Handbook of Pediatric Epilepsy

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction
Introduction
Definitions
Epilepsy
Status Epilepticus
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Structural Pathology
Genetics
References
2: Seizure Classification and Semiology
Introduction
Seizure Classification
Generalized Seizures
Tonic-Clonic
Myoclonic
Tonic
Clonic
Atonic
Absence
Epileptic Spasms
Focal Seizures
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Insula
Lateralization of Seizures by Hemisphere
References
3: Etiology
Introduction
Genetic
Epilepsies Due to Mutations in Single Genes
Presumed Genetic Etiology
Multisystem Single-Gene Disorders
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Structural, Predominantly Genetic
Malformations of Cortical Development
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Structural, Predominantly Acquired
Cerebral Trauma
Cerebral Tumors
Hippocampal Sclerosis
Cerebral Infection
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Cerebral Immunologic Disorders
Paraneoplastic Disorders
Metabolic
Metabolic Degenerative
Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies
Mixed Etiologies
West Syndrome
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Unknown
NORSE, FIRES
References
4: Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes
Introduction
Neonatal Onset
Self-Limited (Benign) Familial Neonatal Epilepsy
Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy
Ohtahara Syndrome
KCNQ2 Encephalopathy
Infantile Onset
Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures
West Syndrome
Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy
Self-Limited (Benign) Familial Infantile Epilepsy
Dravet Syndrome
Myoclonic Encephalopathy in Nonprogressive Disorders
Childhood
Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Early Onset Childhood Occipital Epilepsy (Panayiotopoulos Syndrome)
Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes
Epilepsy with Myoclonic Atonic Seizures
Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus
Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
Late Onset Childhood Occipital Epilepsy
Epilepsy with Myoclonic Absences
Eyelid Myoclonia with Absences (Jeavons Syndrome)
Sunflower Syndrome
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Epileptic Encephalopathy with Continuous Spike and Wave During Sleep
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
Adolescent/Adult
Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Alone
Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies
Autosomal Dominant Epilepsy with Auditory Features
Less Specific Age Relationship
Familial Focal Epilepsy with Variable Foci
Reflex Epilepsies
Gelastic Seizures with Hypothalamic Hamartoma
Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis
Seizure Disorders Not Defined as Epilepsy
Febrile Seizures
References
5: Neonatal Seizures
Introduction
Diagnosis
Etiology
Neonatal Hypoxic/Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
Vascular
Infection
Cerebral Malformations or Dysgenesis
Metabolic
Genetic
Workup
Treatment
First-Line Therapy
Second-Line Therapy
Neonatal Status Epilepticus
Treatment-Related Controversy
Duration of Treatment
Prognosis
References
6: Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient with Seizures
Introduction
History
Medications
Birth and Developmental History
Family History
Social History
Examination
Laboratory Workup
EEG
Neuroimaging
Further Evaluation of Epilepsy
Genetic Testing
Pre-surgical Evaluation
MRI
Invasive EEG Monitoring
MEG
PET
SPECT
fMRI
References
7: Pediatric Epilepsy Treatment
Introduction
Antiseizure Medication (ASM) Management
Initiation of Treatment
First ASM
Second- and Third-Line Therapy
Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Treatment Side Effects
Laboratory Monitoring
Discontinuation of Treatment
Deferring Treatment
Dietary Treatment
Epilepsy Surgery
Neurostimulation
Status Epilepticus
Etiology of Pediatric Status Epilepticus
Status Epilepticus Treatment Pathway
First-Line Treatment
Second-Line Treatment
Urgent Workup
EEG Monitoring
Refractory Status Epilepticus Treatment
Conclusions
Appendix: Antiseizure Medications
Acetazolamide
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Brivaracetam
Cannabidiol
Carbamazepine
Cenobamate
Clobazam
Clonazepam
Diazepam
Eslicarbazepine Acetate
Ethosuximide
Felbamate
Fenfluramine
Fosphenytoin
Gabapentin
Lacosamide
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Lorazepam
Midazolam
Oxcarbazepine
Perampanel
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Pregabalin
Primidone
Rufinamide
Stiripentol
Sulthiame
Tiagabine
Topiramate
Valproate
Vigabatrin
Zonisamide
References
8: Non-epileptic Paroxysmal Events
Neonates
Apnea
Jitteriness
Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus
Hyperekplexia
Hemifacial Spasm
Infants
Breath Holding Spells
Stereotypies/Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Sandifer Syndrome
Benign Myoclonus of Infancy
Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis
Shuddering Attacks
Infantile Self-Gratification
Spasmus Nutans
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome
Oculomotor Apraxia
Benign Paroxysmal Tonic Upgaze
Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood
Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder
School-Aged Children
Tic Disorders
Behavioral Staring Episodes
Parasomnias
Confusional Arousals and Night Terrors
Sleepwalking
Confusional Migraine
Syncope
Vasovagal Syncope
Cardiac Syncope
Other Types of Syncope
Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo
Episodic Ataxias
Stiff Person Syndrome
Adolescents (Tables 8.4)
Migraine with Aura
Basilar Migraine
Familial Hemiplegic Migraine
Syncope
Sleep Starts/Hypnic Jerks
Periodic Leg Movements of Sleep
Psychiatric Conditions
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
Panic Disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Narcolepsy with Cataplexy
Paroxysmal Dyskinesias
References
9: Neuropsychological Comorbidities in Pediatric Epilepsy
Introduction
General Neuropsychological Principles Relevant to Pediatric Epilepsy
Generalized Epilepsies
Focal Epilepsies
Common Areas of Concern
Attention
Executive Function (EF)
Language
Memory
Motor
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Emotional, Behavioral, and Social Dysfunction
Factors Influencing Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Age of Onset
Seizure Frequency, Duration, and Severity
Network Effects
Psychosocial Factors
Neuropsychological Profiles in Select Epilepsy Syndromes
West Syndrome/Infantile Spasms
Dravet Syndrome
Epilepsy with Myoclonic Atonic Seizures (Doose Syndrome)
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
Childhood and Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (CECTS)
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Impact of Interictal Epileptic Discharges (IEDs) on Neurocognitive Development
Transient Cognitive Impairment (TCI)
Electrical Status Epilepticus of Sleep (ESES)
Epileptic Encephalopathy
Impact of Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs)
Psychosocial and Educational Supports
504 Accommodation Plans
Individualized Education Plans (IEPs)
References
10: Prognosis of Childhood Epilepsy
Remission
Morbidity
Mortality
Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy
Prognostic Outcomes in Select Epileptic Syndromes
Neonatal Onset
Self-Limited Familial Neonatal Epilepsy
Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy (EME)
Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy (EIEE) or Ohtahara Syndrome
Infantile Onset
Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures (EIMFS)
West Syndrome
Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy
Self-Limited Familial Infantile Epilepsy
Dravet Syndrome
Childhood Onset
Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+)
Early Onset Childhood Occipital Epilepsy (Panayiotopoulos Syndrome)
Late-Onset Childhood Occipital Epilepsy (Gastaut-Type Occipital Epilepsy)
Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Atonic Seizures (Doose Dyndrome)
Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (CECTS)
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE)
Adult/Adolescent Onset
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)
Juvenile Absence Epilepsy (JAE)
References
11: Case Reports
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Epileptic Encephalopathy with Continuous Spike-Waves During Sleep (CSWS)
West Syndrome
Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes
Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Appendix A: Videos
Appendix B: EEG Atlas
Index