Content: Nano-Bio Interfacing Quantum Dots: Basics to Biological Applications, Sarwat B. Rizvi, Mo Keshtgar, and Alexander Marcus Seifalian Viral Biology and Nanotechnology, Vaibhav Saini and Maaike Everts Nano-Bio Interfacing with Living Cell Biochips, Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Ronen Almog, Ramiz Daniel, Arthur Rabner, and Rachela Popovtzer Micro- and Nanomechanical Biosensors, Maria Arroyo-Hernandez, Priscila M. Kosaka, Johann Mertens, Montserrat Calleja, and Javier Tamayo Enzymatic Nanolithography, Manfred Radmacher Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanostructures Inspired by Biomineralization, Eike Brunner, Hermann Ehrlich, and Martin Kammer Nanotubes for Biotechnology, Jonathan C.G. Jeynes, Vanesa Sanz-Beltran, Johnjoe McFadden, and S.R.P. Silva Nanoscale Forces in Protein Recognition and Adhesion, Deborah Leckband Force Spectroscopy on Cells, Martin Benoit Nanoscale Magnetic Biotransport, Edward P. Furlani Nanomechanical Sensors for Biochemistry and Medicine, Hans Peter Lang and Christoph Gerber Analyzing Individual Biomolecules Using Nanopores, Meni Wanunu, Gautam V. Soni, and Amit Meller Nanotoxicology Chances and Risks of Nanotechnology, Armin Grunwald Human and Natural Environment Effects of Nanomaterials, Birgit Gaiser, Martin J.D. Clift , Helinor J. Johnston, Matthew S.P. Boyles, and Teresa F. Fernandes Toxicology, Diagnostics, and Therapy Functions of Nanomaterials, Stefano Bellucci Cell Oxidative Stress: Risk of Metal Nanoparticles, Marija Poljak-Blazi, Morana Jaganjac, and Neven Zarkovic Fullerene C60 Toxicology, Crystal Y. Usenko, Stacey L. Harper, Michael T. Simonich, and Robert L. Tanguay Clinical Significance of Nanosystems Pharmacological Significance of Nanoparticles, Carlos Medina and Marek W. Radomski Organs from Nanomaterials, Maqsood Ahmed and Alexander Marcus Seifalian Nanotechnology for Implants, Lijie Zhang and Thomas J. Webster Nanotechnology for the Urologist, Hashim Uddin Ahmed, Lyndon Gommersall, Iqbal S. Shergill, Manit Arya, and Mark Emberton Medical Imaging Quantum Dots for Nanomedicine. Sarah H. Radwan and Hassan M.E. Azzazy Relaxivity of Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Gustav J. Strijkers and Klaas Nicolay Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Medical Imaging, David P. Cormode, Willem J.M. Mulder, and Zahi A. Fayad Optical Nanosensors for Medicine and Health Effect Studies, Tuan Vo-Dinh and Yan Zhang Drug Delivery Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers, Vladimir P. Torchilin Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery, Fahima Dilnawaz, Sarbari Acharya, Ranjita Misra, Abhalaxmi Singh, and Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo Targeting Magnetic Particles for Drug Delivery, Javed Ally and Alidad Amirfazli Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery, Jason Park and Tarek M. Fahmy Response to Nanomaterials Uptake of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles by Mammalian Cells and Plants, Pu-Chun Ke, Sijie Lin, Jason Reppert, Apparao M. Rao, and Hong Luo Penetration of Metallic Nanomaterials in Skin, Biancamaria Baroli Nanoparticulate Systems and the Dermal Barrier, Frank Stracke and Marc Schneider Cellular Response to Continuous Nanostructures, Kevin J. Chalut, Karina Kulangara, and Kam W. Leong Cancer Therapy Nanotechnology for Targeting Cancer, Venkataramanan Soundararajan and Ram Sasisekharan Cancer Nanotechnology: Targeting Tumors with Nanoparticles, Erem Bilensoy Gold Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Photothermal Cancer Therapy, Xiaohua Huang, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed Fullerenes in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer, Pawel Mroz, Ying-Ying Huang, Tim Wharton, and Michael R. Hamblin Quantum Engines and Nanomotors Energy Transport and Heat Production in Quantum Engines, Liliana Arrachea and Michael Moskalets Artificial Chemically Powered Nanomotors, Yu-Guo Tao and Raymond Kapral Nanobatteries, Dale Teeters and Paige L. Johnson Nanoheaters, Christian Falconi Nanorobotics Atomic-Force-Microscopy-Based Nanomanipulation Systems, Cagdas D. Onal, Onur Ozcan, and Metin Sitti Nanomanipulation and Nanorobotics with the Atomic Force Microscope, Robert W. Stark Nanorobotic Manipulation, Lixin Dong and Bradley J. Nelson MRI-Guided Nanorobotic Systems for Drug Delivery, Panagiotis Vartholomeos, Matthieu Fruchard, Antoine Ferreira, and Constantinos Mavroidis Medical Micro- and Nanorobots, Sylvain Martel Nanohandling Robot Cells, Sergej Fatikow, Thomas Wich, Christian Dahmen, Daniel Jasper, Christian Stolle, Volkmar Eichhorn, Saskia Hagemann, and Michael Weigel-Jech Index
Author(s): Klaus D Sattler
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 829
City: Boca Raton
Tags: Специальные дисциплины;Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии;Физика наноразмерных систем;Справочники, каталоги, таблицы
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Editor......Page 12
Contributors......Page 13
Part I: Nano-Bio Interfacing......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
Basic Physics......Page 22
1.3 Methods of QD Synthesis......Page 23
Bioconjugation......Page 24
1.6 Applications in Biology and Biomedicine......Page 25
In Vitro Imaging......Page 26
In Vivo Imaging......Page 27
Pathogen and Toxin Detection......Page 28
References......Page 29
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
NPs Coupled to the Outer Surface of Viruses......Page 33
Nanofabrication......Page 35
Understanding Basic Biology......Page 36
Nanofiltration......Page 37
Viro-Nano Therapy......Page 38
2.6 Summary......Page 39
References......Page 40
3.1 Introduction......Page 42
3.2 System Description......Page 43
Case B: There Is More Than One Relevant Product......Page 44
Example Case A: Photoluminescent Whole-Cell Biochip......Page 45
Example Case B: Bioluminescent Whole-Cell Biochip......Page 46
Example Case C: Bioelectrochemical Whole-Cell Biochip......Page 47
References......Page 49
4.1 Introduction......Page 51
Static, Surface Stress, or DC-Mode......Page 52
Dynamic or AC-Mode......Page 53
Optical Detection Techniques......Page 55
4.4 Fabrication......Page 56
Polymer Cantilevers......Page 57
Silanization......Page 58
Nucleic Acids Biosensors......Page 59
Pathogen Biosensors......Page 61
References......Page 63
5.1 Introduction to Enzymes......Page 67
5.2 Techniques for Local Chemical Modifications......Page 68
Micropipettes......Page 69
Enzyme-Coated AFM Tips......Page 70
What Are the Smallest Features That Can Possibly Be Written?......Page 72
5.5 Summary......Page 73
Appendix 5.A: Derivation of Michaelis–Menton Kinetics......Page 74
References......Page 75
6.2 Biominerals as a Source of Inspiration for Nanoscience......Page 76
Biosilica: Diatoms and Glass Sponges as Model Organisms......Page 77
Calcium-Based Biominerals......Page 78
Biomimetic Synthesis of Silica-Based
Materials......Page 79
Biomimetic Synthesis of Calcium-Based Materials......Page 82
Acknowledgments......Page 85
References......Page 86
Types of Nanotubes......Page 90
Making Nanotubes Biocompatible......Page 91
Drug Delivery......Page 92
Gene Delivery......Page 93
Using Nanotubes as Molecular Tools or Scaffo
lds......Page 94
Biosensing and Diagnostics Using Nanotubes......Page 96
7.3 Toxicity of Nanotubes......Page 98
7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 99
References......Page 100
8.1 Introduction......Page 104
Interferometric Determination of Absolution Surface Separations of Absolute Surface Separations......Page 105
SFA Measures the Energy Per Area between Two Surfaces......Page 106
Adhesion Energies......Page 107
Sample Requirements and Strategies......Page 108
8.3 Case Studies......Page 109
CD2 Family of Cell Adhesion Proteins in Immunity......Page 110
Cadherin-Mediated Cell Adhesion: Characterizing Complex Binding Mechanisms by Direct Force Measurements......Page 112
8.4 Summary......Page 116
References......Page 117
9.2 AFM and Force Spectroscopy......Page 120
Manipulating the Nano-World Angstrøms, Pico Newtons, and Molecular Handles......Page 121
Equilibrium Thermodynamics versus Forced Unbinding......Page 123
Entropic Polymer Elasticity the Worm-Like Chain Model......Page 125
Single Molecule Experiments......Page 126
9.4 Force Spectroscopy on Living Cells......Page 130
Cell Mechanics Theory......Page 131
Molecular Concepts in Cell Adhesion......Page 133
Cell Adhesion Force Measurements......Page 135
9.5 Conclusions......Page 144
References......Page 145
10.1 Introduction......Page 149
Units of Magnetism......Page 151
Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 152
10.4 Magnetic Particle Transport......Page 154
Drift-Diffusion Transport......Page 155
Magnetic Force......Page 156
10.5 Bioapplications......Page 157
Bioseparation and Bioassays......Page 158
Magnetic Drug Targeting......Page 162
Magnetofection......Page 164
10.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 166
References......Page 167
11.1 Introduction......Page 170
Differential Stress Measurements......Page 171
Dynamic Mode......Page 172
Coating in Microcapillary Arrays......Page 173
Measurement Setup for a Liquid Environment......Page 174
Application I: Patient's Breath Characterization......Page 175
Application II: DNA Hybridization Sensing......Page 176
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2......Page 178
Proteins and Peptides......Page 179
11.7 Outlook......Page 180
References......Page 181
Nanopores: Th e Resistive Sensing Technique......Page 185
Nanopores: Emerging Technology for DNA Sequencing......Page 186
Bioengineered Protein Pores......Page 188
Nanopores in Plastic Films......Page 190
Nanopores in Thin Solid-State Membranes......Page 191
Nanopore Properties......Page 192
Electrical Noise in Solid-State Nanopores......Page 193
The Balance between Frictional Drag and Interactions......Page 195
Theoretical Studies of DNA–Pore Interactions......Page 196
Translocation Dynamics of ds DNA through Small Pores......Page 198
12.4 Nanopores for Biomolecular Analyses......Page 199
Estimation of Static Forces in Nanopores......Page 200
DNA Unzipping......Page 201
Nanopore Force Spectroscopy......Page 204
References......Page 205
Part II: Nanotoxicology......Page 208
13.1 Introduction and Overview......Page 209
Exhausting Potentials for Innovation......Page 210
Apocalyptic Fears......Page 211
Health Issues and Nanomedicine......Page 212
Environment and Sustainable Development......Page 213
Distributional Justice......Page 214
Human Enhancement......Page 215
Scientific Responsibility......Page 216
Chances and Risks......Page 218
Nanotechnology in the Realm of the Living......Page 220
References......Page 221
14.1 Introduction......Page 225
Nanotoxicology: A Short Historical Perspective......Page 226
Exposure Routes of Nanomaterials......Page 228
Determinants of Nanomaterial Toxicity......Page 229
Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials......Page 230
High Aspect Ratio Nanomaterials......Page 231
Technical Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials......Page 235
Nanomedicine......Page 236
Ecotoxicology of Manufactured Nanomaterials......Page 237
14.4 Summary and Future Perspectives for Nanotoxicology......Page 241
References......Page 242
15.1 Introduction......Page 251
15.2 Nanotechnology for Tumor Therapy......Page 252
15.3 Nanotechnology for Diagnostics and Drug Delivery......Page 253
15.4 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 254
15.5 Supramolecular Nanostructures......Page 256
15.7 Separation of Fluorescent Material from Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes......Page 260
15.8 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 261
References......Page 262
16.2 Nanotechnology......Page 265
16.4 Metal Nanoparticles......Page 266
16.5 Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 267
16.6 Oxidative Stress......Page 268
16.7 Hierarchical Cellular Oxidative Stress Model—Oxidative Homeostasis......Page 270
16.8 Nanoparticles-Mediated ROS Generation......Page 271
16.9 Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Consequential Diseases......Page 272
16.10 Cellular Signaling Affected by Metal Nanoparticles......Page 273
16.11 Natural Zeolites......Page 274
16.12 Nanotoxicology......Page 275
16.13 Impact of Nanoparticles on Vital Systems......Page 277
References......Page 278
Where Do Fullerenes Come From?......Page 282
How Are Biological Effects of Exposure Determined?......Page 283
17.4 Uptake and Biodistribution of Fullerenes......Page 284
What Are the Biological Consequences of Oxidative Stress?......Page 285
What Do Whole Animal Studies Tell Us about Fullerene Exposure?......Page 286
References......Page 287
Part III: Clinical Significance of Nanosystems......Page 290
Nanotechnology Applied to Medicine......Page 291
Personalized Medicineand Nanomedicine......Page 292
Nanotoxicology......Page 293
Nanoparticle Distribution......Page 294
Interactions with Blood Cells......Page 296
Drug Delivery......Page 297
How Do Nanoparticles Recognizethe Target Cells?......Page 298
Main Clinical Applications......Page 299
References......Page 301
19.2 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites......Page 305
Cardiovascular Applications......Page 306
Bioartificial Liver......Page 310
Bone Regeneration......Page 312
References......Page 313
20.1 Introduction: Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials—Biomimetic Tools for Implants......Page 319
20.2 Unique Surface Properties of Nanomaterials......Page 320
Promise of Nanomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration......Page 321
Promise of Nanomaterials for Vascular Tissue Regeneration......Page 326
Promise of Nanomaterials for Neural Tissue Regeneration......Page 328
Promise of Nanomaterials for Bladder Tissue Regeneration......Page 331
References......Page 332
Nanotechnology in Imaging and Diagnosis......Page 336
Cancer Treatment Using Nanotechnology......Page 340
Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology......Page 344
21.4 Critical Discussion......Page 345
References......Page 346
Part IV: Medical Imaging......Page 350
Core......Page 351
22.4 Optical Properties of QDs......Page 352
22.5 Intracellular Delivery......Page 353
Fluorescent Cell Labeling......Page 356
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis......Page 357
In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging......Page 359
Diagnostic Applications......Page 360
Therapy......Page 367
Abbreviations......Page 372
References......Page 373
General......Page 376
Spin-Lattice Relaxation......Page 379
Spin–Spin Relaxation......Page 381
Using Relaxation to Generate Contrast in MR Images......Page 382
Relaxivity......Page 384
Magnetic Properties of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles......Page 385
T2-Relaxation Induced by Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles......Page 387
Changing Relaxivity: Responsive Agents......Page 389
Inner Sphere Relaxation......Page 390
Combined Equations......Page 392
Exchange and Compartmentalization......Page 393
23.5 Perspectives and Summary......Page 394
References......Page 395
24.1 Introduction......Page 399
24.2 Molecular Imaging......Page 400
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 401
Computed Tomography......Page 402
Fluorescence......Page 403
Iron Oxides......Page 404
Quantum Dots......Page 406
Liposomes......Page 408
Emulsions......Page 409
Lipoproteins......Page 410
Silica......Page 412
Other Nanoparticulate Contrast Agents......Page 413
References......Page 414
25.1 Introduction......Page 421
Fabrication of Fiberoptic Nanoprobes......Page 422
Experimental Procedure......Page 425
Intracellular Fluorescence Measurements Using Nanosensors......Page 426
Monitoring Carcinogenic Benzo[a]pyrene and Related Biomarkers in Single Living Cells......Page 427
Detection of Apoptosis in Cells Treated with Anticancer Drugs......Page 428
References......Page 429
Part V: Drug Delivery......Page 431
26.1 Brief Introduction......Page 432
26.2 Longevity: Basic Property of Phamaceutical Carriers......Page 434
26.3 How to Combine Targeting and Longevity......Page 438
26.4 Th e Function of Stimuli-Sensitivity......Page 441
26.5 Approaches to Intracellular Delivery of Nanocarriers......Page 442
26.6 Reporter Groups......Page 446
26.7 Some Chemistry Involved......Page 448
References......Page 449
27.1 Significance of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery......Page 458
Liposomes......Page 459
Nanoparticles......Page 460
Dendrimers......Page 461
Nanochips......Page 462
27.3 Nanosize Carriers for Gene Therapy......Page 463
Protein Nanoparticles for DNA Delivery......Page 464
Polymeric Nanoparticle as Gene Delivery Agents......Page 465
Nanotechnology-Based Immunization Devices......Page 466
DNA-Based Nanodevices......Page 467
Nanopore and DNA Sequencing......Page 468
27.5 Nanoscale Materials for Imaging......Page 469
Quantum Dots for Cellular Imaging......Page 470
27.6 Summary......Page 471
References......Page 472
28.1 Introduction......Page 477
Fluid Forces......Page 478
Magnetization......Page 479
Methods for Applying Magnetic Fields......Page 481
Magnetic Forces......Page 482
Particle Interactions......Page 483
Applications of Magnetic Targeting......Page 485
Implementations of Magnetic Targeting......Page 486
Physiological Environment......Page 488
Magnetic Aerosol Deposition......Page 490
Overcoming Particle Clearance in the Airways......Page 491
References......Page 492
29.1 Introduction: Nanomedicine and Biodegradable Nanoparticles......Page 494
Biodegradable Materials for Drug Delivery......Page 495
Natural Polymers......Page 496
Solubilization and Stabilization of Particle Formulations......Page 497
Cross-Linking of Natural Polymers......Page 498
Dispersion of Pre-Formed Polymers into Particles......Page 499
Size, Morphology, and Electrostatics......Page 501
29.5 Applications: Targeted and Multifunctional Nanoparticles......Page 502
Active Biospecific Targeting......Page 503
References......Page 505
Part VI: Response to Nanomaterials......Page 508
30.1 Introduction......Page 509
Uptake of Nanoparticles by Mammalian Cells......Page 510
Uptake of Nanoparticles by Plants......Page 512
Natural Organic Matter for Nanoparticle Suspension......Page 513
Plant Culture for Uptake......Page 514
Bright-Field Microscopy of Uptake......Page 515
SEM and TEM of Uptake......Page 516
Monitoring Uptake Using FTIR......Page 517
Critical Discussion......Page 519
30.4 Future Perspective......Page 520
References......Page 521
31.2 Background History and Definition......Page 524
Skin Anatomical Structure......Page 525
Skin Penetration and Diffusion......Page 526
Quantum Dots......Page 532
Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes......Page 534
References......Page 535
32.1 Introduction......Page 539
Epidermis......Page 540
Penetration and Permeation......Page 541
Pathways for Skin Absorption......Page 542
32.3 Experimental Techniques for the Investigation of Cutaneous Absorption......Page 543
Franz Diffusion Cell and Saarbruecken Penetration Model......Page 544
Imaging Techniques for Inorganic Material: TEM/SEM......Page 545
Noninvasive Imaging Techniques......Page 546
Polymeric Particles......Page 548
Metallic Particles......Page 550
Semiconductor Nanocrystals......Page 551
References......Page 552
Cellular Adhesion to Substrates......Page 556
Tensegrity and Mechanotransduction......Page 559
Geometry Sensing......Page 560
Fabrication of Nanostructures......Page 561
Focal Adhesion, Cell Spreading, and Alignment on Nanotopography......Page 563
Topographical Cues Derived from Nanofi bers......Page 564
Mechanism of Cellular Response to Nanotopography......Page 566
33.3 Summary......Page 567
References......Page 569
Part VII: Cancer Therapy......Page 574
34.1 Introduction......Page 575
Molecular Combing for Unearthing Genomic Instability......Page 576
Tumor Signal Amplification with Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles......Page 577
Bioluminescent Quantum Dots......Page 578
Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles......Page 579
Lipidoid Libraries......Page 582
Natural and Synthetic Viral Capsids......Page 583
Hydrogels......Page 584
Nanochip Implants......Page 585
Nanocells......Page 586
Chemo-Thermal Combo-Therapy with Targeted Gold Nanoparticles......Page 587
34.8 Body-on-a-Chip: Systems Approach to Drug Testing on Integrated Platforms......Page 588
Modeling Polymeric Nanoparticle Erosion and Drug Release......Page 589
References......Page 590
35.1 Introduction......Page 593
35.2 Tumor Structure and Physiology: Getting to Know the Battlefield......Page 595
Passive Targeting......Page 597
Active Targeting......Page 601
Stimuli-Sensitive Targeting......Page 604
35.4 Future Prospects and Challenges in Tumor-Targeted Nanoparticles......Page 606
References......Page 607
36.2 Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles......Page 611
Absorption, Scattering, and Total Extinction of Gold Nanoparticles......Page 612
Photothermal Properties......Page 615
Gold Nanospheres......Page 616
Gold Nanorods......Page 620
36.4 Summary......Page 623
References......Page 624
Photosensitizers......Page 626
Fullerenes as PS......Page 628
Photophysics of Fullerenes......Page 630
Photochemistry in PDT......Page 631
Biocompatibility of Fullerenes......Page 633
Strategies to Overcome Unfavorable Tissue Optics for Fullerene-Based PDT......Page 634
Photodynamic Therapy Destroys Tumor Cells In Vitro......Page 636
In Vitro PDT with Fullerenes......Page 637
PDT with Tumors In Vivo......Page 638
37.4 Summary......Page 639
References......Page 640
Part VIII: Quantum Engines and Nanomotors......Page 646
38.1 Introduction......Page 647
Model......Page 648
Conservation Laws and Instantaneous Currents......Page 650
Heat Current......Page 651
Green's Functions Formalism......Page 652
Scattering Matrix Formalism......Page 655
Final Expressions for the DC Currents and Powers......Page 657
38.4 Results and Critical Discussion......Page 660
Heating of the Reservoirs by the Quantum Pump......Page 661
Directed Heat Transport at Finite Temperature......Page 662
38.5 Summary......Page 663
References......Page 664
39.1 Introduction......Page 666
Biological Nano- and Micron-Scale Motors......Page 667
39.3 Models of Motor Dynamics......Page 668
39.4 Mesoscopic Dynamics......Page 669
39.5 Mesoscopic Description of Catalytic Molecular Motors......Page 670
39.6 Nanodimer Motors......Page 671
Simulations of Nanodimer Motion......Page 672
Estimate of Nanodimer Velocity......Page 674
References......Page 675
40.2 Battery Basics......Page 677
Battery Principles—Thermodynamics......Page 679
Battery Principles—Capacity and Energy Density......Page 681
Battery Principles—Kinetics......Page 682
Surface Area and Geometry Enhancements......Page 683
New Electrode Reactions......Page 685
Electrolyte Enhancements......Page 688
Three-Dimensional Nanobatteries......Page 691
References......Page 693
Heat Transfer at Nanoscale......Page 698
Equivalent Circuits for Thermal Systems......Page 699
Fundamental Definitions for Nanoheaters......Page 700
Wireless Nanoheaters for Thermal Ablation, Hyperthermia, and Targeted Drug Delivery......Page 703
Thermally Activated Nanoheaters......Page 706
41.4 Critical Discussion......Page 707
41.6 Future Perspective......Page 708
References......Page 709
Part IX: Nanorobotics......Page 712
42.1 Introduction......Page 713
42.2 Working Principles of AFM......Page 714
Crosstalk Compensation......Page 715
Drift Compensation......Page 717
Nanoparticle Manipulation and Assembly......Page 719
Nanoindentation......Page 721
Nanolithography......Page 723
Material Characterization......Page 724
References......Page 725
43.1 Introduction......Page 728
Overview......Page 729
Advanced Control Strategies......Page 730
Nanomanipulator Designs......Page 731
Mask-Less Nanolithography......Page 733
Particle Manipulation......Page 735
Optical and Mechanical Nanodissection of DNA......Page 736
References......Page 738
44.1 Introduction......Page 742
44.2 Scaling to the Nanoworld......Page 743
Intermolecular and Interatomic Forces......Page 744
44.3 Imaging at the Nanoscale......Page 745
Strategies......Page 747
Manipulators......Page 748
Basic Processes......Page 750
Special Processes......Page 751
Nanorobotic Assembly......Page 753
44.6 NEMS......Page 755
44.7 Conclusions......Page 756
References......Page 757
45.1 Introduction......Page 759
Subsystem Description......Page 761
Temporal and Distribution Control......Page 763
Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles......Page 764
NanoparticleFunctionalization......Page 765
Medical Applications and Related Drugs......Page 766
Liposome Nanoparticles......Page 767
Quantum Dots......Page 768
Metallic Nanoshells......Page 769
Gold Nanoparticles......Page 770
Carbon Nanotubes......Page 771
Triggered Drug-Release Mechanisms......Page 773
Synthesis of Magnetic Nanocarriers......Page 774
Size and Physical Properties of Magnetic NPs......Page 776
Endovascular Navigation......Page 778
Nanocapsule Binding......Page 780
Nanocapsule/Cell Phagocytosis......Page 781
Drug Releasing......Page 783
Imaging and Tracking in MRI Device......Page 784
Closed-Loop Control Algorithms......Page 785
Acknowledgments......Page 786
References......Page 787
46.2 Medical Microscale Nanorobots versus Microrobots, and Medical Nanorobotics......Page 792
Magnetic Propulsion......Page 793
Bacterial Propulsion......Page 794
46.4 Steering or Directional Control......Page 795
Magnetotaxis-Based Steering for Bacterial Microscale Nanorobots......Page 796
46.5 Positioning and Tracking......Page 797
References......Page 798
Introduction......Page 799
Trends in Nanohandling......Page 800
Automated Microrobot-Based Nanohandling......Page 802
Structure of the Chapter......Page 804
Survey on Nano-Assembly Stations......Page 805
Tools and Methods for Automated Nano-Assembly......Page 806
SEM as Imaging Sensor......Page 808
Template Matching Using Cross-Correlation......Page 809
Depth Estimation......Page 810
47.4 Control Issues in Automated Nanohandling......Page 811
Electrical Actuation and Open-Loop Control......Page 812
Closed-Loop Control......Page 813
Partial, Time-Variant World Model......Page 814
47.5 Application I: Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 815
Physical Basics for Mechanical CNT Characterization......Page 816
Experimental Results: Mechanical Characterization of CNTs......Page 817
Conclusion......Page 818
Handling and Characterization of Biological Objects Using an Atomic Force Microscope......Page 819
Handling of Biological Objects Using Microgrippers and Nanotweezers......Page 820
Manipulation and Handling of Biological Objects Using Contactless Methods......Page 821
Conclusion and Outlook......Page 822
References......Page 823
