Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience: Exploration, Characterization, and Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction to “Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience: Exploration, Characterization, and Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs”
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 1 Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Petroleum Reservoir Characterization
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Importance of Preprocessing Stage
1.2.1 Integration
1.2.2 Regularization Step
1.2.3 Feature Extraction
1.3 Relevance of Prediction Stage
1.3.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
1.3.2 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Approach (ANFIS)
1.3.3 Support Vector Regression (SVR)
1.3.4 Support Vector Machines (SVMs)
1.3.5 Application of Deep Learning for Reservoir Characterization
1.4 Post-Processing Stage
1.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Petrophysical Predictions Using Regression and Advanced Machine Learning Algorithm
2.1 Introduction
2.2 State of the Art
2.2.1 Machine Learning Application for Exploration Activities
2.2.2 Machine Learning Application for Reservoir Characterization and Petrophysical Evaluation
2.2.3 ML Applications in Production
2.2.4 Type of Data in the Oil and Gas Industry
2.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Background
2.3.2 Preprocessing of DATA
2.3.3 Data Description (Training, Test, and Validation Sets)
2.4 Methodology
2.4.1 Case 1
2.4.2 Case 2
2.5 Results
2.5.1 Case 1
2.5.2 Case 2
2.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 A Modified Guided Filter to Denoise Seismic Attributes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory
3.2.1 Guided Filter
3.2.2 Modified Guided Filter and Guidance Image
3.2.3 Design of the Guidance Image
3.3 Experimental Results
3.3.1 Parameter Settings
3.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Geomechanics: A Basic Requirement for Wells at Every Operational Stage
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Procedures/Workflow
4.2.1 Data Audit and Drilling Event Review
4.2.2 Mechanical Stratigraphy
4.2.3 Overburden Stress
4.2.4 Pore Pressure
4.2.5 Elastic Properties
4.2.6 Rock Strength
4.2.7 Horizontal Stress (σh and σH)
4.2.8 Horizontal Stress Direction
4.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 In Situ Stresses from Log Measurements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Stress Field Within a Formation Penetrated by a Borehole
5.3 Birefringence of Flexural Waves in Presence of Horizontal Stress Anisotropy
5.4 Radial Profiles of the Fast-Shear Velocity, Slow-Shear Velocity and C44, C55, and C66
5.5 Computation of C44, C55, and C66 as per Acoustoelastic Theory
5.6 Relation Between Stress Field Components and Elastic Moduli
5.6.1 Nondimensional Parameters α1 and α2
5.7 Computation of Principal Horizontal Stresses from the Radial Profiles C44(r) and C55(r)
5.8 Stress Field Characterization Through Inversion of Flexural Wave Dispersion
5.9 Computation of the Principal Stress Magnitudes Under Plane Strain
5.10 Discussions
5.11 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 3D Inversion of Ultra-Deep Azimuthal Electromagnetic Logging-While-Drilling Data
6.1 Introduction
6.2 3D Inversion Process
6.3 Verification of the 3D Inversion
6.4 3D Inversion Synthetic Example
6.5 3D Inversion Case Study
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Solving the Puzzle: Seven Effective Habits of Geosteering Team Members
7.1 The Seven Effective Habits of Geosteering Team Members
7.1.1 Be Tech-Savvy
7.1.2 Visualize in 3D
7.1.3 Keep an Open Mind
7.1.4 Be a 3D Thinker
7.1.5 Switch Gears and Focus
7.1.6 Be Polymathic
7.1.7 Surf the Seven Cs
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Driving Technology for Geosteering Decisions: Halliburton Geosteering
8.1 Introduction
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Rock Strength Estimation from Petrophysical Logs Through Core Data Calibration in Low Porosity and Low Permeability Carbonate Rocks
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.2.1 Core Inventory
9.2.2 Lithology Description of Core Samples
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Core Testing Result
9.3.2 Core Calibration and Results
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Review on Organic Porosity in Shale Reservoirs
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Organic Matters and the Porosity Hosted by Them
10.3 Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Argon Ion Milling
10.4 Primary Organic Porosity or Secondary Organic Porosity
10.5 Low-Pressure Gas Adsorption for Measuring Organic Porosity
10.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Experimental Understanding of Pore Structure and Wettability of the Unconventional Reservoir
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Experimental Methods
11.2.1 Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM)
11.2.2 Mercury Injection Porosimetry (MIP) Analysis
11.2.3 Wettability and Contact Angle Measurement
11.2.4 Spontaneous Imbibition (SI)
11.2.5 Vacuum Saturation and High-Pressure Impregnation
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM)
11.3.2 Mercury Injection Pressure (MIP) Analysis
11.3.3 Wettability and Contact Angle Measurement
11.3.4 Spontaneous Imbibition (SI)
11.3.5 Vacuum Saturation and High-Pressure Impregnation
11.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Analysis of Pore Characteristics of Select Indian Shale Samples and Assessment of Pore Connectivity by Conformance Correction of Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Results
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Results and Discussions
12.3.1 Type of Pores
12.3.2 Conformance Correction
12.3.2.1 Identification of Conformance
12.3.3 Pore Connectivity Evaluation
12.3.4 Pore Size Distribution
12.3.5 Contribution of Different Pore Sizes to the Total Porosity
12.3.6 Permeability Calculated from the MICP Data
12.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Geochemical Modeling of Diagenetic Reactions in the Eocene Sediment-Gravity-Flow Deposit Reservoirs Influenced by Salt Tectonics: The Espírito Santo Basin, Brazil
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Geological Context
13.3 Compositional Data
13.4 Results and Discussions
13.4.1 Batch Mode Simulations
13.4.2 1D Simulation
13.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 Stratigraphic Boundary Detection Using UDWT and Edge-Detection on Well Log Data
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Theory
14.4 Methodology and Workflow
14.5 Results and Discussions
14.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Source Rock Geochemistry for Shale Characterization
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Composition of Sedimentary Organic Matter
15.2.1 Shale Biomarkers
15.2.2 Carbon Isotopes
15.3 Geochemical Characterization of Shales
15.3.1 Bulk Organic Matter Analysis Using Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
15.3.2 Biomarker Extraction and Analysis
15.3.2.1 Solvent Extraction of Organic Matter
15.3.2.2 Column Chromatography
15.3.2.3 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS).
15.3.3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS)
15.4 Generative Potential of Permian Shales from Jharia Coal Field, Damodar Valley
15.4.1 Generalized Geology and Stratigraphy
15.4.2 Results and Discussions
15.5 Recent Approaches to Shale Characterisation
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 A GIS-Based Approach to Explore the Possibility of N–S Gondwana Rift in the South-Eastern Part of India
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methodology and Analysis
16.2.1 Outcrops and Subcrops
16.2.2 Rift Signatures: Faults, Lineaments, and Tectonic Elements
16.2.2.1 Surface Expression of Faults
16.2.2.2 Subsurface Expression of Faults
16.2.2.2.1 Seismic Data
16.2.2.2.2 Gravity Data
16.2.2.2.3 Magnetic Data
16.2.3 Correlation with Antarctica
16.2.3.1 Outcrops and Faults
16.2.3.2 Magnetic Profile Data
16.3 Discussions
16.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17 The Upper Assam Basin, Its Evolution, and Modification: A Review
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Basin Evolution
17.3 Paleo-Brahmaputra and Dispersal of Sediments
17.4 Hydrocarbon Potential
17.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Basement Tectonics in the Assam Shelf and Its Implications in Hydrocarbon Exploration – A Remote-Sensing and GIS-Based Perspective
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basement and Basement Tectonics in Assam Shelf
18.3 Principles and Methodology
18.4 Results and Discussions
18.4.1 E–W Trends in South Assam Shelf
18.4.2 Rotation of Structural Trends and Bomdila Lineament
18.4.3 Implications in Hydrocarbon Exploration from the Basement in SAS
18.4.4 Basement Deformation in the North Assam Shelf
18.4.5 Implications of Wrench Model on Petroleum System of NAS
18.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Taphonomy, Petrophysics, and the Relationship of Dense Shell-Accumulation with Reservoir Quality
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Taphonomically Active Zone
19.3 Taphofacies
19.4 Taphonomic Signatures
19.5 Intrinsic Taphonomic Damages
19.6 Biofabric, Geometry, and Packing of Shell-Accumulation
19.7 Taphonomy and Petrophysics
19.8 Relationship of Taphonomy with Petrophysics: Examples from Barremian-Aptian Shell Beds of Brazilian Pre-Salt Reservoirs
19.8.1 Morro do Chaves Formation (Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil)
19.8.2 Coqueiros and Itapemaformations (Campos and Santos Basins, Brazil)
19.9 Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 Tectonic Evolution of Jaisalmer Basin (Rajasthan, India)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methodology
20.3 Results and Discussions
20.3.1 Late Proterozoic Rifting (Main Development Phase of the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin)
20.3.2 Permo-Triassic Rifting (Inception Phase of Jaisalmer Sub-Basin)
20.3.3 Early Jurassic Rifting (Main Development Phase of the Jaisalmer Basin)
20.3.4 Passive Margin Phase
20.3.5 Collision Phase (Tertiary Period)
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Improving Insights Into Petrophysics using Geophysical Data for the Habiganj Structure, Surma Basin, Bangladesh
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Location of the Study Area
21.3 Data and Methods
21.4 Results and Discussion
21.4.1 Gravity and Magnetic Data
21.4.2 Seismic Data
21.4.3 Well Data
21.5 Correlations
21.5.1 Relating Well Logs to Seismic Data
21.5.2 Correlation of Well HB # 11 to Sylhet Trough
21.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22 Assessment of Efficacy of "b" Value as a Seismic Precursor for Select Major Seismic Events
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Tectonics of the Select Regions
22.2.1 Nepal Himalayas
22.2.2 Sumatra Region
22.2.3 Japan Trench
22.2.4 Chilean Region
22.2.5 Data and Methods
22.2.6 Analyses and Results
22.3 Discussions
22.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Web References
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