
Precise Fertilizer Application
Precautions Concerning Application of Fertilizer, Pesticide, Insecticides, and Herbicide
Integrated Pest Management
Biological Method
Record Keeping
Policy Change
Planning and Design of Lawn
Conclusion
References
88 Environmental Impact of Free-Floating Bike Sharing: From Life Cycle Perspective
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Background: Collaborative Mobility Services in Beijing
LCA Framework
Estimation Model for Air Waste as GHG Emissions
Data Sources
Results and Discussions
Life Cycle GHG Emission Factors for Transportation Modes
Energy-Powered Vehicles
Non-energy-Powered Vehicles
Air Waste as GHG Emissions Impact of FFBS to Urban Transportation
Conclusion
References
89 Women Warriors of Waste Management
Introduction
The Indian Waste Management Scenario
Women in Waste Management: Comparison Between Global and Indian Viewpoints
Waste Management System in Ambikapur: The First Zero Dustbin City of India
Women Warriors of Waste Management in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh
Result and Discussion
Details of the Female Workers Involved in Waste Management
Details of Waste Collection and Segregation in SLRM Centers of Ambikapur, Surguja (Chhattisgarh), India
Monthly Waste Collection (Organic and Inorganic Wastes)
Categorization of Organic Wastes
Inorganic Waste Collection Monthly in Different Categories
Conclusion
Suggested Recommendations
References
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