Handbook of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and their Nanocomposites

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Section Editors
Contributors
Part I: Theory, Modeling, and Synthesis
1 Nanotechnology and Medical Applications
Introduction
Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy
Gene Delivery-Based Nanomedicine
Nanomaterial-Based Nanocarriers
Carbon Nanomaterials
Functionalized and Non-functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Delivery Process
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Delivery Process
Metal Nanoparticles for Delivery Process
Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Materials Used for Nanostructured Scaffolds
Electrospun Scaffolds
Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds
Nanomaterials Used for Detection
Nanomaterials for Detection of Pathogens
Nanomaterials for Detection of Proteins
Nanomaterials Used in Diagnostics and Therapy
Future of Nanomedicine
Conclusion
References
2 Synthesis of Iron-Cobalt Nanoalloys (ICNAs) and Their Metallic Composites
Introduction
Formation of ICNAs
Anisotropy
Oxidation Mechanism
Preparation Techniques
Chemical Methods
Nanoalloys Formation Mechanism
Sol-Gel Method
Hydrothermal Method
Physical Methods
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Thermal Decomposition
Mechanical Alloying
Ball Milling
Factors Influencing Nanoalloy Formation
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Doping
Effect of Chemicals and Preparation Conditions
Characterization Techniques and Resultant Properties
Structural Studies and Properties
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Microscopic Analysis and Properties
Magnetic Analysis and Properties
Vibrating Scanning Magnetometer
SQUID
Spectroscopic Analysis and Properties
Electromagnetic Analysis and Properties
Biological Analysis and Properties
Metallic Composites of ICNAs
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
3 Synthesis of Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles
Introduction
Core-Shell Nanoparticles (CSNPs)
Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) and Its Magnetic Behavior
Functionalization and Surface Coating of MNPs and Core-Shell Nanoparticles
Synthesis and Applications of Magnetic Core-Shell NPs
Synthesis of Noble Metal-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs
Synthesis of Silica-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs
Synthesis of MIP-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs
Synthesis of Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs
Synthesis Methods of Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles (CSMNPs)
Micro-emulsion Synthesis Method
Thermal Decomposition Method
Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis Method
Co-precipitation Synthesis Method
Seed-Mediated Growth Method
Layer-by-Layer Growth Method
Conclusion
References
4 Synthesis of Cobalt-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites
Introduction
Properties of Cobalt and Cobalt-Based Magnetic Materials
Cobalt
Cobalt (II,III) Oxide (Co3O4)
Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4)
Synthesis Routes to Cobalt-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites
Coprecipitation
Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Approaches
Carbonization
The Polyol Method
Sol-Gel
Pechini Method
In Situ Reduction
In Situ Polymerization
Interfacial Polymerization
Ball Milling
Spin Coating
Melt Blending
Other Methods
Applications of Co-based Magnetic Nanocomposites
Environmental Remediation
Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Magnetic Hyperthermia
Magnetic Drug Delivery
Conclusion
References
5 Synthesis of Cobalt and Its Metallic Magnetic Nanoparticles
Introduction
Polyol Method
Solvent
Properties
Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles: The Case of Co and Co-Based Alloy Nanoparticles
Conclusion
References
6 Synthesis of Mn-Based Rare-Earth-Free Permanent Nanomagnets
Introduction
Synthesis Methods
Stoichiometry and Formulations
Doping
Phase Diagrams
MnBi
MnAl
MnGa
MnSb
Sample Preparation
Chemical Methods
Electrodeposition
Mechanical Methods
High-Energy Ball Milling
Low-Energy Mechanical Milling
Physical Methods
Atomization
Arc Melting
Rapid Solidification Process
Melt Spinning
Heat Treatment or Annealing
Quenching
Integrated Methods
Elucidations of Synthesized Mn-Based REFPMs
Size, Shape, and Composition
Purity and Strain
Phase Transformation and Composition
Magnetic Properties
Conclusion
References
7 Synthesis of Magnetoelectric Multiferroics and Its Composites
Introduction to Magnetoelectric (ME) Multiferroics
Classification of ME Multiferroic Materials
Synthesis Methods of ME Multiferroics
Synthesis Methods of Single-Phase and Composite Multiferroics
Molten Salt Synthesis (MSS)
Solgel Method
Solid-State Reaction Method
Hydrothermal or Solvothermal Method
Sonochemical Method
Solution Combustion Method
Synthesis of Multiferroics and Composites by Thin Film Deposition Techniques
PLD
Sputtering
MBE
MOCVD
ALD
Conclusion
References
8 Synthesis of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites
Introduction
Classification, Morphology, Structure, and Properties of CNTs
Structure and Morphology of CNTs
Classification of CNTs
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)
Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)
Properties of CNTs
Mechanical Properties
Electrical Properties
Thermal Properties
Chemical Properties
Optical Properties
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Synthesis Methods for Magnetic CNTs and Their Composites
Template-Based Synthesis
Self-Assembly Method
Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Processes
Filling Process
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Pyrolysis Method
Sol-Gel Process
Electrochemical Routes
Electrospinning
Co-precipitation
Sonochemical Method
Reverse Microemulsion Method
Arc Discharge Technique
Detonation-Induced Reaction
Pulsed Laser Ablation Approach
Applications of Magnetic CNTs and Their Composites
Environmental Remediation
Electrochemical Nanobiosensors
Catalysis
Separation or Identification of Biomolecules
Drug Delivery and Disease Diagnosis
Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Conclusion
References
9 Chiral Magnetic Nanocomposite Particles: Preparation and Chiral Applications
Introduction
Preparation of CMNPs
Small Organic Molecules
Amino Acids
Cyclodextrins
Others
Macromolecules
Biomacromolecules
Synthetic Polymers
Metal Complexes
Chiral Applications
Asymmetric Catalysis
Chiral Separation
Chiral Discrimination
Concluding Remarks
References
10 Manufacturing Techniques of Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites
Introduction
Nanocomposite Materials
Polymer Nanocomposite Materials
Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites
The Core-Shell Nanocomposites
The Self-Assembled Colloidal Nanocomposites
Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites
Manufacturing Techniques of Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites
Conclusion
References
11 Vacuum-Based Deposition Techniques to Synthesize Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Materials
Introduction
Basics of Thin Film Growth
Vacuum Based Deposition Techniques
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Fundamentals of MBE Instrument
Pulsed Laser Deposition
Photon Absorption Followed by Creation of Plasma and Ablation of the Target Material
Dynamics of Plasma
Deposition of the Ablated Materials on the Substrate
Nucleation and Growth of a Thin Film on the Substrate Surface
Sputtering
Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
12 Advanced Progress in Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Composites
Introduction
Magnetoelectric Materials and Operating Mechanisms
Strain-Mediated Magnetoelectric Compounds
Charge Carriers-Mediated Magnetoelectric Compounds
Exchange-Mediated Magnetoelectric Compounds
Aspects Influencing Magnetoelectric Coupling in Compounds
Interfacial Connection and Phase Connectivity
Type of Materials and Their Properties
Magnetoelectric Composites
Magnetoelectric Hexaferrites
ME in Y-Type Hexaferrites
ME in Z-Type Hexaferrites
ME in M-Type Hexaferrites
ME in Other Types of Hexaferrites
Synthesis of Magnetoelectric Materials
Zero-Dimensional (Nanoparticles)
One-Dimensional (Wires, Fibers, Tubes, etc.)
Two-Dimensional (Thick or Thin Films)
Characterization Procedures for Magnetoelectric Coupling Measurements
Dynamic Mode Based on Lock-in Program
Piezoresponse Force Microscopy
Applications of Magnetoelectric Materials
Magnetic Field Sensors
Electric Current Sensors
Energy Harvesting
Random Access Memory-Based Magnetoelectric Materials
Magnetoelectric Antenna
Spintronics Devices Based on ME Effect
Giant Magnetoresistance
Tunnel Magnetoresistance
Applications of Magnetoelectric Materials in Biomedicine
Toxicity of Magneto-Electric Nanocomposites Toward Technological and Biological Applications
Toxicity of Magnetoelectric Materials and Their Impact on the Environment, Users´ Health, and Technological Applications
Toxicity Valuation of Magnetoelectric Materials in Biomedical Applications
Conclusion and Future Challenges
References
13 Surface Modification of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys
Introduction
Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys (MHNAs)
Surface Modification of MHNAs
Surface-Modified Transition Metal-Based MHNAs
Surface-Modified Transition Metal-Noble Metal-Based MHNAs
Conclusion
References
14 Theory, Modeling, and Simulation of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys
Introduction
Modeling and Simulation of Nanoalloys
Density Functional Theory (DFT)
CALPHAD Method (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)
Global Optimization Techniques
Theoretical and Computational Method
Conclusion
References
15 Analytical Approaches of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoparticles Using Numerical Modelling and Simulation Tools
Introduction
Single-Phase Nanoparticles Fundamentals
Anisotropy
Energy
Magnetic Properties
Multiphase Nanoparticles Approaches
Randomly Oriented Magnetic Nanocomposites
Arranging Multiphase Nanoparticles
Nanoscale Thermal Phenomena in the Vicinity of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Alternating Magnetic Fields
Case Study 1: Modelling the Nanoscale Heating
Case Study 2: Modelling the Microscale Heating
Conclusions
References
16 Computational Techniques for Nanostructured Materials
Introduction
Density Functional Theory
Basic Formalism
The Exchange-Correlation Energy Functional
Local Density Approximation
Generalized Gradient Approximation
DFT + U
Hybrid Functionals
Numerical Implementation
Plane Wave Method/Pseudopotential
FP-LAPW Method
Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) Method
Korringa, Kohn, and Rostoker Green´s Function Method
Computational Implementations
Applications of DFT in Nanostructured Materials
Monte-Carlo Method
Molecular Dynamics
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Part II: Characterization Techniques and Applications
17 Introduction of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer for Magnetic Characterization
Introduction
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetism
Ferrimagnetism
Hysteresis Curve
Magnetization-Temperature (M-T) Curve
Essential Part of VSM
Power Supply
Magnetic Field Sources in VSM
Electromagnet
Coils
Temperature Control
Sample Holder
Vibration Exciter
Sample
Calibration by Standard
Pick-up Coils
Lock-in Amplifier
Computer Interface
Working Mechanism of VSM
Conclusion
References
18 Characterization of Iron Oxide and Doped Iron-Oxide Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Compounds
Introduction
Experimental Procedures
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
XRD Analyses
TEM Analyses
Catalytic Activity Test
Samples and Sample Preparation
Preparation of MWS Samples
Preparation of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics via Chemicals
Preparation of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples via Chemicals
Structural Characterization
XRD Analysis of MWS Samples
XRD Patterns of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics
XRD Analysis of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples
57Fe-Mössbauer Analysis of MWS Samples
57Fe-Mössbauer Spectra of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics
57Fe-Mössbauer Analysis of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples
SEM and TEM Images of MWS Samples
TEM Images of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics
TEM Images of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples
FTIR Spectrum of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics
FT-IR Spectrum of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics
Surface Area and Optical Properties of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics
Photocatalytic Properties
Photocatalytic Properties of MWS Samples
Photocatalytic Properties of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples
Factors Effecting the Degradation of Dye
COD of Simulated Wastewater
Procedure for Iron Determination
Conclusion
References
19 Optical Properties of Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites
Introduction
X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Experiments
Basis of X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism
Chemical and Magnetic Specificity
Landmark Works and Recent Developments in XMCD Research
Raman Spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering
Raman Spectroscopy
Basis of Raman Spectroscopy
Application of Raman Spectroscopy
Landmark Research and Recent Advances
Dynamic Light Scattering
Basis of Dynamic Light Scattering
Practical Applications of DLS
Surface Plasmon Resonance in Magnetic Nanoalloys and Magneto-Optic Effects
Surface Plasmon Resonance in Magnetic Nanoalloys
Basis of Surface Plasma Resonance
Research Based on SPR Nano Alloys
The Promise of Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Detection
Magneto-Optic Effects, Anisotropy, and Applications
Basis of Magneto-Optic Effect and 2D Materials
Anisotropy
Applications
Magneto-Photonics/Optics
Application in Photodynamic Therapy
Conclusion
References
20 Electron Microscopy of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Introduction
Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis
The Physical Method of Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis
The Chemical Method of Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis
Precipitation Method
Sol-Gel Method
Hydrothermal Method
Microemulsion Method
Nucleation and Growth Process of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Nucleation Process
Growth Process
Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Small-Size Effect
Surface Effect
Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling Effect
Quantum Size Effect
Conclusion
References
21 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy of Magnetic Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites
Introduction to Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Aberration-Corrected STEM
Characterization Techniques
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
Aberration-Corrected TEM/STEM
Spectroscopic Techniques
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX/XEDS)
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites
Magnetic Spinel Nanoparticles
Nanoalloys and Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles
Carbon-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites
Carbon Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposites
Magnetic-Graphene Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanowires
Conclusions
References
22 Spectroscopic Techniques for Multiferroic Materials
Introduction
Spectroscopic Techniques
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Probing the Energy Band Alignments at the Interfaces
Probing the Schottky Barrier Heights
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Conclusion
References
23 Rheological Characterization Tools: A Review
Introduction
Rheological Classification of Fluids
Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheological Mathematical Models
The Herschel Bulkley Model
Ostwald Model
Bingham Model
Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites
Magnetorheology
Magnetorheological Fluid
Magnetorheological Elastomer
Magnetorheological Gel
Rheology of Magnetorheological (MR) Fluids
Conclusion and Prospects
References
24 Thermal Analysis of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites
Introduction
Physical and Chemical Characterizations of Nanoalloys
Thermal Analysis of Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)
Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH Via VSM and Other Magneto-thermal Experiments)
Lock-in Thermography
DC Magnetometry
The Utility of These Above Techniques for Various Applications
Conclusions
References
25 Thermal Behavior of Magnetic Nanofluid Within an Enclosure
Introduction
The Description and Modeling of the Problem
The Outputs of the Numerical Study
Elliptic Chamber
The Results of the Numerical Study
References
26 Contact Angle Studies on Functional Surfaces Containing Magnetic Particles
Introduction
Wettability, Contact Angle, Work of Adhesion, and Surface Free Energy
Magnetism and Magnetic Particles
Wettability Studies and Applications of Functional Surfaces Containing Magnetic Particles
Conclusion
References
27 Contact Angle Studies of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces
Introduction
Historical Development in Evaluating Contact Angles
Controversies in Contact Angle Evaluation
Direct Contact Angle Measurement Methods
Goniometric Method
Conclusion
References
28 Electrical and Dielectric Properties: Nanomaterials
Introduction
Electrical Properties of Materials
Energy Band Structure
Electrical Conductivity
Temperature-Dependent Resistivity and Conductivity
Magneto-Transport Properties
Magnetoresistance (MR)
Anisotropy Magnetoresistance (AMR)
Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR)
Electroresistance (ER)
Electrical Measurement Techniques
The Four-Probe Method
Van Der Pauw Method
Hall Effect
Dielectric Properties in Materials
Types of Electric Polarization
Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
Basics of Impedance Spectroscopy
Elementary Analysis
Impedance
Electric Modulus
Dielectric Loss
AC Conductivity
DC Conductivity
Conclusion
References
29 Diffusion and Transport Studies
Introduction
Diffusion
Fick´s First Law of Diffusion
Fick´s Second Law of Diffusion
The Studies of Diffusion
Transport
Basic Transport
Easy Transport
Coupled Transport
Active Transport
The Studies of Transport
Diffusion and Transport Studies
Conclusion
References
30 Oxidation Behavior of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys
Introduction
Synthesis of Nanomagnetic Particles
Nanoalloys: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties
Mixing and Segregation in Nanoalloys
Probing Nanoalloy Chemistry
Chemical Ordering in Nanoalloys
Dependence of the Structures and Chemical Ordering of Nanoalloys on Potential Parameters
Nanoalloy Hybrid Materials
Synthesis of Nanoalloy Hybrid Materials
Metal Oxidation State
Oxidation State in the Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoalloys
Hybrid Magnetic Nanostructures
Ni-Co Nanoalloy Catalysts
Ferromagnetic NiFe2O4 Nanosheet
Structural and Optical Properties of Zn1-xNixO Alloy
Nanocrystalline NiZnCu Ferrites
NiZnCo Spinel Ferrite Matrix
Electrocatalytic Activity NiMn2O4
Three-Dimensional ZnMn2O4 Nanoparticles
NiO/ZnMn2O4 Nanocomposite
Intergrowth-Type Perovskite Oxide MnCrO7
The Combination of KMnO4 Oxidation
ZnOCr2O3 Composite Nanoparticles
Nanostructured-Layered Hybrid ZnCoO/MoS2
Nanocrystalline Powders of ZnFeO
PbCrxFe122xO19 Nanoparticles
Magnetic Fe3O4@CaSiO3 Composites
Cu-Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanocatalyst
Ternary Fe1-xMnxPt Nanoalloys
Trimetallic Nanoclusters FexCoyPdz
Nanoplates of Zinc Vanadate Oxides
Magnetic CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles
Multiferroic BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 Nanostructures
Cu1-xCoxFe2O4 as a Catalytic Performance
Fe/Cr/Ni and Fe/Ni/Cr Core/Alloy Nanoparticles
Manganese and Silicon in Nickel-Iron Alloys
Oxidation Behavior of Nanoalloys
Behaviors of Metal-Core@metal Oxide-Shell Nanomaterials
High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior in Hybrid Alloys
Performance of Iron-Chromium-Aluminum Alloys
Fe-25Mn-1.5Al-0.5C Ferrous Alloy
Magnetic Ni-xAl (x = 5 or 10 wt %) Alloys Doped with Metal Ions
Ni-TiO2 Composite Coating
Al3Mg2 Complex Metallic Alloys
Alloys of Sm2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)17 Magnets
Hexagonal Close-Packed ZrAl2
Amorphous Co75.26-xFe4.74(BSi)20-x Magnetic Alloy
Fermi Liquid Behavior in Pd1-xNix Nanoalloys
Creep Behavior of Iron-Aluminum Alloys
Biomedical Applications of NiCu Magnetic Nanoparticles
Tuning the Magnetic Moment of Small Late3d-Transition-Metal Oxide Clusters
Pulse Electrodeposition of Cobalt/Zirconia Coatings
The Sedimentation Behavior of Bare and Silica-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanoalloys with Fe-Ni/Fe-Co Core and Iron Oxide Shell
Bimetallic NiCr Nanoalloys Immersed in Ag Matrix
Aluminum Oxidation in α-Ni1-xAlx Nanoalloys
Magnetic Behavior of Ni-Pt Nanoalloys Supported on Silica
Conclusion
References
31 Biological Characterization of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys
Introduction
Hybrid Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanomaterials
Microscopic Analysis Techniques
Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM)
Confocal Microscopy/Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Analytical Electron Microscope (AEM)
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
Chemical Force Microscopy (CFM)
Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPM)
Chromatographic Techniques
Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF)
Hydrodynamic Chromatography (HDC)
Spectroscopic Techniques
Raman Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy: Recent Advancements, Techniques, and Applications
X-Ray Photoelectron (XPS)
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Conclusions
References
32 Magnetite-Graphene-Based Composites and Their Potential Application as Supercapacitor Electrode Material
Introduction
Supercapacitor Fundamentals
Classification of Supercapacitors
Charge Storage Mechanism of EDLCs
Charge Storage Mechanism of Pseudocapacitors
Components of Supercapacitors
Evaluation of Electrochemical Performance of Supercapacitors
Calculation of Electrochemical Parameters
Mechanism of Charge Storage in Fe3O4 Electrodes
Factors Affecting Supercapacitive Performance of Fe3O4
Morphology
Particle Size and Crystallinity
Uniform Particle Distribution
Surface Modifications
Surfactant-Modified Electrolyte
Magnetic Field
Fe3O4-Graphene-Based Composites as Supercapacitor Electrode Material
Conclusion
References
33 Iron-Based Magnetic Nanoadsorbents for Organic Dye Removal
Introduction
Dye Classification
Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Coprecipitation
Thermal Decomposition
Hydrothermal Method
Microemulsion
Sol-Gel Method
Different Classes of Magnetic Nanosorbents
Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)
Iron Oxides
Surface-Modified Iron Oxide NPs
Coated Iron Oxide NPs
Magnetic Nanocomposites
Magnetic Clays and Zeolite NCs
Magnetic Carbon NCs
Magnetic Agricultural and Industrial Low-Cost Sorbents
Biosorbents and Microbial Biomass
Conclusion
References
34 The Impact of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Microbial Community Structure and Function in Rhizospheric Soils
Introduction
Microbial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Major Sources of Nanoparticles in the Environment
Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Plant
Effect of Nanoparticles on Soil
Effect of Nanoparticles on pH of Soil
Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Microbes
Effect of Nanoparticles on Microbial Diversity
Conclusions
References
35 Environmental Applications of Magnetic Alloy Nanoparticles and Their Polymer Nanocomposites
Introduction
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Alloy Nanoparticles
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
Metal/Metal Oxide NPs
Polymer Magnets
Modification of MNPs
Organic-Based Nanocomposites
Modified with Polymers/Biopolymers
Inorganic Based Nanocomposites
Environmental Application
Photocatalysis
Degradation of Dyes
Hydrogen Evolution from Water Splitting
Adsorption
Adsorption of Toxic Metal
Dye Adsorption/Removal
Removal of Other Contaminants
Conclusion
References
36 Hydroelectric Cell as Source of Green Electricity Generation: Metal (Multiferroic, Iron, Ferrite, Cerium-Graphene)-Oxides
Introduction
Hydroelectric Cell (HEC) as Green Energy Source
Metal-Oxide Hydroelectric Cell
Mechanism for Generation of Voltage-Current in Metal Oxides
Multiferroic Hydroelectric Cell
Oxygen Defects Formation in BaTiO3 with CoFe2O4
Mechanism for Electricity Generation in BTO-CFO HEC
Mg-Li Ferrites HEC
Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), Hematite (α-Fe2O3), and Magnetite (Fe3O4) HECs
Metal-Oxide Hydroelectric Cell: SnO2, Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2, MgO, SiO2
CeO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hydroelectric Cell
Outline for Present Metal Oxide-Based Hydroelectric Cells
Synthesis Methods of Metal-Oxide HECs for Harvesting Green Energy from Water
Details of Sol-Gel Using PVA for the Synthesis of BaTiO3/CoFe2O4 Nanocomposite
Measurement Details of BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 HEC
Schematic Experimental Set-Up for 0.15BaTiO3-0.85CoFe2O4 HEC
Porosity Measurement of BTO-CFO Multiferroic Pellet Samples
Results and Discussion
Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Multiferroic BaTiO3-CoFe2O4
Phase Structure and Defects Analysis
BTO-CFO Nanostructural Analysis
Defect Carriers Analysis with Raman Spectra
Voltage-Current Conduction in BTO-CFO HEC
Ionic Conduction by Impedance Spectroscopy
Defects and Oxygen Vacancies Studies by XPS Analysis
Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Ferrites
Mg0.8Li0.2Fe2O4 Hydroelectric Cell
Cole-Cole Impedance Variation of Wet HEC with Its Dry State
Voltage-Current Results from Wet Mg0.8Li0.2Fe2O4 Hydroelectric Cell
Li0.3Ni0.4Fe2.3O4 HEC
Porosity by Scanning Electron Microscopy, BET Isotherm
Defects-Related Absorption Bands by FTIR Analysis
Oxygen Vacancies Confirmation with XPS Technique
Voltage-Current Behavior of LNFO-2 HEC
Mg1-xLixFe2O4 (0.0 x 0.3) HEC
Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Ion-Oxides
Magnetite (Fe3O4) Hydroelectric Cell
Phase Structure
FESEM and Nanopores Measurement
Impedance Measurement Involved Nyquist Plot for Both Dry and Wet HEC
Voltage-Current Response as the Green Energy Generation
Mechanism for Dissociation of Water Molecule in Magnetite Fe3O4 HEC
Li-Doped Fe3O4 HEC
Green Energy Improvement with Li Ions into Fe3O4 HEC
Hematite (α-Fe2O3) HEC
Phase Structure and Lattice Defects via Raman Measurement
V-I Polarization of Hematite HEC
Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) HEC
Photoluminescence Studies for Maghemite γ-Fe2O3
HEC V-I Response
Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Metal Oxide
Metal Oxide: SnO2, Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2, MgO, SiO2 HEC
Alkali (Li, Na, K) Doped ZnO HEC
V-I Response
Al2-xMgxO3 HEC
Voltage-Current Responses
Ionic Conduction Mechanism by Impedance Data
Mg, Co-Doped SnO2 HEC
Time-Dependent Current Conduction (Fix 0.61 V Open Circuit Voltage)
V-I Polarization Response
Hydroelectric Cell Performance in CeO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide
Oxygen Vacancy Defects Confirmation
Voltage-Current and Linear Sweep Voltammetry Measurements
HEC Working Mechanism of CeO2-rG2 (Bhargav et al. 2020)
Evaluation of Voltage-Current Behaviors in Metal-Oxide HECs
Applications of Hydroelectric Cell
Conclusion
References
37 Catalysis Application of Magnetic Ferrites and Hexaferrites
Introduction
General Theory and Properties of Ferrites
General Properties of Spinels and Hexaferrites
Magnetic Properties of Spinels and Hexaferrites
Types of Ferrites
Types and Structures of Ferrites
Types and Structures of Hexaferrites
M-Type Hexaferrite
W-Type Hexaferrite
Y-Type Hexaferrite
X-Type Hexaferrites
Z-Type Hexaferrite
U-Type Hexaferrite
Synthesis of Ferrites and Hexaferrites
Standard Ceramic Technique
Co-precipitation Method
Synthesis of Citrates
Hydrothermal Synthesis
Combustion Method
Pechini Method
Synthesis of Ferrites Supported by Impregnation
Glass Crystallization
Water Microemulsions in Oil
Sol-Gel
Chemical Aspects of Spinel Ferrites and Hexaferrites
Catalytic Applications of Ferrites
Applications of Spinel Ferrites in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Application of Spinel Ferrites in Photocatalysis
Catalytic Applications of Hexaferrites
Conclusion
References
38 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanohybrids for Advanced Water Treatment Technology
Introduction
Iron Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
Iron Oxide-Based Systems for Water Treatment Technology
Photocatalysis
Fenton and Fenton-Like Processes
Photo-Fenton Processes
Sulfate Radical-Based Processes
Electrochemical Processes
Alternative Advanced Oxidation Processes
Conclusions
References
39 Medicinal and Biological Application of Magnetic Alloy Nanoparticles and Their Polymer Nanocomposites
Introduction
Synthesis Methods of MANPs
Co-reduction
Coprecipitation
Hydrothermal Method
Thermal Decomposition
Microemulsion
Green Synthesis
Medicinal and Biological Application of MANPs
Imaging
Drug Delivery
Hyperthermia
Water Treatment
Sensor
Conclusions
References
40 X-Ray Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications of Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites
Introduction
Basics of X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT)
Absorption Tomography
Phase Contrast Tomography
Dual Energy Computed Tomography
Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Physics Behind MRI
Essential Components of MRI Scanner
Nanoparticles Used in Imaging Technologies
Metallic Nanoparticles Used in CT and MRI Imaging
Organic Coating
Functionalization of Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites
Multipurpose Magnetic Nanocomposites
Conclusion
References
41 Magnetically Retrievable CuNi Alloy as Catalyst for Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes with 2-Propanol
Introduction
Structure, Preparation and Analysis
Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation Reaction
Plausible Reaction Mechanism
Conclusions
References
42 Photocatalytic Applications of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites
Introduction
Methods of Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Co-precipitation Method
Thermal Decomposition
Hydrothermal Method
Solvothermal Method
Sol-Gel Method
Microemulsion Method
Sonochemical Method
Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Iron Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Doped Iron Oxide MNPs
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocomposites
Cobalt Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
Dyes Used for Degradation
Direct Dyes
Reactive Dyes
Vat Dyes
Basic Dyes
Acid Dyes
Azo Dyes
Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes
Photocatalysis Principle
Photocatalysts and Photocatalytic Reactions
Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism
Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Efficiency
Effect of Initial Dye Concentration
Effect of Photocatalytic Dosage
Effect of Visible Light Irradiation
Effect of pH
Reusability
Conclusions
References
43 Nanotoxicity and Environmental Risks of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanohybrids
Introduction
Iron Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
Design and Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Hybrids
Synthesis Processes
Greener Synthesis of MIONs
The Role of Surface Coating in the Stability of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Nanotoxicity and Environmental Risks
Effects of Physicochemical Properties and Morphology on the Toxicity of MIONs
Nano-Bio-interactions and Risks of Iron Oxide-Engineered Nanoparticles
Assessment of In Vitro Nanotoxicity
Oxidative Stress Evaluation
Cell Viability Evaluation
Assessment of In Vivo Nanotoxicity
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryotoxicity Test Model
Daphnia magna as an Organism Toxicity Test Model
Assessment of Ecotoxicity
Bacterial Toxicity Assay
Algal Toxicity Assay
Conclusions
References
Index