Handbook of Plasticizers

Front Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1.2 EXPECTATIONS FROM PLASTICIZERS
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.4 CLASSIFICATION
REFERENCES
Chapter 2. Plasticizer Types
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS
2.3 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZERS
2.4 REACTIVE PLASTICIZERS AND INTERNAL PLASTICIZATION
Chapter 3. Typical Methods of Quality Control of Plasticizers
3.1 ABBREVIATIONS, TERMINOLOGY, AND VOCABULARY
3.2 ACID NUMBER
3.3 AGING STUDIES
3.4 ASH
3.5 BRITTLENESS TEMPERATURE
3.6 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY
3.7 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
3.8 COLOR
3.9 COMPATIBILITY
3.10 COMPRESSION SET
3.11 CONCRETE ADDITIVES
3.12 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
3.13 EXTRACTABLE MATTER
3.14 FLASH AND FIRE POINT
3.15 FOGGING
3.16 FUSION
3.17 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
3.18 HARDNESS
3.19 INFRARED ANALYSIS OF PLASTICIZERS
3.20 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
3.21 MARKING (CLASSIFICATION)
3.22 MELT RHEOLOGY
3.23 MIGRATION
3.24 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE – STANDARD SPECIFICATION
3.25 POWDER-MIX TIME
3.26 PURITY
3.27 REFRACTIVE INDEX
3.28 RESIDUAL CONTAMINATION
3.29 SAMPLING
3.30 SAPONIFICATION VALUE
3.31 SAYBOLT VISCOSITY
3.32 SORPTION OF PLASTICIZER
3.33 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
3.34 SPECIFICATION
3.35 STAINING
3.36 STIFFNESS
3.37 TENSILE PROPERTIES
3.38 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
3.39 UNSAPONIFIABLE CONTENTS
3.40 VISCOSITY OF PLASTISOLS AND ORGANOSOLS
3.41 WATER CONCENTRATION
3.42 WEIGHT LOSS
REFERENCES
Chapter 4. Transportation and Storage
4.1 TRANSPORTATION
4.2 STORAGE
REFERENCES
Chapter 5. Mechanisms of Plasticizers Action
5.1 CLASSICAL THEORIES
5.2 THE FREE VOLUME THEORY
REFERENCES
Chapter 6. Compatibility of Plasticizers
6.1 PREDICTION METHODS OF PLASTICIZER COMPATIBILITY
6.2 VALIDATION METHODS
6.3 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZER STRUCTURE AND CONDITIONS OF INCORPORATION ON COMPATIBILITY
6.4 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZER TYPE ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIAL
Chapter 7. Plasticizer Motion and Diffusion
7.1 PLASTICIZER DIFFUSION RATE AND THE METHODS OF STUDY
7.2 PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE MATRIX
7.3 PLASTICIZER MIGRATION
7.4 ANTIPLASTICIZATION
7.5 EFFECT OF DIFFUSION AND MOBILITY OF PLASTICIZERS ON THEIR SUITABILITY
Chapter 8. Effect of Plasticizers on Other Components of Formulation
8.1 PLASTICIZER CONSUMPTION BY FILLERS
8.2 SOLUBILITY OF ADDITIVES IN PLASTICIZERS
8.3 ADDITIVE MOLECULAR MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
8.4 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON POLYMERIZATION AND CURING REACTIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 9. Plasticization Steps
9.1 PLASTICIZATION STEPS
9.2 STUDIES OF PLASTISOL'S BEHAVIOR DURING GELATION AND FUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 10. Effect of Plasticizers on Properties of Plasticized Materials
10.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
10.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES
10.3 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES
10.4 GLOSS
10.5 SOUND
10.6 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
10.7 MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
10.8 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
10.9 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE
10.10 FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
10.11 THERMAL DEGRADATION
10.12 EFFECT OF UV AND IONIZING RADIATION ON PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
10.13 HYDROLYSIS
10.14 BIODEGRADATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
10.15 CRYSTALLIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION OF MACROMOLECULES
10.16 MORPHOLOGY
10.17 PLASTICIZER EFFECT ON CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIALS
10.18 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON SWELLING
10.19 FOGGING
10.20 HYDROPHOBIC/HYDROPHILIC PROPERTIES
10.21 OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF PLASTICIZER IN POLYMER
10.22 SELF-HEALING
10.23 SHRINKAGE
10.24 SOILING
10.25 FREE VOLUME
10.26 DISSOLUTION
10.27 FOAMING
10.28 PERMEABILITY
10.29 SORPTION
Chapter 11. Plasticizers Use and Selection for Specific Polymers
11.1 ABS
11.2 ACRYLICS
11.3 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER
11.4 BUTYL TERPOLYMER
11.5 CELLULOSE ACETATE
11.6 CELLULOSE BUTYRATE AND PROPIONATE
11.7 CELLULOSE NITRATE
11.8 CHITOSAN
11.9 CHLORINATED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
11.10 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE
11.11 COPOLYMERS
11.12 CYANOACRYLATES
11.13 ETHYLCELLULOSE
11.14 EPOXY RESIN
11.15 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE COPOLYMER, EPDM
11.16 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EVA
11.17 IONOMERS
11.18 NITRILE RUBBER
11.19 PERFLUOROPOLYMERS
11.20 POLYACRYLONITRILE
11.21 POLYAMIDE
11.22 POLYAMINE
11.23 POLYANILINE
11.24 POLYBUTADIENE
11.25 POLYBUTYLENE
11.26 POLY(BUTYL METHACRYLATE)
11.27 POLYCARBONATE
11.28 POLYESTER
11.29 POLYETHERIMIDE
11.30 POLYETHYLACRYLATE
11.31 POLYETHYLENE
11.32 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)
11.33 POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)
11.34 POLYISOBUTYLENE
11.35 POLYISOPRENE
11.36 POLYIMIDE
11.37 POLYLACTIDE
11.38 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
11.39 POLYPROPYLENE
11.40 POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE)
11.41 POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOLE)
11.42 POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE)
11.43 POLY(PHENYLENE ETHER)
11.44 POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE)
11.45 POLYSTYRENE
11.46 POLYSULFIDE
11.47 POLYSULFONE
11.48 POLYURETHANES
11.49 POLYVINYLACETATE
11.50 POLYVINYLALCOHOL
11.51 POLYVINYLBUTYRAL
11.52 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
11.53 POLYVINYLFLUORIDE
11.54 POLYVINYLIDENEFLUORIDE
11.55 POLYVINYLIDENECHLORIDE
11.56 PROTEINS
11.57 RUBBER, NATURAL
11.58 SILICONE
11.59 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER
11.60 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER
11.61 STARCH
Chapter 12. Plasticizers in Polymer Blends
12.1 PLASTICIZER PARTITION BETWEEN COMPONENT POLYMERS
12.2 INTERACTION OF PLASTICIZERS WITH A BLEND COMPONENTS
12.3 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON BLEND PROPERTIES
12.4 BLENDING TO REDUCE OR TO REPLACE PLASTICIZERS
Chapter 13. Plasticizers in Various Industrial Products
13.1 ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
13.2 AEROSPACE
13.3 AGRICULTURE
13.4 AUTOMOTIVE
13.5 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
13.6 COATED FABRICS
13.7 COMPOSITES
13.8 COSMETICS
13.9 CULTURAL HERITAGE
13.10 DENTAL MATERIALS
13.11 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
13.12 FIBERS
13.13 FILM
13.14 FOOD
13.15 FLOORING
13.16 FOAMS
13.17 FOOTWEAR
13.18 FUEL CELLS
13.19 GASKETS
13.20 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
13.21 INKS, VARNISHES, AND LACQUERS
13.22 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
13.23 MEMBRANES
13.24 MICROSPHERES
13.25 PAINTS AND COATINGS
13.26 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
13.27 PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
13.28 PIPES
13.29 ROOFING MATERIALS
13.30 TIRES
13.31 TOYS
13.32 TUBING
13.33 WIRE AND CABLE
Chapter 14. Plasticizers in Various Processing Methods
14.1 BLOW MOLDING
14.2 CALENDERING
14.3 COIL COATING
14.4 COMPRESSION MOLDING
14.5 COMPOUNDING (MIXING)
14.6 DIP COATING
14.7 DRY BLENDING
14.8 EXTRUSION
14.9 INJECTION MOLDING
14.10 POLYMER SYNTHESIS
14.11 ROTATIONAL MOLDING
14.12 RUBBER PROCESSING
14.13 THERMOFORMING
14.14 WEB COATING
14.15 WIRE COATING
Chapter 15. Specialized Analytical Methods in Plasticizer Testing
15.1 PLASTICIZER IDENTIFICATION
15.2 METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PLASTICIZER CONCENTRATION
15.3 DETERMINATION OF VOLATILITY, MOLECULAR MOTION, DIFFUSION, AND MIGRATION
15.4 METHODS OF STUDY OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
Chapter 16. Mathematical Modeling in Application to Plasticizers
16.1 PVC-PLASTICIZER INTERACTION MODEL
16.2 GAS PERMEATION
16.3 MIGRATION
16.4 DRY-BLENDING TIME
16.5 GELATION AND FUSION
16.6 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
16.7 POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK OF EXPOSURE TO DEHP FROM GLOVE
Chapter 17. Health and Safety Issues with Plasticizers and Plasticized Materials
17.1 ADJUVANT EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS
17.2 THE RODENT HEPATOCARCINOGENIC RESPONSE TO PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS: BASIC BIOLOGY AND HUMAN EXTRAPOLATION
17.3 THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL NUTRITION ON PHTHALATE TERATOGENICITY
17.4 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF PHTHALATES: A REVIEW OF U.S. ACTIONS TO PROTECT THOSE MOST VULNERABLE
17.5 PLASTICIZERS IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 18. The Environmental Fate of Plasticizers
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 PLASTICIZERS IN WATER
18.3 SOIL AND SEDIMENT
18.4 ORGANISMS
18.5 AIR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Chapter 19. Regulations and Data
19.1 TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL
19.2. CARCINOGENIC EFFECT
19.3 TERATOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECT
19.4 WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
19.5 EXPOSURE FROM CONSUMER PRODUCTS
19.6 PLASTICIZERS IN DRINKING WATER
19.7 FOOD REGULATORY ACTS
19.8 MEDICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
Chapter 20. Personal Protection
20.1 CLOTHING
20.2 GLOVES
20.3 EYE PROTECTION
20.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
REFERENCES
Index