Handbook of Research on Teacher Education: Innovations and Practices in Asia

Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Teacher Education at the Crossroads: Challenges and Prospects in Changing Times
Introduction
Asian Perspectives on Teacher Education
Subject-Specific Teacher Education
Redesigning Teacher Education
Teacher Education Reforms
Teacher Professional Development
Conclusion
References
Part I Asian Perspectives on Teacher Education
2 Teacher Education in a Developmental State: Singapore’s Ecosystem Model
Introduction
Teacher Education in the Developmental State
Attuned Stewardship with Nimble Policies
High Levels of Resourcing
Supportive Communities of Practice
Discussion
Sustainability of the Developmental State
Implications for Teacher Education
Conclusion
References
3 History of the Present: Practices, Development, and Challenges of Teacher Education in Macao
Introduction
Social Context and Educational Development in Macao
Historical Development of Teacher Education in Macao
Distinctive Features and Current Practices of Teacher Education in Macao
Future Trends and Challenges
References
4 Teacher Education System in Myanmar
Introduction
An Overview of the Historical Transition of Myanmar’s Teacher Education System
Beginning of Teacher Education During the British Colonial Era
Teacher Education During Japanese Fascism Era
Establishment of Teacher Education System After Independence
Deterioration of Teacher Education Under the Military Regime
Reform of Teacher Education Under the Education Promotion Program (EPP)
The Current Teacher Education System
Educational Institutes for Teacher Education
Curriculum of Education Colleges (EC)
Textbooks and Content of Education Colleges (EC)
Lesson Practice of Education Colleges (EC)
An Ongoing Reform
References
5 Teacher Education in Bhutan: Highlights and Challenges
Background
School System in Bhutan
Primary Schools
Lower Secondary Schools
Middle Secondary Schools
Higher Secondary Schools
Teacher Education Programmes in Bhutan
Teacher Education Curriculum
Perceptions, Opportunities and Challenges of the Teacher Education Programmes
Opportunities and Challenges in Teacher Education Programmes
Conclusion
References
6 Teacher Education in Malaysia: Preparation, Practices, and Future Directions
Introduction
History of Teacher Education in Malaysia
Pre-service Teacher Education
Pre-service Teacher Education Curriculum
Research on Teacher Education
Challenges for Teacher Education
Teacher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Future Directions
Professional Learning Communities
Creating Teacher Leaders
Conclusion
References
7 Teacher Education: Theory and Practice in Bangladesh
Introduction
Background of the Teacher Education
The Existing Teacher Education Program
Teacher Education Program in Details
Teacher Education Offering Institutions
Basic Changes in Teacher Education
Innovation in Teacher Education
Accreditation of Teacher Education
Challenges
Future Directions
National Teacher Education Council (NTEC)
Conclusion
References
8 Initial Teacher Education in Singapore and South Korea
Introduction
Initial Teacher Education in Singapore
Historical Overview
Rigorous Selection of Teachers
Values-Based and Learner-Centred Approach to Initial Teacher Education
A Strong Theory–Practice Nexus
Initial Teacher Education in Korea
Historical Overview
A Well-Structured Teacher Education Programme
High Standards Set by the Government
A Recent Push for a Learner-Centred Teacher Education
A Comparison of Initial Teacher Education Between Singapore and Korea
An Emphasis on Values Development
The Influence of Confucian Values
A Challenge and Recommendation in a Post-pandemic World
Conclusion
References
9 Teacher Education Curriculum in India: National Imagination and Actual Practices
Introduction
Teacher Education Curriculum Frameworks and Policy Recommendations
Implementation of National Curriculum Frameworks for Teacher Education
Conclusion
References
10 Teacher Education Research and Development in Indonesia: Preparing Educators for the Twenty-First Century
Introduction
Educational Research on Teachers’ Teaching Ability and Their Low Professionalism
Research in the Field of Education
Approaches
Teaching Profession in the Twenty-First Century
Teacher Professional Development
Teacher Professional Development
Legal Basis for Teacher Professional Development
Government Efforts to Improve Teacher Professionalism
Teacher Professional Development Strategy
Innovative Teacher Professional Development
Professional Teachers in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0: Challenges and Hopes
Professional Teachers in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0
Challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era
Hope
Government Efforts to Improve Teacher Professionalism
PPG—Pendidikan Profesi Guru (Teacher Professional Education)
Research Development: Method and Procedure
Stages: Preliminary Study–Development Phase–Model Validation–Effectiveness Test
Classroom Action Research to Improve Teacher Competence
Conclusion
References
11 Teacher Education in Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Introduction
Emerging Teacher Education Policy
Teacher Education Institutions and Programs
Pre-service Teacher Education Institutions and Programs
In-service Teacher Education Programs
Teachers and Teaching/Learning Practices
Primary Teachers’ Characteristics and Their Work Situation
Lower Secondary Teachers’ Characteristics and Their Work Situation
Teacher Recruitment, Employment, Deployment, and Management
Issues and Challenges
Quality: Pre-service and In-service Education and Training
Capacity of TEI Faculties
Recruitment and Deployment
Statistical Trends
The Data Set and the Projections
Teacher Deployment and Characteristics
Teacher Qualifications
Conclusions
Appendix
References
12 Teachers at the Cutting Edge of Educational Change: A Bangladesh Perspective
Introduction
The Education Workforce—Beyond Numbers
Attracting the Talented to the Teaching Workforce
Preparing the Education Workforce
Professional Teacher Preparation in Some High Performing Countries
New Thinking in Bangladesh
Governance and Management of the Education Workforce
Teachers for the Next Generation in Bangladesh
A Broad Vision for Teachers’ Professional Development
Ethics and Values Education and Teachers
Teachers at the Cutting Edge of Change in Education
Conclusion
References
13 Teacher Education Development in China: A Historical Account with Contemporary Implications
Introduction
Historical Development of Teacher Education in China
Phase 1: The Establishment of an Independent but Closed Normal Education System (1897–1921)
Phase 2: An Open Normal Education System Initially Formed (1922–1948)
Phase 3: Reconstruction of the Old and Closed Normal Education System (1949–1977)
Phrase 4: Restoration, Adjustment, Consolidation, and Improvement (1978–1995)
Phrase 5: Towards a Comprehensive, Tertiary-Level Oriented, Professionalized, Integrative Teacher Education (1996–)
Prominent Challenges Facing Current Teacher Education
To Optimize the Governance Capabilities of Teacher Education by Law
Coordination and Balance Between Different Teacher Education Resources
To Inject Innovative Force to Teacher Professional Development
Establishing a Competitive Teacher Education System with Chinese Characteristics
Exploration of Teacher Education Governance
Innovation in Teacher Preparation and Training
The Dialectical Relation Between Standardization and Multiplicity
Conclusions
References
Part II Subject-Specific Teacher Education
14 The Trends and Highlights of Mathematics Teacher Education Research in Korea
Introduction
Review of the Literature on Mathematics Teacher Education Research in Korea
Overview of the Analysis
Research Papers Selected for Analysis
Data Collection and Analysis
Results of the Analysis
Overall Analysis of Research Topics on Mathematics Teacher Education
Overall Topic Distribution and Its Changes Over the Last 20 years
Reflections on and Implications for Mathematics Teacher Education Research in Korea
References
15 Philippine English and Teaching It: Awareness and Attitudes of Grassroots Filipino English Language Teachers
Introduction
PhE: Brief History, Functions, and Status
Circles Within a Circle Paradigm of English in the Philippines
Linguistic Features
Studies of PhE
Language Awareness and Attitudes: Why Study Them?
Featuring Awareness and Attitudinal Studies of PhE
FELTs’ Awareness of PhE
FELTs’ Attitudes Towards Teaching EdPhE
Educational Language Policies
ELTE Programs
ESL/EFL Curricula
ELTT
Conclusion
References
16 Science Teacher Education in Taiwan
Introduction
School Culture in Taiwan
Nine-Year Continued Curriculum
Twelve-Year National Education Curriculum Standards
Changes of Teacher Education Programs
MOE-Sponsored Projects
Elementary and Junior High School Science Teachers’ Inquiry-Based Instruction Design and Professional Development
Dream to the N Power (https://cirn.moe.edu.tw/Module/index.aspx?sid=1196)
Senior High School Inquiry and Practice Center and Advisory Group
Maker and Technology Education Guidance and Counseling Center (https://maker.nknu.edu.tw)
FabLab (https://www.fablab.nknu.edu.tw/)
Summary
Science Teacher Education Research
Teacher Education Program Studies
Teachers' Professional Development  Studies
Summary
Conclusion
References
17 Language Teacher Education in Vietnam: Looking Back and Looking Forward
Introduction
The Vietnamese Socio-educational Context
Looking Back: E.L.T.E. in Vietnam
Teacher Education
Teacher Development
Issues to Be Addressed
Looking Forward
Conclusion
References
18 Pre-service Primary Teachers’ Perceptions of a Primary Education Program and an English Language Teaching Practicum: A Macau Case Study
Introduction
Literature Review
Preparing Future Teachers
Challenges
Possible Solutions
Study Aims and Research Question
Methods
Participants
Teaching Practicum
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Quality of the Primary Education Program
Quality of the Year-long Teaching Practice
Discussion
Microteaching is Useful but Must Be Expanded
The Mentor’s Role in the Teaching Practice Should Be Central
Lesson Planning and Practice is Sorely Needed
English Proficiency and English as a Language of Instruction Must Play a Central Role in the Education Program
Pre-Service Teachers Need to Be Prepared for Classroom Uncertainties
Instruction on Parent–teacher Relationships Should Be Integrated into the Curriculum
Limitations
Conclusions
Appendix A
References
19 Psychology Teacher Education in Brunei: Evolution, Development, Challenges, and Growth
Introduction, Background and Setting
The Need for Psychology School Subject and Teachers in Brunei
Psychology Content in Previous Brunei Main Teacher Education Program
Psychology Content in Current Reformed Brunei Main Teacher Education Program
Challenging Psychology Contents and Skills to Brunei High School Psychology Students
Challenging Psychology Contents and Skills to Brunei Trainee Psychology Teachers
Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Brunei Student Teachers
Coping with Stress Among Brunei Trainee Teachers
Influence of Inclusive and Special Education Policies on Brunei Teacher Education
Arguments Against Segregated Special Education Institutions
Arguments for Inclusive Educational Institutions
Barriers to Inclusive Education
Student Assessments and Examinations
Conclusion
References
20 Pre-service English Language Teacher Employability Issues: Voices from Indonesia
Introduction
Employability in Teacher Education
Indonesian Teacher Education Context
Method
Findings
The Prescribed Description of Teachers as Professionals
Voices in the Field
Discussion
Conclusion
References
21 Oral Feedback on Pre-service Teachers’ English Language Lesson Plans: A Macau Case Study
Introduction
Literature Review
Oral Feedback
Feedback Purpose
Feedback Foci
Feedback Delivery
Methodology
Learning Context
Participants
Feedback Procedures
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Qualitative Content Analysis Results
Quantitative Content Analysis Results
Discussion and Implications
Feedback On Task, Process, Self-Regulation, and Self
Feedback-On-Lesson-Plan-Elements
Limitations
Conclusions
Appendix A
References
22 Biology Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Working Environment in the Context of China’s Educational Reform
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Research Questions
Literature Review
More Attention Should be Paid to Biology Teachers
Working Context is Crucial for Educational Reform
Science Teachers’ Capability Beliefs and Context Beliefs
Method
Participants
Instruments and Procedures
Validity.
Analysis of Data
Findings
Question 1: How Positive are Teachers’ Perceptions of their Learning Environment?
Question 2: How Teachers’ Perceptions Differentiate?
Question 3: What is the Relationship between Teachers’ PWC and PWL?
Discussion
Factors that impact Teachers’ PWC and PWL
The Relationships between PWC and PWL
Teachers’ Personal Agency Belief Patterns
Teachers’ Interactions with their Workplace Learning Environment
Implications
Conclusion
References
23 English Language Teacher Education in Indonesia: Providers, Policies, Innovations, and Future Directions
Introduction
Indonesia’s Education System: An Overview
Teacher Education Providers
Teacher Education Institutions
Government-Based Training Agencies
Foreign Institutions
Policies on Teacher Education: Development and Implementation
Innovations in English Language Teacher Education
Post-Methods Teacher Education
Inclusion of Identity, Spirituality, and Criticality for Character Building
Translanguaging
Digital Technologies
Pluricentric Approaches to English
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Part III Redesigning Teacher Education
24 Teacher Education in Singapore: Changes for a New Landscape
Background
Changing Landscapes and Milestones
Landmark Events and Turning Points
Turning Point 1: Cessation of the Non-Graduate Diploma Programme
Turning Point 2: Advent of the Teaching Scholars Programme
Turning Point 3: Extension of the PGDE Programme
Teacher Education Model for the Twenty-First Century (TE21)
Looking Ahead
References
25 Reshaping Teacher Education for the Twenty-First Century: An Indian Perspective
Introduction
Pre-service Teacher Education
Upgradation of Curriculum-Pre-service Teacher Education
Upskilling—Digital Innovations in Teacher Education
In-Service Teacher Training
Gender Sensitivity
Inclusive Education
Multilingualism and the Power of Language
Sanskrit
Happiness Curriculum
Indian Perspectives of Happiness
Happiness and Teacher Education
Outlook: Cultural Awareness for the Next Generation—Indian Knowledge Systems
Conclusion
References
26 Government Primary School Teachers’ Remote Teaching Experience in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities
Introduction
The School Education System
Teacher Training Programme in Bangladesh
The Educational Response to COVID-19 in Bangladesh
Literature Review
Methodology
Context and Procedure
Participants
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Transition to Online Teaching
Teachers’ Readiness
Teacher Motivation
Impact of COVID-19 on Education
Discussion and a Closing Thought
References
27 Multiculturalism in Current and Future Mathematics Teacher Education in South Korea
Introduction
Scope and Context
Theoretical Backgrounds
Multicultural Education in General Teacher Education
Theoretical Models of Multicultural Teacher Education
Teacher Beliefs in Multicultural Education
Class Implementation of Multicultural Education
Multicultural Education in Mathematics Teacher Education
Theoretical Models for Multicultural Teacher Education
Mathematics Teacher Beliefs in Multicultural Education
Classroom Implementation of Multicultural Education in Mathematics
Guiding Research Questions on Multicultural Education for Korean Math Teachers
Directions for Research About Theoretical Models
Directions for Teacher Beliefs
Directions for Research on Class Implementation
References
28 Rethinking Lesson Study in Japan: A Case Study Analysis
Introduction-Background and Research Questions
Background of This Study
Research Questions
Theories on Lesson Study and Teacher Knowledge
Characteristics and Nature of Lesson Study in Japan
Two Theories on Teacher Knowledge
Research Design: Two Case Studies on Special School Culture in Japan
Two Case Studies
Discussion
How Do Japanese Teachers Gain and Improve Their Teacher Knowledge Through Engaging in Lesson Study?
Japanese Teachers Spend Much Effort at the Preparation Phase of Lesson Study from Teacher Knowledge Perspective
Implications and Conclusion
References
29 From Student Teachers to Hired Educators: Exploring the Attributes of Successful Teacher Certification and Placement Through Data Mining
Introduction
Background
Attributes of Effective Teachers
Systems of Teacher Selection
Research Questions
Method
Data Selection
Data Analysis
Results
Experiment 1: Predictors for Student Teachers to Become Certified
Experiment 2: Predictors for Teacher Candidates to Become Hired
Experiment 3: Predictors Varied by Candidates’ Disciplinary Backgrounds
Discussion
Conclusion
References
30 Changes in Teacher Education Requirements in Thailand in the Twenty-First Century
Introduction
Historical Overview of Teacher Education in Thailand
The National Education Act 1999
Teachers’ Council of Thailand (TCT)
Teacher Education Programs in Colleges to University Degree
Five-Year Teacher Education/Training Curriculum
The Structure of the Five-Year Teacher Education
Projects on Teacher Production to Attract Good and Smart Young People into the Teaching Profession
The New Generation of Teachers Project
Project for the Promotion of Science and Mathematics Talented Teachers (PSMT)
Projects on the Bright Students from Poor Families
The State and Problems of Teacher Education in Thailand
The Culture of Thai Community and Learners in Thailand
Evaluation on the Proposed 2019 Policy Changes for Four-Year Teacher Education Curriculum
Taking the Teaching Professional License Examination
Conclusion
References
31 Improving Teacher Education Curriculum in Vietnam
Introduction
Literature Review
Curriculum and Curriculum Development
Approaches to Curriculum Development
Teacher Competencies
Teacher Education Model
Improving Teacher Education Curriculum
Barriers to Curriculum Development
Teacher Education Curriculum Development
Implications and Conclusions
References
32 The Quest for Teacher Education Quality in Indonesia: The Long and Winding Road
Introduction
Historical Background of Teacher Education
From Colonial Era to Independence Day in 1945
From Independence Day in 1945 to Teacher Law in 2005
From Teacher Law in 2005 to Freedom to Learn Policy in 2020
Structure of Pre-service Teacher Education Program
Concern for Pre-service Teacher Education in Indonesia
Student Teachers’ Motivation and Career Intention
Role of Teacher Education
Contemporary Issues: Multiple Perspectives
Context of the Study
Research Methodology
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Deans’ Comments on the Quality of the Output
Heads of Department’s Comments on Teacher Education and Online Learning
Educators’ Comments on PPG and Student Teachers
Student Teachers’ Comments on Teachers and Teacher Preparation
Discussion
Implication
Conclusion
References
Part IV Teacher Education Reforms
33 Teacher Education Reform in Japan
Introduction: The Teaching Profession in Japan
Japanese Education System
Japanese Teacher Education System
Recent National Policy Trends in Teacher Education in Japan
Local Council for Teacher Development
National Institute for School Teachers and Professional Graduate Schools for Teachers
Enhancement Teacher Preparation Practical Learning
Conclusion: Policy Reform in Teacher Education in Japan
References
34 Implications for Teacher Education in a Time of Rapid Reform: Lessons from Myanmar
Introduction
Standards-Based Reform
Educational Reform in Myanmar
Domain A
Domain B
Domain C
Domain D
The Validation of the TCSF
The Challenges of Standards-Based Reform
Challenge 1: Alignment
Challenge 2: Transition
Challenge 3: Embedding Standards
Challenge 4: Time
Implementation and Enactment of Standards-Based Reform
Conclusion
References
35 Embedding Action Research in Philippine Teacher Education
Teacher Education in the Philippines
Action Research in Philippine Teacher Education
Pre-service Teachers’ Experiences in Learning Action Research
Liza’s Case
Middleton’s Case
Harry’s Case
Alexander’s Case
Nova’s Case
Deconstructing the Learning Experiences
Model of Teaching Action Research in Pre-service Teacher Education
References
36 Pre-service Curriculum and Perception of Prospective Student Teachers Towards Inclusive Education
Introduction
Pre-service Teachers Training
Teachers’ Attitudes and Inclusion
Approaches for Pre-service Teachers Training
Pre-service Teacher Training in Thailand
Context of the Case
Research Methods
Data Analysis
Results
Conclusion and Discussion
References
37 Tradition, Challenges, and Innovation in Japanese Teacher Education
Introduction
Teacher Education in Japan: A Historical Overview
Challenges to Japanese Teacher Education
Teacher Busyness
Increasing Diversity in Classroom
Delayed Digital Transformation
Innovations in Teacher Preparation and Professional Development
Reforming Schools into Learning Communities
Addressing Diversity in Teacher Preparation
Facilitating Innovative Teaching Practices
Conclusion
References
38 Teacher Education at Crossroads in India: Dire Need of a New Direction
Teacher Education at Crossroads in India: Dire Need of a New Direction
Teacher Education Programmes (TEPs)
The Need for a Statutory Gaze
New Perspective on Teacher Education
Process-Based ITE Curriculum: Orienting Assumptions
Essentializing Economistic Moorings
Teacher Education in NEP 2020
References
39 Preparing Teachers for a Changing World: Developments and Challenges in Brunei Darussalam
Introduction
The Effect of SPN21 on Teachers’ Expectations
SHBIE: The Teacher Education Provider
Twenty-First Century Teaching and Learning
Developing Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Through Learning Study
Conclusion
References
40 Fast Growing Analog Economy and an Urgent Need to Improve Its Teacher Education Towards Digital Transformation of the Lao PDR
Introduction
Teacher Education in Brief
Education During the French Colonial, 1893–1954
Lao Education Initiative in Liberated Zones—The Pathet Lao, 1947–1975
Lao Education Under the Lao PDR Governance, 1975–Present
Teacher Education Institutes
Governance
Institute Governance
Public Spending
The National Teacher Education Setting
Curriculum
Qualifications
Innovation and Professional Development
Discussions and Future Directions
References
41 Renovation in Curriculum Design and Training Programs for Teacher Education in Vietnam
Introduction
An Overview of Vietnam’s National Education System
Education Reform in Vietnam After “Doi Moi” (Renovation)
New General Education Curriculum (2018 Curriculum)
National Policies Related to the Development of New General Education Curriculum
Some Characteristics of the New Curriculum
Qualities in the New Curriculum
Competencies in the New Curriculum
Changes in Teacher Education in Vietnam in the Education 4.0
Education 4.0
The Fundamental and Comprehensive Education Reform in Vietnam
Teacher Training Models in Vietnam
Curriculum Development for Pre-service Training
In-service Teacher with Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Vietnam
Conclusion
References
42 Special Teacher Education in China: Based on Teacher Roles Reorientation and Professional Development in China
Introduction
Special Teacher Education: An Overview of the Literature
The Construction of Special Education Teachers Encountered Difficulties
Contradiction Between Knowledge and Practical Demand of Special Teacher Education
Challenges in Special Education Teachers Post-service Training
Policies and Legislation for Special Teacher Education
Policies for Preparing Special Teachers for Special Education Schools
Policies for Preparing Special Teachers for Regular Schools
Development of Special Teacher Education: A Historical Review
Special Teachers for Special Education Schools
Special Teachers for Regular Schools
The Strategy of Special Teacher Education in the Era of Teacher Roles Reorientation: Pre-service Education and In-service Training
Teacher Training Strategies in Special Education Schools
Strategies for Training Teachers in Regular Classes
Several Relations that Need to Be Dealt with Reasonably in Special Education Teacher Education
The Relationship Between the Training of Multi-qualified Special Education Teachers and Different Types of Special Education Teachers
The Relationship of Teacher Training Between Non-compulsory Education and Compulsory Education
The Relationship Between Pre-service and In-service Training of Special Education Teachers
The Relationship Between Teachers in Regular Classes and Teacher Education in Special Education Schools
References
43 The Precarious Politics of Teacher Education in Myanmar
Introduction
Political Transitions and Education Reforms
Locating Teacher Education Within a Landscape of Reform: Opportunities and Challenges
Positioning Teachers Within Shifting Discourses of Education
The Precarious Nature of Education Reforms and Potential Repositioning of Teachers
Conclusions
References
Part V Teacher Professional Development
44 Writing for Higher Education Academy Fellowship Towards Professionalization of Teaching: Perspectives from University Teachers in Thailand
Introduction
The Professionalization of Teaching
Teacher’s Characteristics and Their Pedagogical Practice
Writing for Fellowship
Methodology
Participants
Tools, Data Collection, and Analysis
Results
Writing for Fellowship as an Institutional CPD
Academics’ Engagement in Fellowship Writing
Professionalizing Teachers and Teaching Through a Fellowship
Discussion
Implications and Conclusion
References
45 Teachers’ Professional Development in Bangladesh: Issues and Way Forward
Introduction
Importance of Teacher Education
Andragogical Model
Overview of Teacher Education in Bangladesh
Policies and Initiatives Related to Teacher Education
History of Teacher Education in Bangladesh
Present Teacher Education
Technology Integration in Developing Teacher Education Improvements
Proposed Framework for Teacher Education
Discussion
References
46 Teacher Leadership in Teacher Development for School Improvement and Student Achievement
Introduction
Teacher Leadership: An Overview
Four Waves of Teacher Leadership Development
Teacher Leadership in Relation to Other Leadership Concepts
Teacher Leadership and School Improvement
Teacher Leadership and Teacher Development
Teacher Leadership and School Culture and Context
Conclusion
References
47 “Keeping the Knife Sharp”: Developing a Sustainable, Grassroots Approach to Professional Development for Cambodian Primary School Teachers
Introduction
Professional Development in Cambodia
Literature Review
Transformative Learning
School-Based
Individualized Learning
Collaborative Learning
Reflective Practice
Methodology
Findings and Discussion
Thursday Technical Meetings
Follow-Up
External Training
Conclusion—Developing a Sustainable, Grassroots Approach to PD for Cambodian Primary School Teachers
References
48 Enhancing Identity Construction Through Inquiry into Narratives
Introduction
Narrative Research
The Context
Pedagogical Intervention
The Study
Instruments
Trustworthiness of Inquiry
Findings
Discussion
Time (Past, Present, and Future)
Personal and Social Interaction (Inward and Outward)
Place (Situation)
Commentary and Concluding Remarks
References
49 Influence of Leadership Training on Taiwanese Elementary School English Teachers’ Instructional Leadership
Related Literature Review
Methodology
Research Setting and Participants
Data Collection and Procedure
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Definitions of Teacher Leaders and Leaders’ Visions
Experience of Planning and Leading Meetings
Consultancy for Being a Teacher Leader
Learning About Comfort, Risk, and Danger of Being Teacher Leaders
Attitude Towards Leadership Trainings
Implications
Integrating Leadership Issues into English Teachers’ Professional Development
Integrating Tools and Reflective Practice into Leadership Training
Conclusion
References
50 Teacher Education in Pakistan: Structure, Problems, and Opportunities
Introduction
Structure of Teacher Education in Pakistan
Issues and Problem in Education and Teacher Education
Initial Teacher Education, Induction Provision and In-service Professional development Opportunities of Teachers
Induction of Teacher Educators
Induction, Professional Development Opportunities and Challenges for Teacher Educators
Way Forward
References
Author Index
Subject Index