Handbook of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Nanoceuticals: Mystifying Composites at the Interface of Nutrition, Medicine, and Technology
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Nutraceuticals?
1.3 Nutraceuticals to Nanoceuticals
1.4 Quantification of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in Food and Other Related Matrices
1.5 Nanoformulations or Nanostructures for Delivery of Nutraceuticals
1.5.1 Nanoparticles
1.5.2 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles
1.5.3 Niosomes
1.5.4 Nanospheres
1.5.5 Nanoliposomes
1.5.6 Nanofibers
1.5.7 Nanoemulsion
1.5.8 Nanocapsules
1.5.9 Carbon Nanotubes
1.6 Bioavailability
1.6.1 Solubilization
1.6.2 Absorption
1.6.3 Metabolism, Escape, and Passage to Blood Circulation
1.7 Disadvantages/Pitfalls of Use of Nanoceuticals
1.8 Regulation of Nanoceuticals and Nanoproducts
1.9 Market Review
1.10 Conclusion
1.11 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 2 Scope of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals: Analysis, Challenges and Opportunities
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nutraceuticals and Their Nanoencapsulation
2.2.1 Resveratrol
2.2.2 Curcumin
2.2.3 Lycopene
2.2.4 β-Carotene
2.2.5 Vitamin C
2.2.6 Lutein
2.3 Challenges Associated with Nanoencapsulation of Nutraceuticals
2.4 Opportunities for Nanoencapsulation in the Field of Nutraceuticals
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Systematic Review Analysis of Emerging Nano-Nutraceuticals in Cancer Prevention and Treatment Using a Scientometric Approach
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Publication Analysis
3.2.2 Co-Occurrence Analyses Using Authors’ Keywords
3.2.3 International Co-Authorship Analysis
3.3 Research Focus
3.3.1 Nano-Nutraceutical Research Trends in the United States
3.3.2 Nano-Nutraceutical Research Trends in China
3.3.3 Nano-Nutraceutical Research in India
3.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Strategic Design of a Nanocarrier System for Nutraceuticals
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Nutraceuticals and Their Concept
4.2 Antioxidants
4.3 Dietary Supplements
4.4 Probiotics
4.5 Design of Nutraceutical Delivery Vehicles
4.5.1 Polymers
4.5.2 Biodegradable Polymers
4.5.3 Proteins
4.5.4 Polysaccharides
4.5.5 Polymers Containing Ester, Anhydride, and Amide Connections
4.5.6 Temperature-sensitive Polymers
4.5.7 pH-Sensitive Polymers
4.5.8 Micelles
4.5.9 Liposomes
4.6 Probiotics and Nutraceutical Delivery
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Nanostructured Lipids as a Bioactive Compound Carrier
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structural Model of NLCs
5.3 Types of NLCs
5.3.1 Type I NLC (Imperfect Crystal Model)
5.3.2 NLC Type II (Multiple Types)
5.3.3 NLC Type III (Amorphous Model)
5.4 Advantages
5.5 Disadvantages
5.6 Components
5.6.1 Lipids
5.6.1.1 Solid Lipids
5.6.1.2 Liquid Lipids
5.6.2 Emulsifying Agents – Surfactants
5.7 Methods of Preparation
5.7.1 High-Pressure Homogenization
5.7.1.1 Advantages of High-Pressure Homogenization Method
5.7.2 Solvent Injection Method (Gomaa et al. 2022)
5.7.2.1 Advantages
5.7.2.2 Disadvantages
5.7.3 Phase Inversion (Mahant et al. 2018)
5.7.3.1 Advantages
5.7.3.2 Disadvantages
5.7.4 Solvent Emulsification-Evaporation Technique (Parhi et al. 2012)
5.7.4.1 Advantages
5.7.4.2 Disadvantages
5.7.5 Solvent Emulsification-Diffusion Technique (Li et al. 2017)
5.7.6 Melting Dispersion Method (Hielscher Ultrasound Technology 2019)
5.7.7 High-Shear Homogenization or Ultrasonication Technique (Fan et al. 2014; Pamudji et al. 2016; Awadeen et al. 2020)
5.7.8 Double Emulsion Technique (Gaba et al. 2015)
5.8 Stability (Shegokar et al. 2011)
5.8.1 Strategies Engaged for Overcoming the Problems Associated with the Stability of NLCs (Haider et al. 2020)
5.8.1.1 Spray Drying
5.8.1.2 Lyophilization
5.8.2 Stabilizing Agents
5.8.2.1 Poloxamers
5.8.2.2 Polyethylene Glycol (Date et al. 2011)
5.9 Characterization
5.9.1 Particle Size Analysis/PCS (Photon Correction Spectroscopy) (International Standard ISO13321 1996; ISO22412 2008)
5.9.2 Zeta Potential Measurement/Laser Doppler Electrophoresis Technique
5.9.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
5.9.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.9.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.9.6 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
5.9.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
5.9.8 Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
5.9.9 Rheological Study
5.9.10 Drug Entrapment Efficiency
5.9.11 Ultrafiltration
5.9.12 High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) Analysis
5.9.13 pH Analysis
5.9.14 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
5.10 Drug Encapsulation
5.11 Drug Release
5.11.1 Factors Affecting Drug Release
5.11.1.1 Particle Size
5.11.1.2 Lipid Matrix
5.11.1.3 Surfactants
5.11.1.4 Drug Loading
5.11.1.5 Drug Type
5.12 Applications
5.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Role of β-Glucans in Dyslipidemia and Obesity
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fibers in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders
6.3 β-Glucans in Metabolic Syndrome
6.3.1 β-Glucans and Insulin Resistance
6.3.2 Role of β-Glucans in Dyslipidemia
6.3.3 Role of β-Glucans in Regulating Blood Pressure
6.3.4 Role of β-Glucans in Obesity
6.4 Mechanisms of Action
6.4.1 Clinical Studies on Hypocholesterolemic Capability of β-Glucans
6.4.2 Role of Dietary Fibers in Bile Acid Cycle and Cholesterol Homeostasis
6.4.3 Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids
6.4.4 Role of Microbial Polysaccharides in Lipid Metabolism/Homeostasis
6.4.5 Microbiome-Mediated Lipid Assimilation and Biotransformation
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Nanotechnology-Based Delivery of Non-Opioid Therapy for Opioid Addiction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pomegranate-Derived Anthocyanin: Non-Opioid Therapy
7.2.1 Composition of Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
7.2.2 Opioids
7.2.3 Opioid System and Brain Pathway
7.2.4 Molecular Changes in Opioid Addiction and Dependence
7.2.5 Regulation of MOR Proteins in Opioid Addiction and Dependence
7.2.6 Non-Opioid Agents from Natural Sources
7.3 Approaches to Nanotechnology-Based Non-Opioid Delivery
7.3.1 Brain Barriers: CNS Protection
7.3.2 Nanocarriers across the BBB
7.3.2.1 Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
7.3.2.2 Liposome-Based
7.3.2.3 Chitosan
7.3.2.4 Zinc Oxide (ZNO2)
7.3.2.5 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
7.3.2.6 Silica
7.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 8 Phospholipid-Based Nanoplatforms: Evolving as Promising Carriers for Therapeutic Intervention
Highlights
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phospholipid-Based Nanoemulsion
8.3 Liposomes: a New Frontier of the Colloidal Drug Carrier System
8.4 Modified Liposomes: Versatile and Flexible Nanovesicular Vehicles for Transdermal Delivery
8.4.1 Transferosomes
8.4.2 Ethosomes
8.5 Phospholipid-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: a Novel Formulation for Various Routes of Administration
8.6 Multifunctional Micelles for Targeted Drug Delivery
8.7 Lipospheres as a Biocompatible Delivery System
8.8 Phospholipid–Drug Complexes for Enhancing Stability and Oral Bioavailability
8.8.1 Phytosomes
8.8.2 Pharmacosomes
8.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 9 Investigating the Potential of Multifunctional Nanoparticle-Based Nutraceuticals in Targeted Therapeutics
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nutraceuticals: Present-Day Practices and Challenges
9.3 Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery
9.3.1 Liposomes
9.3.2 Solid Lipid Nps (SLNs)
9.3.3 Polymeric Micelles (PMs)
9.3.4 Dendrimers
9.3.5 Virus-Based Nps (VNps)
9.3.6 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
9.3.7 Metallic Nps
9.3.8 Quantum dots (QDs)
9.3.9 Hybrid Nanocarriers
9.4 Novel Multifunctional Therapeutics Development: Np-Nutraceutical (Np-Nu) Conjugation Techniques
9.5 Role of Np-Nus in Neurodegenerative Disorders
9.5.1 Np–Curcumin Conjugates
9.5.2 Np–Resveratrol Conjugates
9.5.3 Np–Quercetin Conjugates
9.5.4 Np-Scylloinositol Conjugates
9.5.5 Np–Lycopene Conjugates
9.5.6 Np–Bryostatin Conjugates
9.5.7 Np–Asiatic Acid Conjugates
9.5.8 Np–Huperzine A Conjugates
9.6 Role of Np-Nus in Cancer Management
9.6.1 Np–Thymoquinone Conjugates
9.6.2 Np–Dihydroartemisin Conjugates
9.6.3 Np–Eugenol Conjugates
9.6.4 Np–Resveratrol Conjugates
9.6.5 Np–Naringenin Conjugates
9.7 Role of Np-Nus in Oxidative Stress
9.7.1 Np–Curcumin Conjugates
9.7.2 Np–Epigallocatechin Gallate Conjugates
9.7.3 Np–Lutein Conjugates
9.8 Safety Evaluation/Toxicity Concerns
9.9 Research Gaps and Future Perspective of Np-Nus
9.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 Polysaccharide-Based Nanostructures as Nutraceutical Carriers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Techniques Used for the Production of Polysaccharide-Based Nanocarriers
10.3 Plant-Based Polysaccharide Nanocarriers
10.3.1 Cellulose
10.3.2 Pectin
10.3.3 Starch
10.3.4 Gums
10.3.5 Dextran
10.3.6 Inulin
10.3.7 Future Prospects of Starch-Based Nutraceutical Nanocarriers
10.4 Animal-Derived Polysaccharides
10.4.1 Chitosan
10.4.2 Hyaluronic Acid
10.4.3 Future Prospects of Animal-Derived Polysaccharide Nanocarriers
10.5 Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides
10.5.1 Polysaccharides of Red Algae
10.5.1.1 Carrageenans
10.5.1.2 Agar
10.5.2 Polysaccharides from Green Algae
10.5.3 Polysaccharides of Brown Algae
10.5.3.1 Fucoidans
10.5.3.2 Alginate
10.5.3.3 Laminaran
10.5.4 Future Prospects of Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharide Nanocarriers
10.6 Safety of Nanocarriers for Nutraceuticals
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Metal Nanoparticles in Encapsulation and Delivery Systems of Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanoparticle Synthesis Methods
11.2.1 Chemical Methods
11.2.2 Green (Biogenic) Synthesis Methods
11.3 Nutraceuticals
11.4 Encapsulation of Food Ingredients
11.5 Nanotechnologies in Food Science
11.6 Nanoencapsulated Nutrients
11.7 Nanoencapsulation Techniques
11.8 Metal Nanoparticles in Food Encapsulation
11.8.1 Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs)
11.8.2 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs)
11.8.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2)
11.8.4 Copper/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
11.8.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
11.9 Future Perspectives
11.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Applications of Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Targeted Delivery of Nutraceuticals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Present Status of Nutraceuticals
12.3 Existing Problems
12.4 Concept of Nano-Nutraceuticals
12.4.1 Lipids
12.4.2 Phenolics and Flavonoids
12.4.3 Vitamins
12.4.4 Minerals
12.5 Nanoformulations and carriers for nutraceuticals
12.6 Disadvantages
12.7 Future Directions and Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Application of Nano-Nutraceuticals in Medicines
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification on the Basis of Use in Various Diseases
13.2.1 Cardiovascular Disorders
13.2.2 Neurological Disorders
13.2.3 Metabolic Disorders
13.2.4 Gastrointestinal Disorders
13.2.5 Treatment of Cancer
13.3 Targeted Delivery of Nano-Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Cancer and Neurological Disorders
13.4 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
References
Chapter 14 Nano-Nutraceuticals and Oxidative Stress
14.1 Nutraceuticals
14.1.1 Definition
14.1.2 Classification
14.1.3 Examples
14.2 Nanoparticles
14.2.1 Structure of Nanoparticles
14.2.2 Mesoporous Nanoparticles
14.2.3 Classification of Nanoparticles
14.2.3.1 Composition-Based Classification
14.2.3.2 Structure-Based Classification
14.2.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
14.3 Delivery Systems and Challenges
14.3.1 Current Delivery Systems
14.3.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticle System
14.3.3 Nanoliposomal Formulation
14.3.3.1 Solid-Core Micelles
14.3.3.2 Associated Colloids
14.3.3.3 Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Mini-Tablets
14.3.3.4 Protein-Based Nanocarriers
14.4 Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery
14.4.1 Gastrointestinal Effect on Nanoparticles
14.4.2 Antioxidant Potential of Nano-Nutraceuticals
14.4.3 Mode of Action
14.4.4 Application in Medicine
14.5 Recommendations and Future Directions
14.5.1 Current Research Gaps
References
Chapter 15 Nano-Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Cancer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Entering the Era of Nanotechnology: The Better of Two Worlds—“Nutraceuticals and Nanotechnology”
15.3 What Precisely Does Nanotechnology Offer: Will It Prove a Stitch in Time?
15.4 Nanotechnology, Nano-Nutraceuticals: Empowering Health Benefits in Biomedical Sciences
15.5 Types of Nano-Nutraceutical Encapsulation
15.5.1 Nanoliposomes
15.5.2 Archaeosomes
15.5.3 Nanocochleates
15.5.4 Polymer-Based Nanoencapsulates
15.5.5 Micelles
15.5.6 Nanospheres
15.5.7 Nanoscale Shell-(Nanocapsules) and (Polymersomes)
15.5.8 Nanoemulsions
15.6 Nano-Nutraceuticals: Potential Candidates for Cancer Management
15.6.1 Limitations of Conventional Chemotherapy and How to Overcome Them by Nanotechnology
15.6.2 Nanotechnology in Cancer Targeting: Complementing Nano-Nutraceuticals with Current Strategies for Cancer Treatment
15.6.3 Advancement of Nanoproducts (Nanomedicine): Challenges and Promises
15.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Nano-Nutraceuticals in Neurodegenerative Disorders
16.1 Neurodegenerative Disorders
16.1.1 Molecular Basis of Neurodegenerative Disorders
16.1.1.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
16.1.2 Huntington’s Disease
16.1.2.1 Symptoms and Genetic Diagnosis
16.1.3 Parkinson’s Disease
16.1.3.1 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
16.1.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
16.1.4.1 Diagnosis of ALS
16.2 Nano-Nutraceuticals
16.2.1 Types of Nano-Nutraceuticals for Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders
16.2.2 Main Nutraceuticals in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders
16.2.2.1 Nutraceuticals in Alzheimer’s Disease
16.2.3 Significant Role of Nano-Nutraceuticals in Neurodegenerative Disorders
16.3 Multiple Approaches Utilizing Nano-Nutraceuticals
16.3.1 Therapeutic
16.3.2 Medicinal Approach (Natural Antioxidant Treatment Pathway)
16.3.3 Effectiveness of Nano-Nutraceutical Technology Utilizing Multiple Approaches in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders
16.3.4 Drawbacks in the Utilization of Nano-Nutraceuticals
16.3.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 17 Use of Nano-Nutraceuticals as Anti-Inflammatory Tools in Cardiovascular Disease
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Studies of Relationships between Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and CVDs
17.3 Role of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals
17.4 Nano-nutraceuticals used as anti-inflammatory tools
17.5 Nano-Nutraceuticals Used in Cardiovascular Disorders
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Nanotechnology and Regulatory Issues
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Background of Problems
18.3 Literature
18.4 Applications of Nanoparticles
18.4.1 In Medicine
18.4.2 In the Textile Industry
18.4.3 In the Cosmetic Industry
18.5 Preparation of Nanoparticles
18.5.1 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles
18.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity
18.5.3 Routes of Exposure of Nanoparticles for Dermal Absorption
18.6 Review of Nanoparticle Activity in Terms of Cytotoxicity
18.7 Regulatory Landscape of Nanotechnology
18.7.1 Legal Aspects
18.7.2 Principles for the Regulation of Nanotechnology
18.7.3 The Risk of Application of Nanomaterials
18.8 Ethical Considerations
18.8.1 Legislative Space
18.8.2 Analysis of Legislation
18.9 Conclusion
References
Index