Handbook of Measuring System Design [3 Vols]

Cover......Page 1
TOC......Page 2
1 Sophistication of Measurement and its Body of......Page 15
2 Organization of Instrument Science......Page 20
3 Measures and Metrics; Their Application......Page 25
4 Economic Considerations of Measurement......Page 34
5 Humans in the Real World......Page 43
6 Substructure of Human–Machine Systems......Page 48
7 Introduction to Measurement Theory and......Page 52
8 Formal Theory of Measurement......Page 55
9 Nature and Properties of Measurement......Page 59
10 Extensions of the Representational Theory of......Page 62
11 Measurement Theory in Physical, Social, and......Page 65
12 Fuzzy Approaches for Measurement......Page 67
13 Signals, Information and Knowledge, and......Page 75
14 Hierarchical Aspects of Measurement Systems......Page 82
15 Typical Measurement Systems Architectures......Page 86
16 Reduction of Influence Factors......Page 92
17 EMC and EMI......Page 98
18 Nature and Scope of Closed-loop Systems......Page 103
19 Dynamic Behavior of Closed-loop Systems......Page 109
20 Closed-loop Sampled Data Systems......Page 114
21 Nonlinear Closed-loop Systems......Page 120
22 Characteristics and Theory of Knowledge......Page 126
23 Principles of Semiotics as Related to Measurement......Page 133
24 Principles of Epistemology as Related to Measurement......Page 139
25 Introduction to Signals in Physical Systems......Page 143
26 Signal Classification......Page 145
27 Signals in the Frequency Domain......Page 148
28 Signals in the Time Domain......Page 154
29 Relationship Between Signals in the Time and......Page 159
30 Statistical Signal Representations......Page 164
31 Discrete Signal Theory......Page 169
32 Geometrical Signal Representations......Page 178
33 Coding Theory and its Application to......Page 182
34 Modulation Theory......Page 187
35 Systems in the Time Domain......Page 192
36 Systems in the Frequency Domain......Page 203
37 Relationship Between Systems in the Time and Frequency Domain......Page 209
38 Stability Issues......Page 215
39 Characteristics of Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom......Page 222
40 Sources of Information......Page 226
41 Terminology and Classification of Measurement Systems......Page 230
42 Information Databases of Relevance to Measurement......Page 237
43 Units......Page 241
44 Types of Paper Standards and their Purpose......Page 247
45 Calibration Process......Page 255
46 Calibration Interval......Page 262
47 Internet Calibration......Page 265
48 Common Sources of Errors in Measurement Systems......Page 268
49 General Characterization of Systematic and Stochastic Errors......Page 274
50 Errors in Signal Systems......Page 283
51 Errors in Digital Signal Systems......Page 293
52 Error Models, Error Budgets and their Calculation......Page 297
53 Calculation and Treatment of Errors......Page 307
54 Explanation of Key Error and Uncertainty Concepts and Terms......Page 310
55 Uncertainty Determination......Page 315
56 Transfer Characteristics of Instrument Stages......Page 323
57 Static Considerations of General Instrumentation......Page 328
58 Description of Accuracy, Linearity, and Drift......Page 333
59 Introduction to the Dynamic Regime of......Page 337
60 Zero-order System Dynamics......Page 341
61 First-order System Dynamics......Page 345
62 Second-order System Dynamics......Page 352
63 Outline of Systems Thinking......Page 358
64 Executing A Measuring System Design......Page 368
65 Life Cycle Concept......Page 380
66 Phases of System Life Cycle......Page 385
67 Principle of Concept of Operations (ConOps)......Page 391
68 Setting the System Boundaries......Page 395
69 Requirements Allocation......Page 399
70 Measuring System Design Methodologies......Page 406
71 Modeling Methodology......Page 410
72 Mathematical Methods of Optimization......Page 419
73 Overview of Electrical and Electronic Technique......Page 423
74 Basic Electronic Components......Page 433
75 Electronic System Building Blocks......Page 440
76 Electronic Systems Design......Page 447
77 Limits of Detection in Electronic Systems......Page 454
78 Embedded Systems......Page 457
79 Testing Electronic Systems......Page 463
80 Principles of Fine Mechanics – Kinematic and Elastic Design......Page 468
81 Principles of Fine Mechanics – Systems Considerations......Page 476
82 Kinematical Regime – Members and Linkages......Page 481
83 Kinematical Regime – Fasteners, Bearings......Page 488
84 Kinematical Regime – Rotary Motion......Page 494
85 Elastic Regime of Design – Design Principles......Page 501
86 Elastic Regime of Design – Spring Systems......Page 509
87 Elastic Regime of Design – Plates and Bimorphs......Page 517
88 Error Sources in Fine Mechanics......Page 522
89 Optical Materials......Page 531
90 Optical Elements......Page 537
91 Light Sources and Detectors......Page 551
92 Optical Measuring Instruments......Page 561
93 Testing Optical and Other Radiation Systems......Page 568
94 Human Factors Engineering......Page 574
95 Human–Machine Interface......Page 579
96 The Domains of Human Factors Integration......Page 583
97 Design Methodology......Page 588
98 Reliability and Maintainability......Page 592
99 Safety Organization......Page 598
100 Safety Analysis Methods......Page 604
101 Assessing and Demonstrating Safety......Page 611
102 Introduction to the Legal Process......Page 619
103 Legal Liability Issues for Designers – A Case......Page 624
104 Models of the Measurement Process......Page 630
105 Modeling with LabVIEW......Page 634
106 Virtual Instrumentation in Physics......Page 644
107 Principles of Sensor Science......Page 651
108 Transducer Fundamentals......Page 661
109 Structure and Energy in Sensor Systems......Page 669
110 Signal-Energy Matrix Modeling......Page 681
111 Classification of Sensors......Page 685
112 Systematic Description of Sensors......Page 695
113 Force-feedback Sensors......Page 702
114 Models of the Sensor Interface......Page 708
115 Designing the Sensor Interface......Page 714
116 Selection of Sensors......Page 719
117 Materials in Measuring Systems......Page 722
118 Ultrasonic Sensors......Page 732
119 Ultrasonic Instrumentation Principles......Page 743
120 Ultrasonic Instrumentation Design......Page 751
121 Signals in the Presence of Noise......Page 763
122 Operational Amplifiers......Page 767
123 Instrumentation Amplifiers......Page 776
124 Specialized Amplifiers for Measurement Systems......Page 786
125 Outline of Purpose of Analog Data Filters......Page 796
126 Electrical Bridge Circuits – Basic Information......Page 800
127 Unbalanced DC Bridges......Page 811
128 Nature and Scope of AI Techniques......Page 824
129 Artificial Neural Networks......Page 832
130 Rule-based Expert Systems......Page 840
131 Evolutionary Computation......Page 851
132 Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) in General......Page 863
133 Amplifiers and Filters for DAS......Page 866
134 Analog Multiplexers......Page 869
135 Sample-hold Circuits......Page 872
136 Quantizing Theory Relevant to DAS......Page 875
137 Coding for Data Converters......Page 877
138 Sampling Theory Relevant to DAS......Page 881
139 Analog-to-Digital (A-D) Converters......Page 885
140 Integrating Type A-D Converters......Page 888
141 Digital-to-Analog (D-A) Converters......Page 891
142 Z-transforms......Page 897
143 DFT and FFTs......Page 905
144 DSP Chip Sets......Page 913
145 DSP Tools......Page 921
146 Principles of DSP Hardware Design......Page 927
147 Ideal Digital Filter Approximation......Page 932
148 General Performance of the Digital Filter......Page 937
149 Low-, High-, and Band-pass Digital Filters......Page 940
150 Finite Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Digital Filters......Page 943
151 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Digital Filters......Page 951
152 Fundamentals of the Stored Program Digital......Page 955
153 Single Address Instruction Microcomputer......Page 958
154 Internal Operation of the Microprocessor......Page 961
155 External Operation of the Microprocessor......Page 963
156 Memory Management in the Microprocessor......Page 967
157 Data Acceleration in Computers......Page 971
158 Microcontroller Systems......Page 978
159 Designing and Building Software for Measuring Systems......Page 984
160 Smart Sensor System Features......Page 990
161 Knowledge-based Systems......Page 999
162 Principles of MEMS......Page 1006
163 Uses and Benefits of MEMS......Page 1012
164 Principles of MEMS Actuators......Page 1018
165 Introduction to Networked Instrumentation......Page 1023
166 Instrument Interconnection......Page 1029
167 Asynchronous and Synchronous Interface Protocols......Page 1031
168 RS 232 and EIA-TIA 232 Serial Interface......Page 1034
169 Voltage and Current Loop Transmission......Page 1040
170 IEEE-488 Instrumentation Bus......Page 1045
171 Local Area (LANs) and Wide Area Networks(WAN)......Page 1052
172 Fieldbus Systems......Page 1057
173 Scheduling Systems......Page 1064
174 Typical Signals Arising in Measurement......Page 1072
175 Comparison of Analog and Digital Signal Handling......Page 1076
176 Signals and Signal-to-noise Ratio......Page 1079
177 Grounding and Shielding......Page 1080
178 Noise Matching and Preamplifier Selection......Page 1087
179 Input Connections; Grounding and Shielding......Page 1091
180 Bandwidth Reduction of Baseband DC Signals......Page 1095
181 Amplitude Modulated Signals= The Lock-in Amplifier......Page 1099
182 Boxcar and Signal Averagers......Page 1111
183 Correlators in Signal Extraction......Page 1119
184 Photon Counting......Page 1122
185 Pulse Height Discrimination, Ratemeters and Pileup......Page 1125
186 The Family of Signal Recovery Methods......Page 1129
187 Flowmeter Selection and Application......Page 1131
188 Differential Pressure (DP) Flowmeters......Page 1136
189 Basic Principles of Flow Measurement......Page 1146
190 Calibration and Standards in Flow Measurement......Page 1154
191 Displacement and Angle Sensors Performance......Page 1159
192 Strain Sensors......Page 1164
193 Specialty Displacement and Angle Sensors......Page 1177
194 Large-scale Metrology......Page 1183
195 Characteristics of Temperature Measurement......Page 1200
196 Thermocouple Temperature Sensors......Page 1208
197 Metallic Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)......Page 1215
198 Calibration and Standards in Temperature Measurement......Page 1224
199 Characteristics of Time and Frequency......Page 1231
200 Calibrations and Standards in Time Measurement......Page 1236
201 Voltage Measurement......Page 1241
202 Current Measurement......Page 1250
203 Resistance Measurement......Page 1259
204 Capacitance and Inductance Measurement......Page 1267
205 Theory of Vibration Measurement......Page 1277
206 Practice of Vibration Measurement......Page 1284
207 Acceleration Measurement......Page 1294
208 Amplitude and Velocity Measurement......Page 1300
209 Characteristics of Chemical Measurements......Page 1304
210 Optical Transducers for Chemical Measurements......Page 1310
211 Mass Spectrometry......Page 1318
212 Chromatography......Page 1321
213 Electrochemical Measurements......Page 1328
214 Accelerated Testing......Page 1337
215 Automatic Test Systems......Page 1342
216 Test Facilities......Page 1345
217 Instrument Evaluation......Page 1351