Handbook of petrochemicals production processes, Second Edition

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Licensing Contacts
Part 1 Intermediates
Chapter 1.1. Badger Cumene Technology
Introduction
Cumene Uses and Industry
Physical Properties
Process Chemistry
Catalyst Performance and Contaminants
Process Description
Performance
Commercial Experience
Chapter 1.2. Badger Ethylbenzene Technology
Introduction
Feedstocks for Ethylbenzene Production
ExxonMobil EBMax Catalysts
Process Chemistry and EBMax Catalyst Performance
Process Description
Process Design Optimization
EBMax Designs Using Chemical-Grade Ethylene Feedstocks
Ethylbenzene Product Quality
Raw Materials, Utilities, and Catalyst Requirements
EBMax Plant Design
Reference
Chapter 1.3. BP Para-Xylene Process
Introduction
Para-Xylene Recovery in an Aromatics Complex
Development of Crystallization Process
Comparison of Crystallization to Selective Adsorption
Process Fundamentals
Process Discussion
Environmental Impact
Case Study
Bibliography
Chapter 1.4. Isomalk-3 (n-Butane Isomerization)
Introduction
Process Flow Scheme
Reverse Isomerization
Reaction Mechanism
Catalyst Regeneration
Process Variables
Isomalk-3 Catalyst Contaminants
Makeup Gas Quality
Nitrogen Quality
Advantages of SI-3 Catalyst
Isomalk-3 Reactors
Hydrocarbon Feed and Makeup Gas Dryers
Wastes and Emissions
Commercial Experience
Estimated Yields
Utility Requirements
Chapter 1.5. CrystPX℠: Modern Crystallization Technology for Para-Xylene Production
Introduction
CrystPX for High-Purity Para-Xylene Production
Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Detailed Process Description
Product and By-Product Specifications
Process Economics
Commercial Experience
Conclusion
Chapter 1.6. EB-X: A Process for Ethylbenzene Separation and Xylenes Upgrade
Introduction
Process Chemistry (Separation Enhancing of Ethylbenzene from Para-Xylene by the Solvent Function)
Process Description
Feeds and Products
Process Design
Commercial Description
Chapter 1.7. GT-BTX PluS®: Aromatics and Sulfur Extraction from FCC Gasoline
Introduction
General Process Description
Commercial Experience
Conclusion
Chapter 1.8. GT-BTX® Aromatics Extraction Process
Introduction
General Process Description
Process Perspective
Process Description
Key/Proprietary Equipment
Product Specifications
Wastes and Emissions
Process Economics
Chapter 1.9. GT-DWC® Applications
Introduction
General Information for GT-DWC
GT-DWC for Naphtha Splitter Revamp
Process Economics
GT-DWC for LPG Recovery
Feed and Product Specifications
Commercial Experience
Conclusion
Chapter 1.10. GT-HDS℠ Process for C8/C9 Pygas Components
General Process Description
Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Catalyst Chemistry
Reactor Temperature
Reactor Pressure
Detailed Process Description
Wastes and Emissions
Commercial Description
Chapter 1.11. GT-TolAlk℠: Toluene Methylation to Xylenes
Introduction
Process Chemistry
Description of the Process Flow
Process Performance
Process Advantages
Equipment Considerations
Case Study
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 1.12. Lummus/UOP Liquid-Phase EBone Process and Mixed-Phase CDTECH EB® Process
Introduction
Process Perspective
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Economics
Summary of Process Features
Chapter 1.13. Lurgi Distapex Extractive Distillation Process
Introduction
Chemistry Overview
Specifications
Process Description
Highlights and Benefits of the Technology
Economics of the Technology
Commercial Experience
Chapter 1.14. MaxEne™ Process
Introduction
Description of the Honeywell UOP MaxEne Process
MaxEne Process Configurations
Case Study
MaxEne Process Specifications
Commercial Experience
References
Chapter 1.15. UOP Parex™ Process
Introduction
Parex Versus Crystallization
Process Performance
Feedstock Considerations
Description of the Process Flow
Equipment Considerations
Case Study
Commercial Experience
Bibliography
Part 2 Olefins
Chapter 2.1. Lurgi Megamethanol™ Technology
History
Lurgi Megamethanol Technology
Process Description
Chapter 2.2. Axens On-Purpose 1-Butene and 1-Hexene Production Technologies
Introduction
On-Purpose Dimerization and Trimerization Chemistry
Economics
Conclusion
Chapter 2.3. BASF Selective and Full Hydrogenation Technology SELOP®
Introduction
History
Process Description and Reactor Designs
Process Safety and Hot Spot Prevention
Characteristics of SELOP Hydrogenation Performance
Catalysts for Hydrogenation Technologies
Chapter 2.4. Lummus Ethylene Process
Introduction
Development and Commercial History
Commercial Operations
Process Chemistry
Pyrolysis Reactions
Ethylene Process Flow Schematic
Refinery and Ethylene Plant Integration
Recent Technology Advances
Economic Aspects
Chapter 2.5. Olefins Conversion Technology
Introduction
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Process Advantages
OCT Commercial Applications
Flexible Reverse OCT
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.6. Lummus Methanol to Olefins Recovery and Olefin Interconversion
Introduction
Development and Commercial History
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Process Economics
Summary of Process Features
Bibliography
Chapter 2.7. INDMAX FCC: Advanced Fluid Catalytic Cracking Technology for Producing Petrochemicals
Introduction
INDMAX FCC Process Description
Bibliography
Chapter 2.8. UOP Oleflex Process for Light Olefin Production
Introduction
Process Description
Process Chemistry and Contaminants
Oleflex Process Configurations and Conditions
Commercial Experience
Chapter 2.9. UOP PACOL™ Dehydrogenation Process
Introduction
Process Description
Pacol Process Improvements
Yield Structure
Commercial Experience
Process Economics
Bibliography
Part 3 Diolefins
Chapter 3.1. BASF Butadiene Extraction Technology Bernd Heida
Introduction
Process Description
Process Flexibility
Environment and Safety Aspects
Chapter 3.2. C5 Separation with GT-C5℠ and GT-Isoprene℠
Part 1: GT-C5—Process for Production of Piperylene Concentrates and Dicyclopentadiene
Part 2: GT-Isoprene
Overall Product Yields and Recovery
Utilities
Investment Cost
Commercial Experience
Chapter 3.3. Light Olefins/Diolefins Production via Lummus’s CATOFIN®/CATADIENE® Processes
Introduction
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Process Economics
Feedstock Consumption
Utility Consumption
Product Quality and By-Products
Catalyst and Chemicals
Environmental Emissions
Summary of Technology Features
References
Chapter 3.4. BASF Butadiene Extraction Technology (Licensed by Lummus Technology)
Introduction
Process Perspective
Process Description
Technology Advances
Process Performance
Environmental Considerations
Summary of Process Features
Chapter 3.5. TPC/UOP OXO-D™ Process
Introduction
Process Chemistry/Catalysts
Feeds
Process Flow
Economics
References
Chapter 3.6. BASF Butadiene Extraction Process Licensed by Air Liquide
Introduction
Process Description
Design Options
Economics of the Technology
Commercial Experience
Part 4 Alcohols and Monomers
Chapter 4.1. Badger Bisphenol A Technology
Introduction
Uses of BPA
BPA Industry
Properties
Bisphenol A Manufacturing
Process Chemistry
Process Description of Badger BPA Process
Product Specification and Commercial Acceptance
Chapter 4.2. The DAVY Butanediol (BDO) Process from Johnson Matthey
Introduction
Key Features
General Process Description
Detailed Process Description
Product Specifications
Wastes and Emissions
Process Economics
Chapter 4.3. The DAVY Methanol Process from Johnson Matthey
Introduction
Key Features
General Process Description
Detailed Process Description
Combined Reforming (SMR + ATR)
GHR + ATR
Coal Gasification Syngas
Product and By-Product Specifications
Wastes and Emissions
Process Economics
Chapter 4.4. G2PG: Glycerin to Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol)— Extending Oleochemistry into Petrochemistry
Introduction
Chemistry, Reaction Conditions, Catalyst
Block Diagram
Hydrogenation Steps/Reactor Designs
Distillation Steps
Specific Consumption Figures
Chapter 4.5. GT-ProG℠: Glycerin to Propylene Glycol Process
Introduction
Process Description
Process Chemistry
Process Variables
Feeds and Products
Commercial Experience
Economics
Chapter 4.6. Propylene from any Carbon-Based Feedstock—The Lurgi MTP™ Technology from Air Liquide
Introduction
Process Overview
Detailed Process Description
Reference Plants
Process Economics of an Integrated MTP Plant
References
Chapter 4.7. UOP Phenol 3G Process
Introduction
Cumene Production
Phenol Production
Phenol 3G Cumene Peroxidation Route to Phenol Production
Overall Process Description/Chemistry
Process Flow and Recent Technology Advances
Phenol Process Safety
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.8. Versalis/Lummus Cumene and Phenol Technology
Introduction
Overview
Cumene Technology
Process Description
Raw Material and Energy Consumption
Waste Effluents
Process Advantages
Phenol Technology
Process Description
Raw Material and Energy Consumption
Waste Effluents
Safety Considerations
Process Advantages
Part 5 Acid, Ester, and Aromatic Monomers
Chapter 5.1. Badger Styrene Technology
Introduction
Styrene Industry
Uses of Styrene Monomer
Properties
Styrene Manufacturing
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Product Specification
Operating Economics
Direct Heating Technology
Chapter 5.2. GT-Styrene®: Recovering Styrene by Extractive Distillation
General Process Description
Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Catalyst Chemistry
Reactor Temperature
Reactor Pressure
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria
Detailed Process Description
Product and By-Product Specifications
Wastes and Emissions
Commercial Description
Chapter 5.3. Lummus/UOP “Classic” Styrene Technology and Lummus/UOP SMART℠ Styrene Technology
Introduction
Process Perspective
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Economics
Summary of Process Features
Chapter 5.4. Lurgi/Nippon Kayaku Acrylic Acid Process
Introduction
Chemistry Overview and Product Specification
Process Description
Highlights and Benefits of the Technology
Economics of the Technology
Commercial Experience
Chapter 5.5. SYNTHOMER/Lurgi Acrylate Processes
Introduction
Chemistry Overview and Product Specification
Process Description
Highlights and Benefits of the Technology
Economics of the Technology
Commercial Experience
Chapter 5.6. Versalis Dimethyl Carbonate and Diphenyl Carbonate Production Technologies Licensed by Lummus Technology
Introduction
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Feedstock Specifications and Consumption
Product Quality
Utility Consumption
Summary of Technology Features
Reference
Part 6 Vinyl Chloride Monomers
Chapter 6.1. The DAVY Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) Process from Johnson Matthey
Introduction
Key Features
General Process Description
Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Process Perspective
Detailed Process Description
Feed Preparation
Main Reactor Section
VCM Compression
Distillation
Recycle Reactor Section
Product and By-Product Specifications
Wastes and Emissions
Process Economics
Reference
Part 7 Polymers
Chapter 7.1. Borstar LLDPE, MDPE, and HDPE Technology
Introduction
Features of Borstar PE Process Technology
Process Description
Advanced Process Control
Capacities and Locations of Borstar PE Plants
Borstar PE Products
High Alpha Olefin Terpolymer Film
Pipe
Steel Pipe Coating
Environment
Process Economics
Chapter 7.2. Borstar Polypropylene Technology
Introduction
Features of Borstar PP Process Technology
Process Description
Advanced Process Control
Capacities and Locations of Borstar PP Plants
Products
Heterophasic Copolymers and rTPOs
Homopolymers
Random Copolymers
Environment
Liquid Effluents
Process Economics
Chapter 7.3. McDermott’s Lummus Novolen® Technology Gas-Phase Polypropylene Process
Introduction
Licensed Plants
Technology Delivery
Process Description
Catalyst
Products and Applications
Process Economics
Safety
Chapter 7.4. NOVA Chemicals SCLAIRTECH™ LLDPE/HDPE Swing Technology
Introduction
Chemistry and Catalysis
Process Overview
Advantages of the SCLAIRTECH Technology Platform
Economics
Product Capability
Commercial Installations
Summary
Acknowledgments
Chapter 7.5. TechnipFMC/Total Polystyrene Technology
Introduction
Process Chemistry
Process Description
Key Features
Projects and Licensees
Feedstock Specifications
Licensed Product Grades
Plant Performance
Chapter 7.6. TechnipFMC/SABIC Mass and Emulsion ABS Technology
Introduction
Polymerization
Emulsion Process Description
Typical Emissions Summary
Mass Process Description
Feed Specifications
Products and Applications
Process Economics
Experience and Licensees
Chapter 7.7. UNIPOL® Polypropylene Process Technology
General UNIPOL PP Process Description
Process Chemistry
Process Perspective
Products and By-Products
UNIPOL PP Product Attributes Summary
Wastes and Emissions
Process Economics
Chapter 7.8. UOP Sinco Solid-State Polymerization Process
Introduction
Melt-Phase Polymerization
SSP Process Chemistry
Crystallization of PET
Sticking Tendency of PET
Detailed Process Description
Reactions of the Catalytic Nitrogen Purification System
Oxidation of PET
Process Variables
Feed Properties
Product Properties
Product Yield
Wastes and Emissions
Utilities
Equipment Considerations
Commercial Experience
Bibliography
Chapter 7.9. Sabic High-Pressure Process for LDPE—CTR™ Technology
Historical Background
Process Chemistry
Detailed Process Description and Thermodynamics
Product Specifications
Process Perspective
Process Economics
References
Part 8 Methylamines, Formaldehyde, and Dimethyl Ether
Chapter 8.1. The DAVY Dimethyl Ether (DME) Process from Johnson Matthey
Introduction
General Process Description
Product and By-Product Specifications
Wastes and Emissions
Process Economics
Chapter 8.2. The DAVY Methylamines Process from Johnson Matthey Atul Shah
Introduction
Key Features
General Process Description
Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Process Perspective
Detailed Process Description
Product and By-Product Specifications
Wastes and Emissions
Process Economics
References
Chapter 8.3. The FORMOX Formaldehyde Process from Johnson Matthey Andreas Magnusson
Introduction
General Process Description
Reaction
Performance, Product, and By-Product Specification for the FORMOX Process
Formalin
UFC85
Raw Materials
Absorption
Waste and Emissions
UFC
An Integrated UFC Process
Operation Criteria and Plant Capacities
Process Economics
Glossary and Abbreviations
Index
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